Ethanolic Extract Of Ocimum Sanctum Research Articles

A comparative study of anti-anxiety properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum in animal models

Background: Anxiety transcends a natural emotion, evolving into a pathological condition with the potential to trigger cascading cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Although conventional allopathic medicine offers treatment options, concerns regarding their side effects and long-term efficacy remain prevalent. Medicinal plants contain natural compounds that may be promising sources of therapeutic drugs. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the anxiolytic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum (OS). The growing appeal of plant-based therapies for anxiety stems from perceived advantages in safety and tolerability compared to synthetic drugs. Materials and Methods: The anxiolytic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of OS is evaluated with an elevated plus maze test. A total of 36 Wistar albino rats (150–200 g) were used and randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. The effects of the test drug at different doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg, were compared with the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam at 2 mg/kg body weight and the control group using distilled water at 0.5 mL/kg body weight. Results: The behavioral changes suggested reduced anxiety and openarm exploration in plus-maze indicates reduced anxiety in animals treated with OS extracts. The changes are significantly (P < 0.001) comparable with the standard drug diazepam. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of OS are more significant than aqueous extracts for evaluating anti-anxiety activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ethanolic extracts are more likely to contain a wider range of bioactive compounds, which are thought to be responsible for the anti-anxiety effects of OS.

Ocimum sanctum Linn. Ethanolic extract promotes an antiproliferative and apoptosis activity in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines mediated by upregulation of ROS/RNS, Caspase 9, and Caspase 3: an in silico and in vitro study

Breast cancer is the most serious disease affecting women worldwide. Recently, breast cancer cases reached 2.2 million people. The treatment method is still developing. In addition, the use of herbal medicine as a palliative therapeutic to chemical and/or synthetic drugs is increasing. Ocimum sanctum Linn. is a popular plant in Indonesia and Southeast Asia countries and is also known as an herbal medicinal plant. The study aimed to prove the ability of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) as an antiproliferative against breast cancer. Cytotoxic assay, adhesion assay, and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) production determined in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell. Furthermore, SEM is applied to visualize cell morphology. In addition, molecular docking is also performed. The result shows EEOS inhibited the proliferation and adhesion of the MCF7 and T47D cells line. Surface morphology showed that MCF7 and T47D tend to be apoptotic (cells turned rougher, gritty, and blebbing). EEOS also increased RNS production. Molecular docking describes the phytochemical compounds on the EEOS (gallic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and apigenin) interacted with the caspase-3 and caspase-9. In conclusion, EEOS can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines that correlate with upregulated RNS production, as well as the expression of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9.

Ocimum sanctum Linn. Ethanolic extract promotes an antiproliferative and apoptosis activity in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines mediated by upregulation of ROS/RNS, Caspase 9, and Caspase 3: an in silico and in vitro study

Breast cancer is the most serious disease affecting women worldwide. Recently, breast cancer cases reached 2.2 million people. The treatment method is still developing. In addition, the use of herbal medicine as a palliative therapeutic to chemical and/or synthetic drugs is increasing. Ocimum sanctum Linn. is a popular plant in Indonesia and Southeast Asia countries and is also known as an herbal medicinal plant. The study aimed to prove the ability of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) as an antiproliferative against breast cancer. Cytotoxic assay, adhesion assay, and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) production determined in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell. Furthermore, SEM is applied to visualize cell morphology. In addition, molecular docking is also performed. The result shows EEOS inhibited the proliferation and adhesion of the MCF7 and T47D cells line. Surface morphology showed that MCF7 and T47D tend to be apoptotic (cells turned rougher, gritty, and blebbing). EEOS also increased RNS production. Molecular docking describes the phytochemical compounds on the EEOS (gallic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and apigenin) interacted with the caspase-3 and caspase-9. In conclusion, EEOS can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines that correlate with upregulated RNS production, as well as the expression of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9.

In silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn.: Inhibitory and apoptotic effects against non-small cell lung cancer.

Background and Aim:Lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been identified as the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The mortality rate from lung cancer has been estimated to be 18.4%. Until now, conventional treatments have not yielded optimal results, thus necessitating an investigation into the use of traditional herbal plants as potential candidates for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory and apoptotic activity of the ethanolic extract from Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) by in silico molecular docking and through in vitro studies using NSCLC cells (A549 cell line).Materials and Methods:Dried simplicia of Ocimum sanctum was converted into EEOS using the maceration method. Spectrophotometry was then employed to analyze the EEOS compound. The known main active compounds were further analyzed for inhibitory and apoptotic effects on gene signaling using in silico molecular docking involving the downloading of active compounds from PubChem and target proteins from the Protein Data Bank; the active compounds and proteins were then prepared using the Discovery Studio software v. 19.0.0 and the PyRX 0.8 program, interacted with the HEX 8.0.0 program, and visualized with the Discovery Studio Visualizer v. 19.0. Finally, an in vitro analysis was performed using an antiproliferative-cytotoxic test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in the NSCLC A549 cell line).Results:The analysis revealed that the active compounds in the ethanolic extract were dominated by quercetin (flavonoids) (47.23% b/b) and eugenol (phenolic) (12.14% b/b). These active compounds interacted with the active sites (residual amino acids) of the αvβ3 integrin, a5b1 integrin, caspase-3, caspase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Hydrogen bonds and Pi-cation and Pi-alkyl interactions were involved in the relationships between the active compounds and the active sites and thus may reveal an antioxidant property of the extract. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed the inhibitory and antiproliferative effects of the EEOS against non-small cell cancer (A549).Conclusion:Taken together, our data showed the ability of EEOS as an inhibitor and apoptotic agent for lung cancer; however, further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of EEOS as an herbal medication.

Adaptogens as anti-stress agents in reducing increased plasma cortisol level during stress

The stress response involves the activation of both the sympathetic-adrenal response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During times of increased stress, the adrenal gland is stimulated to produce increased levels of hormones. Cortisol, the main hormone involved in the stress response, is secreted in increased amounts within minutes of a perceived stressor. Cortisol secretion can increase as much as 20-fold and has several important physiological effects. Short-term surges in cortisol levels can suppress inflammation and at the same time suppress immune function. Though inflammation control is important, surges of sustained levels of cortisol are not healthy and ultimately lead to premature aging, degenerative disease, and increased susceptibility to cancer. Studies show that psycho-social stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis causing an increase in morning cortisol levels, which correlated to the subjects reports of increased fatigue and anxiety. Although this stress response is important for survival during an acute stressor, prolonged activation of the stress response may lead to adrenal exhaustion in which cortisol levels drop to insufficient levels resulting in fatigue or illness. Many herbs have been shown to impact adrenal function. Adaptogens are plants that produce a non-specific response improving the physiological resistance to stressors. These herbs are often used in the context of adrenal support formulas to balance adrenal hormone levels. It is believed that adaptogenic herbs can increase low levels of adrenal hormone or decrease levels that are elevated. Additionally, these herbs provide balancing activity on many body systems that are impacted by stress, such as the immune response and blood sugar control.In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47mg/kg p.o, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg p.o and Bacopa monnieri 23 mg/kg p.o on plasma cortisol level in mice subjected to swim endurance test and cold restraint stress. The standard group was administered water-soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg p.o and the stress control group was administered distilled water orally for 7 days. It was found that mice pretreated with ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri showed a fall in the plasma cortisol level. The standard group also showed a significant decrease in the plasma cortisol level compared to the stress and normal control groups.

Enhanced Anticancer Activity and Apoptosis Effect of Bioactive Compound Quercetin Extracted from Ocimum sanctum Leaves

Background: The occurrence of cancer results in cellular changes that cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development and eliminates potentially cancerous cells. The bioactive compounds present in the herbal plant show cytotoxic activity that results in apoptosis. The traditional herbal plants are used worldwide both in allopathy and other traditional ways. Objective: The main objective of this study was to extract the bioactive compound Quercetin from the medicinally significant plant Ocimum sanctum and also to develop nanomedicine as Qu-PEGNiGs. Materials and Methods: Leaf extract of the medicinally significant plant Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) has been used for the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiGs) and extraction of quercetin (Qu). The ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum was added to 1 mM Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2) and stirred for 3 hrs at room temperature and dried at 60°C for 3hrs and calcinated at 400°C for 2hrs and characterized using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM, DLS and zeta potential. The quercetin was isolated from Ocimum sanctum leaf extract using the reflux condenser method. The bio-polymer was PEG-coated over NiGs and quercetin was loaded into it. The apoptosis activity using MCF-7 cells was performed with Qu-PEG-NiGs. The purity of quercetin was characterized using HPLC. In order to analyse apoptosis efficiency, MTT assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle analysis has been performed. Results: The NiGs absorption spectrum gives a peak at 408nm. The FT-IR confirms the presence of particular functional groups shifting from the compound NiGs and then coated with PEG-Qu- NiGs. The SEM images show the size of NiGs ranging from 27.3 nm to 40.4 nm with varied morphology such as hexagonal and other irregular shapes. The presence of quercetin extracted from the leaf powder is approximately 1.5 mg/g. The ROS results show the Qu-PEG-NiGs induced efficiency of the apoptosis, while the increased concentrations promote ROS and lead to activation of the apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis has shown the cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: The Quercetin loaded PEG coated nickel nanoparticles can be used as a promising chemotherapeutic agent against MCF7 breast cancer cells. Further studies are required for evaluating Qu-PEG-NiGs anticancer activity on different types of cancer cells.

Evaluation of anticancer and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum on KB cell lines- an in-vitro study

Evaluation of anticancer and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum on KB cell lines- an in-vitro study

The neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. in the regulation of neuronal density in hippocampus areas as a central autobiography memory on the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract (OSE) on the neurons of the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas with the use of in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). Twenty-one two-month-old male rats were divided into three groups: untreated (Group A, n = 3), AD rats model pretreated with OSE followed by induction for Trimethyltin (TMT) on day 7 (group B, n = 9), and AD rats model treated with OSE both as pre-TMT introduction for 7 days and post-TMT induction for 21 days (group C, n = 9). AD rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, and brain samples were collected and analyzed for neuronal density and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. To corroborate the in vivo observations, HEK-293 cells were treated with TMT and used as an in vitro model of AD. The results were then analyzed using FITC Annexin V and flow cytometry. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in cells stained with Hoechst 33342 by confocal microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in the number of neurons and NPY expression in the AD rats that were pre- and post-treated with OSE (p < 0.05). Indeed, OSE was able to retain and promote neuronal density in the rat model of AD. Further studies of an in vitro model of neurodegeneration with Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract inhibited apoptosis in TMT-induced HEK-293 cells. Moreover, OSE prevented nuclear fragmentation, which was confirmed by staining the nuclei of HEK-293 cells. Taken together, there findings suggest that OSE has the potential as a neuroprotective agent (retaining the autobiographical memory),and the neuroproliferation of neurons in the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas in the rats¡ model of neurodegeneration was mediated by activation of NPY expression.

The Effect Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Propagation Chloroform Fraction of Ocimum sanctum L. Towards Hela Cells Line Culture

Materials used in the research are Ocimum sanctum L, a herbaceous shrub used in traditional medicine displaying as immunomodulator, anti-stress, hepatoprotective, kemopreventif, and anti-inflammatory. A research to identify its ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum has been conducted, showing that it possesses cytotoxic activities to HeLa cells with IC50 value of 209µg/ml. The aim of this research is to find out activities cytotoxic and apoptotic propagation chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum towards HeLa cells line. The extraction was done using maceration using ethanol 96% solvent and fractionation was done using chloroform. Effects of chloroform fraction on HeLa cells were tested using MTT at various dosages (500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25) µg/ml. Cisplatin (Kalbe) was applied as positive control. The effect apoptotic propagation chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum on HeLa cells was observed by DNA painting method using orange ethridium bromide-acridine. The test results showed that the chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum extract on HeLa cells had an IC50 value of 155.67 µg / ml ± 46.99 and Cisplatin had an IC50 value of 16.81 µg / ml ± 20.37. Double staining test shows the existence of cells undergoing apoptosis. Based on these results, the chloroform fraction Ocimum sanctum has been shown to be cytotoxic and has the possibility of stimulating apoptosis of cervical cancer cells (HeLa). This can be used as a basis for the development of these plants as anticancer agents with specific action targets.

Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum sanctum Leaves Reduced Invasion and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity of Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines.

Background:Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a yearly incidence of 600,000 cases worldwide with a low survival rate. Ocimum sanctum L. or Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Holy basil; Tulsi in Hindi), is a traditional medicine herb that demonstrates numerous effects including anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-invasive effect of O. sanctum leaf extract on HNSCC cell lines. Methods:Ethanolic extract of O. sanctum leaf (EEOS) was prepared and the phenolic compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Genetically matched HNSCC cell lines derived from primary (HN30 and HN4) and metastatic sites (HN31 and HN12) from the same patient were used in this study. The EEOS cytotoxicity to the cell lines was determined using an MTT assay. The invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity of EEOS-treated cells were tested using a modified Boyden chamber assay and zymography, respectively. Results:We found that EEOS significantly inhibited the invasion and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity of HN4 and HN12 cells, but not HN30 and HN31 cells. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and apigenin were detected in EEOS. Moreover, rosmarinic acid was found as the major phenolic compound. Conclusion:EEOS exerted its anti-invasive effect on HNSCC cells by attenuating MMP activity. The active compounds identified in EEOS might be promising as an alternative therapeutic agent for HNSCC.

Ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. induces an apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells

Ocimum sanctum (OS) is tropical herbal plant which is easy to find and widely used as a vegetable food in Indonesia. In last decade, lung adenocarcinoma was in top position as male cancer disease in Indonesia. Recently, emerging data showing the extracts of different species of Ocimum exhibiting the anti-tumor properties. Further studies on lung lewis carcinoma demonstrated pro-apoptosis effects after the treatment with Ocimum extracts. However, the effect of OS of Indonesian origin in human alveolar pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of ethanolic extract OS (EEOS) in A549 cell culture systems. Cell adhesion and viability assays revealed that EEOS significantly decreased the attachment into extracellular matrix of A549 cells. Morphological examination AO/EB and DAPI staining indicated that EEOS induced the cells shrinkage, DNA fragmentation and condensation of A549 cells. Further, EEOS treatment induced the apoptosis rate followed by up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 expression and decreased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. This condition also suppressed the expression of SOD2 as well as the GPx. In conclusion, our findings indicate that EEOS suppressed the viability of A549 cells, which may result from the activation of ROS promoting the apoptosis signaling via mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Taken together, EEOS might be a good therapeutic potential to further understand its properties in the treatment of lung carcinoma.

Bioactive compound of Ocimum sanctum carvacrol supplementation attenuates fluoride toxicity in sodium fluoride intoxicated rats: A study with respect to clinical aspect

Background: Ocimum sanctum (OS) Linn. commonly known as Holy Basil or Tulsi is an Ayurvedic herb of India. The culinary, medicinal, and industrial importance of this plant led to explore its chemical and pharmacological properties. Objective: The present study was carried out to know the anti-oxidant activity of carvacrol bioactive compound of OS in sodium fluoride (NaF) rats and free-radical scavenging activities of OS. Materials and Methods: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), GSH-s-transferase (GST), malonaldehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (AAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P4) levels are estimated in all experimental groups. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical activities are analyzed in the ethanolic extract of OS. Results: SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, activities, and Ca levels depleted and GST, MDA, AAT, AST, ALKP, and P4 levels elevated in NaF intoxicated rats. Whereas carvacrol supplementation normalized all the antioxidant enzymes and hepatic markers in NaF toxicity rats. DPPH, H2O2, and hydroxyl radical of OS showed potent free-radical scavenging activities. In addition, histopathological studies also prove that carvacrol protected the liver tissue from fluoride toxicity in rats. Conclusion: The present study revealed that carvacrol of OS modulated the antioxidant enzymes and hepatic stress markers in NaF rats. Our research study will be helpful in the development of new active principle and nutraceuticals in the area of drug resistance and therapeutic compounds against disease vectors.

Acute Toxicity Tests of Basil Leaves (Ocimumsanctum) Ethanolic Extract Determined By LD50 and Renal Histopathology

Basil leaves are widely used as herbal remedies and have proven many benefits because the content of phytonutrients includes antioxidants, but at certain doses a compound retains a probability of causing toxicity in the body. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of basil leaves seen from the value of LD50 range and renal histopathology which is the vital organ of the target of toxicity in the body. The method of acute oral toxicity test was OECD 420 fix dose procedure method with a group of 5 Balb/c female mice given a multilevel dosage. The initial dose is 2000 mg/Kg.b.w selected on a sighting study as a dose that may cause mild toxicity symptoms but does not cause death. There are 2 groups consist of treatment with dose at LD50 value and control. The result of this research showed that LD50 value of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum &gt; 2000 mg/Kg.b.w. The mean renal histopathologyc scores between the control and the treatment were significantly different by The Mann-Whitney test with significance value of p=0.018. Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract is classified as non-toxic compounds but there was a change in renal histopathology of mice in the form of focal lesions after acute exposure at highest dose of OECD 420 method.&#x0D; Keywords: acute toxicity test, renal histopathology, basil leaves

Ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum. Enhances cognitive ability from young adulthood to middle aged mediated by increasing choline acetyl transferase activity in rat model

Patients with dementia are increasing steadily, cognitive impairment by dementia not only exclusively suffers by old people but also young to middle aged individuals. However, the mechanism of cognitive impairment occurs in young people is not understood. Further, current medication to impairment did not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract to enhance cognitive ability in the rat in vivo model.Young to middle aged rats were divided into 3 groups (3, 6, 9 months old) were treated with (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) O. sanctum for 45 days. We employed a behavioral assay to assess cognitive ability. Further, Nissl staining was performed to analyze hippocampus formation in dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3). The expression and activity of ChAT in brain was analyzed by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results showed that treatment of O. sanctum with a dosage of 100 mg/kg b.w. for 45 days induced the cognitive ability in nine months old rats. Further, we observed a significant increase in density of granular and pyramidal cells in DG, CA1, and CA3. These results were corroborated by an increase in the ChAT activity and gene expression in the rat model as well as HEK 293 cell culture model.Taken together, the administration of 100 mg/kg b.w. O.sanctum induced the expression of ChAT. The increased ChAT expression and activity may enhance the cognitive ability in 9 months old rats mimicking young and middle aged condition in humans.

Evaluation of antianxiety activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) in albino mice

Background: Anxiety is a normal emotional behavior, however, becomes pathological precipitating cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders when it is severe. Many allopathic drugs are available to treat anxiety disorders, among which benzodiazepines are most commonly used which possess various systemic side effects. Aims and Objectives: In our study, we have attempted to evaluate new compound Ocimum sanctum (OS) in the hope of identifying the anxiolytics with fewer side effects as many plant products have been claimed to be free from side effects and less toxic than synthetic drugs. Materials and Methods: The anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of OS is evaluated with two validated modes, elevated plus maze and light and dark exploration test. A total of 60 animals (n = 60) were used. They were divided into five groups of six animals each for both models. The effects of the test drug OS at three different doses 1.75, 4.25, and 8.5 mg/kg were compared with the standard anxiolytic diazepam at 1 mg/kg dose and control group using 1% gum acacia at 10 ml/kg dose 1 h after administration of the drug. Results: The behavioral changes in both paradigms are suggestive of decreased anxiety, decreased aversion to light and increased exploratory behavior of the animal which is comparable changes produced by the standard drug diazepam concluding that OS has anxiolytic activity. Conclusion: OS has potential clinical application in the management of anxiety disorders. Further investigation of the mechanism/mechanisms of action of the plant extract, as well as the active substance/substances responsible for its biological actions, is necessary.

Anti-microbial Activity of Tulsi {Ocimum Sanctum (Linn.)} Extract on a Periodontal Pathogen in Human Dental Plaque: An Invitro Study.

Tulsi is a popular healing herb in Ayurvedic medicine. It is widely used in the treatment of several systemic diseases because of its anti-microbial property. However, studies documenting the effect of Tulsi on oral disease causing organisms are rare. Hence, an attempt was made to determine the effect of Tulsi on a periodontal microorganism in human dental plaque. To determine if Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) has an anti-microbial activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and zone of inhibition) against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human dental plaque and to compare the antimicrobial activity of Ocimum sanctum(Linn.) extract with 0.2% chlorhexidine as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. A lab based invitro experimental study design was adopted. Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) was prepared by the cold extraction method. The extract was diluted with an inert solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, to obtain ten different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%) of extract. Plaque sample was collected from 05 subjects diagnosed with periodontal disease. Isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from plaque samples was done using Tryptic Soy Serum Bacitracin Vancomycin agar (TSBV) medium. Identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was done based on cultural, microscopic, biochemical characterization and multiple drug resistance patterns. Anti-microbial activity of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract was tested by agar well-diffusion method against 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as a negative control. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters using Vernier callipers. At the 6% w/v concentration of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract, a zone of inhibition of 22 mm was obtained. This was the widest zone of inhibition observed among all the 10 different concentrations tested. The zone of inhibition for positive control was 25mm and no zone of inhibition was observed around the negative control. Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract demonstrated an antimicrobial activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The maximum antimicrobial potential was observed at the 6% concentration level.

Antimicrobial Properties of Ocimum sanctum and Calotropis gigantea Leaves

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of hexane and ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum and Calotropis gigantea leaves on clinical pathogens. Material s and Methods: The agar diffusion test was used to check the antimicrobial activity of the hexane and ethanolic extracts of the medicinal plants. Three different concentrations of the tested agents were used for the study. T he values of Zone of Inhibition were tabulated according to the concentration of the tested agent and data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA tests. Phytochemicals were also detected in all the four extracts. Results: All the plants extracts showed con siderable antimicrobial activity against selected clinical pathogens. Hexane and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Calotropic gigantea leaves showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at the 4% concentration . At 4% concentration the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum has a greater effect on the tested microbes, having a mean and standard deviation of 8.37±0.57 on the most resistant microbe; being Escherichia coli . Phytochemical analysis of active extracts de monstrated the presence of common phyto - constituents like tannins, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Conclusion : The hexane and ethanolic extract of O. sanctum and C. gigantea has considerable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella spp .

Use of an Extract of Indian Sacred Plant Ocimum sanctum as an Anticariogenic Agent: An in vitro Study.

ABSTRACTAim: To analyze the efficacy of three different concentrations of Ocimum sanctum extract against various microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus.Materials and methods: Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by the hot extraction method. The extract was diluted with an inert solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide to obtain 3 different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%) of the extract. 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and dimethyl sul-foxide was used as a negative control. The extract, along with the controls, was then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which concentration among the 3 different concentrations of extract gave a wider inhibition zone against S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguis, L. acidophilus. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters.Results: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity against microorganisms responsible for dental caries at the 10% concentration level although 5 and 2.5% were also effective. Maximum activity was seen against S. mutans and S. sanguis with 10% extract.Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was effective against all the microorganisms.How to cite this article: Pai RK, Bhat SS, Salman A, Chandra J. Use of an Extract of Indian Sacred Plant Ocimum Sanctum as an Anticariogenic Agent: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(2):99-101.

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OCIMUM SANCTUM L. AGAINST WHITE MUSCARDINE DISEASE OF SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI L.

ABSTRACT The “Queen of Herb”, Tulsi is an important herb with greater medicinal value used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Greek and Roman medicine for prevention and cure of many illness. Fifth instar larvae inoculated with Beauveria bassiana were fed with mulberry leaves enriched with different concentrations (1 %, 2%, 3% and 4% ) of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves and its effect on cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell ratio and silk characteristics were studied. Among the different concentrations, 3%ethanolic extract of O. sanctum has been found to be most effective against B. bassiana infection as compared to others. Inoculated control group recorded very low economic values as compared to normal control and other treated groups.

Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum on osteopontin mediated metastasis of NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells.

BackgroundOsteopontin (OPN) is one of important molecular targets in cancer progression, metastasis as a calcium-binding, extracellular-matrix-associated protein of the small integrin-binding ligand and, N-linked glycoprotein. In the present study, anti-metastatic mechanism of ethanol extracts of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) was elucidated on OPN enhanced metastasis in NCI-H460 non- small cell lung cancer cells.MethodsCell viability was measured by MTT assay. Adhesion and invasion assays were carried out to see that EEOS inhibited cell adhesion and invasion in OPN treated and non-treated NCI-H 460 cells. RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA levels of uPA, uPAR, and EGFR.ResultsEEOS significantly inhibited cell adhesion and invasion in OPN treated and non treated NCI-H460 cells, though EEOS did not show any toxicity up to 200 μg/ml. EEOS effectively attenuated the expression of OPN and CD44 and also OPN activated the expression of CD44 in NCI-H460 cells. In addition, EEOS effectively suppressed the expression of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the phosphorylation of Akt at protein level in OPN treated NCI-H460 cells. Also, EEOS significantly attenuated the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at mRNA level and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and MMP-9 activity in OPN treated NCI-H460 cells. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 enhanced anti-metastatic potential of EEOS to attenuate the expression of uPA and MMP-9 in OPN treated NCI-H 460 cells.ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that anti-metastatic mechanism of EEOS is mediated by inhibition of PI3K/Akt in OPN treated NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells.