Ethanol Extracts Of Different Parts Research Articles

Botanical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Trema orientalis: A Review

The plants were the primary source of primitive medicines which used to cure human ailments in past centuries. In modern medicine also many drugs are being discovered from plants. Trema orientalis is a tropical small to medium-sized tree also called Indian charcoal tree was native to South Africa, tropical Asia and Australia. It is widely distributed all over the world. It was used traditionally to treat infections and fevers. The leaves are simple, alternating, stipulated with short grey hairs below and serrated edges all around drooping branches. The fruits are tiny, oblong and meaty, when ripened, it turns glossy black. It has one dull-black seed embedded in bright-green flesh. The alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids were found to be abundant in T. orientalis, while tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides and carbohydrates were present in moderate quantity. The crude methanolic extract of T. orientalis had antibacterial activity against various bacteria. It has also proven analgesic efficacy in acetic acid-induced writhing experiments in lab animals. In certain investigations, the stem bark extract of T. orientalis drastically lowered blood glucose in diabetic rats created through streptozotocin. One of the researchers demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in body temperature in rats with pyrexia using ethanolic extract of T. orientalis. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of different parts of T. orientalis plant showed antidepressant, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, diuretic activity, anti-oxidant, anti-malarial and anti-ulcer activity. The clinicopathological alterations were induced by treatment of Jamnapari crossbred goats orally with Trema orientalis ethanolic leaf extract (ELETO). The gross and histological alterations in major vital organs, as well as the clinical symptoms were considered as indicators of the toxicity in a study. Another investigation revealed that T. orientalis was non-toxic and had a sizable haematopoietic effect. Thus further more research is required to extrapolate traditional uses of this plant to use it as medicine along with precaution regarding toxic dose.

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium and Their Constituents

ABSTRACT The crude ethanolic extracts of different parts (root, stem, leaves and flower) of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Since all extracts showed good inhibitory activity, active constituents were isolated. Thirteen known compounds, including three dihydroflavanones, three dihydrochalcones, two stilbenes, flavan-3-ol, flavonol, cyclitol, phenolic ethyl ester and phenolic acid were isolated, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Phloretin 4’-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucoside from the leaves extract showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.0162 ± 0.0014 mM) and potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 19.26 ± 0.95 μM), each more potent than the positive controls. The compounds were investigated for their structure–activity relationship (SAR) in both activities. The number and position of hydroxy groups seemed to play a crucial role in increasing α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antioxidant potentials of different parts of Pistacia terebinthus fruits

• Luteolin is the major characteristic compound of the terebinth fruits, in particular fruit shells parts. • Terebinth fruits and its principal component, luteolin have potent antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. • Terebinth fruits and its principal component, luteolin acted as weak neuroprotective agents. • The antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of terebinth fruits are closely related to its principal metabolite, luteolin. • The use of terebinth fruits as a food ingredient is beneficial for human health. The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects of hexane, acetone and ethanol extracts of different parts (shells, nuts and whole fruits) of Pistacia terebinthus (terebinth) were determined against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholineesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholineesterase (BChE). All extracts exhibited strong inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with the IC 50 values (0.19-2.13 mg/mL) and their inhibition effects were stronger than the acarbose (IC 50 =10.30 mg/mL). However, all applications of the terebinth fruits acted as much weaker inhibitors against α-amylase with IC 50 =23.49-243.99 mg/mL in comparision to the acarbose (IC 50 =0.07 mg/mL). Hexane extracts rich in the vegetable oils exhibited very weak or no inhibition effect against α-amylase however, they were more effective against α-glucosidase. The acetone extract of the fruits shell was found to be most effective against α-glucosidase and α-amylase with IC 50 =0.19 mg/mL and IC 50 =23.49 mg/mL, respectively. A major compound was isolated from the acetone extract by silica gel column chromatography and its structure was elucidated as luteolin with 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 1D and 2D NMR. Luteolin showed stronger antidiabetic properties than the extracts with lower IC 50 values (0.17 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and 9.49 mg/mL for α-amylase). In addition, terebinth extracts and luteolin were found to be very weak neuroprotective agents in comparison to neostigmine and galantamine. The acetone and ethanol extracts, and luteolin exhibited very strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Our results concluded that there is a powerful relationship between luteolin content and biological activities of the terebinth fruits. Graphical Abstract .

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of a Malaysian Medicinal Plant Anisophyllea Disticha (Jack) Baill. And Quantification of Its Phenolic Constituents

The ethanolic extracts of different parts of Anisophyllea disticha were tested for antimicrobial capability using disc diffusion assay. The result revealed positive growth inhibitory activity, but was considered weak for all extracts against Gram positive bacteria. Leaf extract displayed the highest zone of inhibition with values of 10.67 ± 0.58 and 8.67 ± 0.58 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively. On the other hand, stem showed the highest amount of total phenolic content (TPC) (27.73 ± 4.10 mg GAE/g extract) and similar trend was also observed in antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (66.20 ± 11.74%) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) (203.63 ± 16.03 mg Fe(II)/g extract). High positive correlation was found between TPC and antioxidant activities, suggesting that phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant power of plant extracts. HPLC analysis identified and quantified gallic acid, p-coumaric, ferulic acid and quercetin in the extracts. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 515-521, 2021 (September)

Larvicidal activity of different plant parts of Asparagus setaceus against dengue vector Aedes aegypti

Plant-based natural products are preferred over synthetic insecticides because natural products are eco-friendly and much less prone to the development of resistance. This has necessitated research for the development of the eco-friendly, biodegradable indigenous method for the control of vectors. Mosquito larvicidal efficacy of crude and ethanol extracts of the leaf, bark, root, and fruit of Asparagus setaceus (Asparagaceae) against Aedes aegypti was evaluated in the present study. Phytochemical screening of all the plant parts was also done. Crude and ethanol extracts of different parts of A. setaceus showed efficient larvicidal properties against Ae. aegypti in the following descending order fruit> root> bark> leaf. Fruit ethanolic extract exhibited the highest mortality (100%) against 1st and 2nd instars larvae at 24 hours of exposure. The result of the three-way factorial ANOVA of an ethanolic extract with different plant parts, different time intervals, and different instars revealed a significant difference in larval mortality (P

Oxidative stress-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats induced by ethanol extracts of different parts of Chloranthus serratus

Context Chloranthus serratus (Thunb.) Roem. et Schult. (Chloranthaceae) is an herb widely used as a folk medicine treating inflammatory diseases, although it is toxic. Objective To investigate hepatotoxicity and related mechanisms induced by ethanol extracts of different parts of C. serratus in rats. Materials and methods Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control (Con), ethanol extract of roots (ER), stems (ES), and leaves (EL) groups, and acute oral toxicity studies were conducted. The rats received doses of 4.14, 3.20, and 1.16 g/kg/d extracts for 14 days, respectively. Liver index, liver function and oxidative stress biomarkers, liver pathology, ultrastructure, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and Nrf2/HO-1 proteins expression levels were determined. Results The LD50 of ER, ES, and EL were higher than 10.35, 8.05, and 2.90 g/kg/p.o., respectively. The liver indexes in the extract groups increased significantly. EL dramatically increased TP, GLB, AST, ALT, ALP, TBA, MDA, ICAM-1, and TNF-α levels (p < 0.01), and induced the most obvious pathological and ultrastructural changes. ES and EL obviously decreased the T-SOD, GSH, CAT, and CHOL levels. Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins expression was reduced significantly in ES (0.77 ± 0.06, 2.33 ± 0.20) and EL (0.23 ± 0.04, 2.14 ± 0.16) groups, and reduced slightly in ER (1.08 ± 0.10; 3.39 ± 0.21) group. Discussion and conclusion ES and EL induce stronger hepatotoxicity than ER through oxidative stress and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and the root is a better medicinal part, which provides a basis for clinical research, safe applications, and reasonable development of C. serratus.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-urease activities and FT-IR analyses of Helichrysum graveolens (Bieb) Sweet

Helichrysum graveolens (Bieb) Sweet possesses various medicinal applications such as diuretic, treatment of the sand and stone in kidney, regulation of digestion problems and strenghtening of the immune system. The investigation was carried out to reveal ethanol extracts of flower and stem parts of H. graveolens for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-urease activities. Ethanol extract of stem part of H. graveolens exhibited more antibacterial activity against growth of bacteria except for K. pneumoniae. Stem part of H. graveolens has higher copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and anti-urease activities than flower part of H. graveolens. Anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 values) of stem and flower parts of H. graveolens was found to be 0.01549 ± 0.0006 μg/ml and 0.01515 ± 0.0016 μg/ml, respectively. This survey suggests that ethanol extracts of different parts of H. graveolens is an alternative source for natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, urease and tyrosinase inhibitors that could be utilized in drug and food industries.

Larvicidal Properties of Citrus hystrix DC Fruit (Taw-Shaut-Khar-Thee) Extracts against Aedes aegypti Larvae Collected from Different Townships of Yangon

The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of ethanol extracts of dried fruits, internal fruit materials and peels of Citrus hystrix DC against Aedes aegtpti larvae from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya Townships in Yangon Region from May 20l5 to December 2016. The 3rd and 4th stage larvae were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of ethanol extracts of different parts of the Citrus hystrix fruit. The dry fruit extract resulted in significantly higher mortality of 100% and 96.4% in Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya, respectively (P&lt;0.05). The mortality of Aedes larvae in peel extract was found to be 92.5% in Hlinethaya and 94.4% in Dagon (North), respectively. The extract of Citrus hystrix DC fruit was very effective to kill Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North). When compared with each other, slightly higher mortality of larvae from Dagon (North) was observed at 0.l5 g/100 m1 concentration of all extracts than that of larvae from Hlinethaya. Ovicidal test found 100% protection to lay their eggs at 0.0l25 g/l00 ml dose and persistency test found 100% mortality of 3rd and 4th instar Aedes larvae up to 6 days at a dose of 0.2 g/100 ml fruit extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0343 g, 0.0415 g, 0.0231 g, and 0.1256 g, 0.1584 g, 0.0742 g for peel, internal material and fruit extracts, respectively, on Aedes larvae from Dagon were found to be lower than 0.0396 g, 0.0552 g, 0.0280 g and 0.1408 g, 0.2322 g, 0.1060 g, respectively, from Hlinethaya. The findings of the present study revealed that the ethanol extract of the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC has strong larvicidal, ovicidal and long-term persistency activity on Aedes mosquitoes as a good source of preparations for mosquito control. The study may contribute to a reduction in the application of synthetic insecticides, which in turnincreases the opportunity for natural control of various medically important insects by botanical insecticides.

Determination of phenolic compounds, in vitro antioxidant activity and characterization of secondary metabolites in different parts of Passiflora cincinnata by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis

Ethanol extracts of different parts of Passiflora cincinnata were obtained by maceration. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The antioxidant activities were determined by β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), and 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. The crude ethanol stem extract showed the highest amount of total polyphenols (45.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) while the highest total flavonoid contents (1.42 mg of quercetin equivalent/g) were observed in the leaf extract. The lowest IC50 (25.65 μg/ml) by the DPPH method was observed for the stem extract. The ABTS method showed a significant antioxidant activity for all investigated extracts. The secondary metabolite composition of ethanol extracts was assessed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, leading to the identification of fourteen secondary metabolites in P. cincinnata extracts. These results showed the potentiality of this species as a source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different parts of Ficus sur

Introduction: Ficus sur is a plant widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Togo. So, this study aimed the assessment of antioxidant properties and identification of some compounds from the ethanolic extracts of different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks).Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of different organs of Ficus sur were assessed using conventional known methods. The DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to highlight the antioxidant activities. The different extract samples were also analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass detector (ESI-QTOF).Results: Total phenolic contents (TPCs) for 1 mg of dry extract ranged from 489.40 ± 7.48 μg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) for the bark to 62.34 ± 2.66 μg GAE for unripe fruits. The bark exhibited the highest flavonoid content, which was closed to 90.20 ± 3.72 μg QE (quercetin equivalents)/mg of dry extract. The radical scavenging activities of the bark and unripe fruits were 56.50 ± 0.29 and 7.3 ± 0.30 μg QE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In the same order, the FRAP values of the two organs were 104.57 ± 4.75 and 19.61 ± 0.22 μmol FeSO4 Eq/mg of dry extract. Many compounds including notoginsenoside R10; 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol; catechin; and boviquinone 4 were identified.Conclusion: The various organs of Ficus sur are a source of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant activity.

The UPLC–ESI–QqQLIT–MS/MS method for quantitative determination of phytochemicals in ethanolic extracts of different parts of eight Ficus species: Development and validation

ABSTRACTFicus and validation of the ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI–QqQLIT–MS/MS) method in a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for the quantitative determination of 19 phytochemicals. The chromatographic separation of targeted phytochemicals was performed using the Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH™ C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) with 0.1% formic acid with water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The validation parameters showed the overall recoveries from 95.78−101.44% (RSD ≤ 3.25%), precision (intra-day: RSD ≤ 2.96%; inter-day: RSD ≤ 2.89%), linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9982), limit of detection (8.60 × 10–10−2.18 × 10–6 mg/mL), and the limit of quantitation (2.60 × 10–9–6.63 × 10–6 mg/mL) in the concentration range from 0.5 to 1000 × 10–6 mg/mL. This method was successfully applied in ethanolic extracts of different parts (fruits, leaves, and barks) of selected eight Ficus species. Quinic acid was predominant followed by rutin and chlorogenic acid among the studied nineteen phytochemicals. Ficus benjamina showed the maximum total content in fruits and leaves. The UPLC–ESI–QqQLIT–MS/MS method combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was successfully used for Ficus species discrimination on the basis of the contents of 15 compounds. The UPLC–ESI–QqQLIT–MS/MS method combined with PCA could be used for quality control.

Variation in Total Polyphenolic Contents, DNA Protective Potential and Antioxidant Capacity from Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts in Different Plant Parts of Hypericum perforatum L.

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Hypericum perforatum belonging to the family Hypericaceae is a reputed medicinal plant including a wide ranges of important phytochemical components. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin are of the major components. Crude extract and individual compounds of H. perforatum have been reported to exert antidepressant, antibiotic, and antitumoral activities. It is worthy to note that the quantity and efficacies of the crude extracts or individual compound are not constant, which are strongly influenced by different climatic conditions, harvesting times, harvested plant organs and post-harvest practices. Hence, numerous studies on H. perforatum collected from different parts of the World are carried out for their desired quality and biological efficacy. Methods: Wild collected plant materials were dried and preserved with a voucher specimen number and were extracted using maceration at room temperature for 24 h in dark. Subsequently, extracts were screened for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, plausible antioxidant activities using two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and DNA protective activities. Results: The highlights of the study were are listed as 1) the highest total phenolic content in ethanol extracts of leaf, ii) the highest total flavonoid content in flower, iii) DPPH scavenging activity in leaf (80.51 %), flower (63.42 %) and stem (48.20 %), iv) highest ferric reduction capacity in ethanol extracts of stem were determined. Also, potent DNA protection activity was observed even at the lowest concentration value (25μg/ml) of the extracts. Conclusion: The phenolic content and strong antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of different parts of the plant are reported. All the extracts exhibited strong DNA protective activities in response to the UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Key words: Antioxidant, DNA protective activity, Flavonoid, Hypericum perforatum L., Phenolic.

Compounds from Duguetia lanceolata St.- Hil. (Annonaceae) bioactive against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

The variety of chemical compounds produced by members of Annonaceae exhibiting wide activity against pest organisms makes this family an interesting source for insecticidal compound identification. Accordingly, this study first aimed to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of ethanolic extracts of different parts of Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil. against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), the primary pest of stored beans in tropical regions. Based on a screening bioassay, the ethanolic extract from D. lanceolata leaves was selected for chemical partitioning due to its high bioactivity against the weevil. The hexanic partition of the ethanolic leaf extract caused 98% mortality of Z. subfasciatus adults in a residual contact bioassay and completely eliminated the number of eggs per sample. Chromatography subfraction Flh2-5, a hexanic partition of D. lanceolata leaves, resulted in 100% mortality of Z. subfasciatus adults. An aromatic compound (2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene) and a mixture of sterols [(campesterol (8.44%)+stigmasterol (12.37%)+sitosterol (79.19%)] were isolated from subfraction Flh2-5 using various chromatographic procedures. The aromatic compound resulted in 60% weevil mortality, and the steroid mixture applied at 75mgkg−1 promoted 28% mortality; in contrast, the positive control (K-Obiol® 2P, deltamethrin 2g a.i./kg) at 375mgkg−1 resulted in 100% mortality. Moreover, both 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene and K-Obiol® 2P completely prevented oviposition on bean samples, demonstrating that, similar to a deltamethrin-based formulation, 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene is able to act as a grain protector. Therefore, the aromatic compound and mixture of isolated sterols from D. lanceolata may be suitable management tools of stored-product pests and promising sources of insecticidal molecules with both lethal and sublethal effects on Z. subfasciatus.

Antioxidant Activities, Total Flavonoids and Phenolics Content in Different Parts of Silybum Marianum L. Plants

Silybum marianum L. is used for the production of silymarin, a flavonoid utilized for regenerating damaged hepatic tissues. Herein, the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) in the roots, main stems, leaves, fruit receptacles, and pappi of Silybum marianum were determined. The antioxidant activities of plant ethanol extracts were assessed to validate the medicinal potential of the various plant parts. The pappi exhibited the highest TFC (17.10 mg rutin/g of dry plant material), followed by the fruit receptacles (15.34 mg/g). The TPC varied from 9.80±0.13 to 48.97±0.41 mg gallic acid/g dry plant material; again, the highest TPC was obtained from the pappi. At 50 ug/mL, the pappi ethanol extract showed the highest 1, 1-Diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (69.68%), followed by the roots (66.02%). The IC50 values of the pappi (24.20 µg/mL) and roots (25.16 µg/mL) also indicated high scavenging activity. The same order was obtained for the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the ethanol extracts of different parts. Thus, the pappi and roots of Silybum marianum L. can be used as valuable sources of natural antioxtidants.

Comparative analysis of 1-deoxynojirimycin contribution degree to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and physiological distribution in Morus alba L

Natural α-glucosidase inhibitors offer an attractive strategy to manage postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), the main hypoglycemic constituents in Morus alba L., has been extensively researched. Here, for different parts of the mulberry tree, the DNJ content and the IC50 values of DNJ and ethanol extracts have been determined and compared. Possible metabolic pathways and storage sites for DNJ in mulberry trees have been investigated, and the kinetics of inhibition of α-glucosidase by DNJ and ethanol extracts of different parts of the mulberry tree have been measured. DNJ content was found to be highest in trunk bark, whereas α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was highest in both twig and trunk bark. Buds and roots are likely to be the topmost and bottommost sites of DNJ biosynthesis. DNJ is an insect antifeedant (not including silkworms) and may itself have antiviral activity, or be the precursor to a compound with antiviral activity. Ethanol extracts of twig, trunk and root bark are mixed-type inhibitors of α-glucosidase; extracts from other parts of the tree are competitive inhibitors. The study provides useful information about the physiological distribution of important active components, especially DNJ, in the mulberry tree and suggests how best to develop and use the crude drug resources provided by the tree.

Antimicrobial activity of indigenous wildly growing plants: Potential source of green antibiotics

Antibiotics are an important class of pharmacological agents used for treating infections, a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Although antibiotics were first isolated from fungi and bacteria but over the years more and more synthetic antibiotics are flowing in market. During the last two decades, the development of drug resistance as well as the appearance of undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics has lead to the search of new antimicrobial agent. There is ample of documented evidence which shows antibiotic properties in plant extracts. The present study was done to assess the antibacterial and antifungal activity of wildly growing indigenous plants. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different parts of Oxalis amara, Argemone maxicana, Datura inoxia, Calatropis procera, Amranthus albus, Pithecellobium dulce, Ziziphus mauritiana, Croton bonplandianum, Cannibus sativa, Leucaena leucophela, Andographis peniculata were taken for study,against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and fungus Candida albicans. Results were observed and calculated by their zone of inhibition after 24 h by agar plate gel diffusion method. The plants have shown strong antibacterial and antifungal activities for different microorganisms. This laboratory experiment has shown that plant extracts are effective against microbes and their active compounds can be promising agents for developing novel antibiotics, that is, green antibiotics. Key words: Wildly growing plants, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial activity,pathogenic bacteria, agar plate gel diffusion method, zone of inhibition.

Chemical Fingerprint Analysis of Phenolics of Albizia chinensis Based on Ultra-Performance LC-Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Antioxidant Activity

Albizia species have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. However, efficient analytical methods for identification of their active constituents are still lacking. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to study the phenolic composition of the ethanolic extracts of different parts (flowers, leaves, pods and bark) of A. chinensis. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging methods. Four compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the flowers and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Separation and quantification of the phenolics was accomplished using a reversed-phase BEH C18 column with the mobile phase of methanol-water (0.05% formic acid), and detection wavelengths of 360 and 254 nm.

Microbial Growth and Quorum Sensing Antagonist Activities of Herbal Plants Extracts

Antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing (AQS) activities of fourteen ethanolic extracts of different parts of eight plants were screened against four Gram-positive, five Gram-negative bacteria and four fungi. Depending on the plant part extract used and the test microorganism, variable activities were recorded at 3 mg per disc. Among the Gram-positive bacteria tested, for example, activities of Laurus nobilis bark extract ranged between a 9.5 mm inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis up to a 25 mm one against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus fumigatus were the most susceptible among bacteria and fungi tested towards other plant parts. Of interest is the tangible antifungal activity of a Tecoma capensis flower extract, which is reported for the first time. However, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) for both bacteria and fungi were relatively high (0.5-3.0 mg). As for antiquorum sensing activity against Chromobacterium violaceum, superior activity (>17 mm QS inhibition) was associated with Sonchus oleraceus and Laurus nobilis extracts and weak to good activity (8-17 mm) was recorded for other plants. In conclusion, results indicate the potential of these plant extracts in treating microbial infections through cell growth inhibition or quorum sensing antagonism, which is reported for the first time, thus validating their medicinal use.

Mild antihyperglycaemic activity in Eclipta alba, Berberis aristata, Betula utilis, Cedrus deodara, Myristica fragrans and Terminalia chebula

The ethanolic extracts of different parts of the following plants viz. Eclipta alba Hassk (Asteraceae) whole plant, roots of Berberis aristata DC (Berbidaceae), stem wood of Betula utilis D. Don (Betulaceae), stem wood of Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae), and fruits of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristcaceae) exhibited 7.5, 8.3, 9.2, 6.0, and 8.7% significant fall in blood glucose profile in a single dose experiment on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In single dose experiment nearly 8.0% decline in blood glucose profile of Streptozotocininduced diabetic rats was observed with a known antidiabetic ethanolic extract of the fruits of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae). Key Words: Antidiabetic plants, antihyperglycaemic activity, streptozotocin, diabetes, animal models.

Mild antihyperglycaemic activity in Eclipta alba, Berberis aristata, Betula utilis, Cedrus deodara, Myristica fragrans and Terminalia chebula

The ethanolic extracts of different parts of the following plants viz. Eclipta alba Hassk (Asteraceae) whole plant, roots of Berberis aristata DC (Berbidaceae), stem wood of Betula utilis D. Don (Betulaceae), stem wood of Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae), and fruits of Myristica fragrans Houtt . (Myristcaceae) exhibited 7.5, 8.3, 9.2, 6.0, and 8.7% significant fall in blood glucose profile in a single dose experiment on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In single dose experiment nearly 8.0% decline in blood glucose profile of Streptozotocininduced diabetic rats was observed with a known antidiabetic ethanolic extract of the fruits of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae).