Ethanol Residue Research Articles

Effect of hydrochar from biogas slurry co-hydrothermal carbonization with biomass on anaerobic digestion performance of food waste

Anaerobic digestion is a promising method for converting food waste into renewable methane-rich biogas. However, challenges, such as significant biogas slurry generation, poor stability, and low methane production, limit its widespread adoption. This study produced 15 types of hydrochars by co-hydrothermal carbonization of biogas slurry with sugarcane leaves, cellulosic ethanol residue, or food waste digestate at 180–260 °C to enhance anaerobic digestion performance and methane yield. The methane yield was influenced by both the raw materials and hydrothermal carbonization temperature. The hydrochar derived from sugarcane leaves at 180 °C exhibited the highest methane yield of 461.59 mL/g VS, which is a 13.69 % increase over the food waste group. Additionally, different doses of SL-180 were tested for their effects on the anaerobic digestion performance in food waste. The cumulative methane yield increased from 379.68 mL/g VS to 543.26 mL/g VS with SL-180 dosages ranging from 5 g/L to 40 g/L, enhancing cumulative methane yield by 3.90–48.66 % compared to the food waste group. The primary factor influencing methane yield was hydrochar degradation, whereas secondary factors included maintaining system stability and enriching methane-producing microorganisms, particularly Methanosaeta and Methanomassiliicoccus. Energy assessment and economic analysis indicate that combining hydrothermal carbonization with anaerobic digestion can achieve high energy output and economic benefits. This study offers insights and recommendations for managing biogas slurry, resource recovery, and improving the stability and methane yield in the anaerobic digestion of food waste.

Phytochemical analysis in conjunction with in vitro a-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of three Diospyros species from East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Ramadhan R, Rosyidah N, Firdaus YFH, Kurnia IT, Lestari DA, Phontree K, Phuwapraisirisan P, Riyadi L, Rahman A, Abdulgani N, Maretna SA, Fadhila KN. 2023. Phytochemical analysis in conjunction with in vitro a-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of three Diospyros species from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4783-4790. Locals who live in forested areas have long relied on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for their traditional ceremonies, food, and medicine. As non-timber forest products, medicinal plants are of interest since they are used by locals in East Kalimantan regions, Indonesia, for local traditional medicine. In the search for new potential antidiabetics and antioxidants created from natural resources, the authors concentrated on medicinal plants traditionally used in East Kalimantan and ethnopharmacological data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dual roles of non-timber forest products, such as three Diospyros L. species, in a-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant (free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS), and CUPRAC in-vitro activities. This study showed that the strongest a-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in ethyl acetate and ethanol residue extracts of Diospyros celebica Bakh., with IC50 values of 4.5804±0.14 ug/mL and 3.8236±0.19 ug/mL respectively, which were more potent than quercetin as a positive standard. Additionally, the antioxidant test revealed that leaf extracts of three Diospyros species from East Kalimantan are excellent sources of natural antioxidants, as demonstrated by the SC50 values. The findings of this study support and validate the use of leaf extracts of three Diospyros species in traditional East Kalimantan medicine.

Research and analysis on the preparation of C4 olefin by ethanol coupling method based on regression algorithm with computer technology

Computer technology has been used to study the different combination of catalyst and temperature on the ethanol conversion (one-way conversion rate of 100% per unit time ethanol (alcohol intake - ethanol residue)/ethanol intake) and C4 olefin selectivity (the proportion of all products of C4 olefin), it is necessary to decompose the catalyst composition into several indicators. The effects of several indexes on ethanol conversion and C4 olefins selectivity were analyzed by computer technology. Canonical correlation analysis was used to study them, and the coefficient before each component represented the degree of importance. The results showed that the higher the catalyst combination temperature, the higher the weight of hydroxyapatite, the higher the ethanol conversion and C4 olefins selectivity, and vice versa. When the C4 olefin yield (its value is the selectivity of C4 olefin to ethanol conversion) is as high as possible, the multiple linear stepwise regression function of catalyst parameters and temperature on C4 olefin yield is obtained. MATLAB software was used to calculate the function formula. The absolute value of coefficients determines the importance of each index to C4 olefin yield. Combined with chemical reaction, when the mass ratio is 200:200 and the temperature is 400℃, the yield of C4 olefins can be maximized, and the yield of C4 olefins is 44.728%. Through the establishment of decision tree regression model by computer technology, it can be intuitively concluded that when the temperature is lower than 350℃, the best experimental condition is the C4 olefins yield of 17.264%.

Advanced treatment and valorization of food waste through staged fermentation and chain elongation

A novel valorization approach of food waste via staged fermentation and chain elongation was proposed. Food waste was moderately saccharified, saccharification effluent was fermented to produce ethanol and saccharification residue was hydrolyzed and acidified to produce VFAs. The yeast fermentation effluent and hydrolytic acidification effluent were sequentially performed for chain elongation. Ethanol and volatile fatty acids from staged fermentation were suitable for direct chain elongation and the n-caproate production was 184.69 mg COD/g VS when yeast fermentation effluent to hydrolytic acidification effluent ratio was 2:1. Food waste was deeply utilized with an organic conversion of 80%. The relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto increased during chain elongation, which might be responsible for the improvement of n-caproate production. A profit of 10.65 USD/t was estimated for chain elongation of food waste staged fermentation effluent. This study provided a new technology to achieve advanced treatment and high-valued utilization of food waste.

Radiocarbon dating of microliter sized Hungarian Tokaj wine samples

Radiocarbon-based age determination of wine samples has a great tradition worldwide, but most of the applied techniques, such as liquid scintillation counting and gas proportional counting analyses, have had large sample size requirements. However, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) based radiocarbon dating methods require much lower amount of carbon. Up to now, only a few available studies applied the AMS method to the dating of wine. We tested a preparation and measurement protocol for wine radiocarbon dating, not only for the ethanol fraction but for the distillation residue and submilliliter level preparation method of the wine sample without separation was also applied, using capillaries of the twenty wine samples from the Hungarian Tokaj wine region. The reliability of our method was verified by a comparison of wine time series with the Northern Hemisphere Zone 1 atmospheric 14C data as a calibration curve. The measured 14C values of the two different fractions, the ethanol and distillation residue, and the milliliter-sized non-separated samples also were in good agreement with each other, which shows both fractions could be used for radiocarbon dating of wine samples. Small sample size (~10 μL) wine radiocarbon dating does not destroy a significant part of a bottle of wine.

Contributions of carbon source, crop cultivation, and chemical property on microbial community assemblage in soil subjected to reductive disinfestation.

In agricultural practice, reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an effective method for eliminating soil-borne pathogens that depends heavily on carbon source. However, knowledge regarding the assembly of soil microbial communities in RDS-treated soils amended with different carbon sources after continuous crop cultivation is still not well-characterized. RSD treatments were performed on greenhouse soil with six different carbon sources (ethanol, glucose, alfalfa, wheat bran, rice bran, and sugarcane residue), which have different C:N ratios (Org C/N) and easily oxidized carbon contents (Org EOC). After RSD, two consecutive seasons of pepper pot experiments were conducted. Then, the effects of carbon source property, crop cultivation, and soil chemical property on soil microbial community reestablishment, pathogen reproduction, and crop performance were investigated in the RSD-cropping system. Variation partition analysis indicated that carbon source property, crop cultivation, and soil chemical property explained 66.2 and 39.0% of bacterial and fungal community variation, respectively. Specifically, Mantel tests showed that Org C/N, crop cultivation, soil available phosphorus and potassium were the most important factors shaping bacterial community composition, while Org C/N, Org EOC, and crop cultivation were the most important factors shaping fungal community composition. After two planting seasons, the number of cultivable Fusarium was positively correlated with Org EOC, and negatively correlated with soil total organic carbon, Fungal Chao1, and Fungal PC1. Crop yield of complex-carbon soils (Al, Wh, Ri and Su) was negatively affected by Org C/N after the first season, and it was highest in Al, and lower in Et and Su after the second season. Overall, Org EOC and Org C/N of carbon source were vitally important for soil microbe reestablishment, Fusarium reproduction and crop performance. Our findings further broaden the important role of carbon source in the RSD-cropping system, and provide a theoretical basis for organic carbon selection in RSD practice.

Fish Protein Hydrolysate from Sulfated Polysaccharides Extraction Residue of Tuna Processing By-Products with Bioactive and Functional Properties.

The ethanol-induced precipitation after enzymatic hydrolysis commonly used for sulfated polysaccharide extraction from marine resources wastes a large amount of proteins. Here, possible extraction of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from the ethanol residue of sulfated polysaccharide precipitation from head, bone, and skin of skipjack tuna is investigated. Antioxidant, antibacterial, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and functional properties of the recovered FPHs are also evaluated. A degree of hydrolysis of 40.93, 38.13, and 37.23 is achieved for FPH from head, bone, and skin, respectively. FPH from the head presents the highest antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity as well as foam/emulsion capacity among all the FPHs. The FPHs are all able to inhibit three Gram-positive bacteria and three Gram-negative bacteria to varying degrees and have a water solubility >65%. Altogether, the resultsdemonstrate great potential for recovery of bioactive/functional peptides from the residue of sulfated polysaccharide extraction process enabling efficient biorefining of aquatic resources.

The phytochemical screening, total phenolic and photoprotective potential of date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera l.)

Date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are known to contain phenolic compounds that have the potential as natural photoprotective agents. Phenolic compounds extracted by solvent are suitable for the level of polarity. This study aims to determine the compounds, the value of Sun Protecting Factor (SPF), and the difference in the SPF value of ethanol extract of date palm seeds and their fractions (n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and residue fraction). This research is in two stages. It’s the screening stage and the photoprotective test with the spectrophotometric method. This data was analyzed to descriptive qualitative and photoprotective data with graphed prism 8. In this study, the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and residue fraction contained phenolic and terpenoid compounds, and the n-hexane fraction contained steroid compounds. Ethanol extract, ethyl fraction, and residue have sunscreen activity, with SPF values ​​of 3.376±0.15; 6, 13±1, 2; and 3.14±0.08. While the n-hexane fraction with an SPF value of 0.512 ± 0.09. The highest SPF value in the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions did not meet the photoprotective SPF range. Phenolic compounds as sunscreens. The data analysis showed a significant difference between the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, residue fraction, and n-hexane fraction of date palm seeds.

Promoting potential direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) and methanogenesis with nitrogen and zinc doped carbon quantum dots

Although it has been demonstrated that one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional carbon nanomaterials can improve the CH4 production of anaerobic digestion (AD), the effect of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials on AD have not been reported. To expand the application of carbon nanomaterials in AD, the effect of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials-carbon quantum dots (CDs) on various feedstocks (c.a. cellulose, glucose, ethanol, and vinegar residue) were investigated in this study. Results have shown that CH4 yield from ethanol was increased by 24.59% (p = 0.396) after adding 5 g/L zinc doped carbon quantum dots (Zn-doped CDs) while that from vinegar residue was dramatically increased by 230% (p = 0.000) using 5 g/L nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N-doped CDs). In addition, photoluminescence demonstrated that CDs acted as a capacitor for transmitting and receiving electrons. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that Clostridiales might be used as a signal source to communicate with other species. This study firstly shifted the application of CDs from fluorescence to AD and manifested its positive impact on AD. In short, these findings provided a better understanding on the effects of CDs on different feedstocks of methanogenesis and revealed new evidence of stimulating methanogenesis via CDs.

Lavandula dentata Solid Residue from Essential Oil Industry

Essential oil industry produces a considerable amount of solid residues during the distillation process. These wastes are very rich in high added-value compounds like polyphenols. In this work, we have tentatively identified the polyphenols present in solid residues from the steam distillation and non-distilled extract of Lavandula dentata, and assessed for it total phenols and total flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity was estimated using tree different methods. The antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against sex bacterial strains. Both remarkably high phenolic content and radical scavenging activities were found in the metanolic and ethanolic extracts. In general, the residue material was found to exhibit higher phenolic content as well as antioxidant and radical scavenging activities than the non-distilled material. Finally, We concluded that the methanolic and ethanol residue extracts were a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents that can be exploited as health-promoting compounds in food or in cosmetic products.

The effect of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentration on the quality of effervescent of red ginger extract

The effervescent product of red ginger extract was made from a mixture of red ginger extract, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, dextrose, mannitol, sucralose and polyethylene glycol. This study used a single factor randomized complete design method with the ratio of different concentrations of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (50:50, 51:49, 52:48, 53:47, 55:45) in three replication. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to see the effect of each treatment, if there was an effect of each treatment then continued with DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) to see which levels produced differences in quality. The results showed that the addition of different concentrations of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate had significant effect (sig <α=0.01) on the value of soluble and effervescent pH of red ginger extract and significantly affected the level of color preference, taste and effervescent solubility of red ginger extract. The best effervescent product of red ginger extract was selected based on the hedonic test with the ratio of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate 52:48 with the following quality test results: 0.00% ethanol residue; levels of active red ginger 0.65%; and the level of effervescent red ginger extract 0.52%.

A bioavailability study on microbeads and nanoliposomes fabricated by dense carbon dioxide technologies using human-primary monocytes and flow cytometry assay.

Supercritical Emulsion Extraction (SEE) and Supercritical assisted Liposome formation (SuperLip), use dense gases such as carbon dioxide (dCO2) to fabricate advanced micro/nanocarriers. SEE uses dCO2 to extract solvent from the oily phase of an emulsion and obtain biopolymer microbead; For this study, poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) microbeads of 1 ± 0.2 μm in mean size loaded at 1 µg/mgPLA with Rhodamine B (ROD) were prepared by SEE; the beads showed a solvent residue lower than 10 ppm and encapsulated the fluorochrome with an efficiency of 90%. SuperLip uses dCO2 to enhance lipid/ethanol/water mixing and to promote the ethanol extraction from liposome suspension. In this case, phosphatidyl-choline (PC) vesicles with a mean size of 0.2 ± 0.05 μm and loaded with Fluorescein Iso-ThioCyanate (FITC) at 8 µg/mgPC were prepared; small unilamellar structure was observed for all the vesicles with FITC encapsulation efficiency of 80%. Ethanol residue of 50 ppm was measured in all the liposome suspensions. The bioavailability of microbeads and nanoliposomes was assessed through incubation with human monocytes previously isolated from healthy donors' blood. A specifically optimized protocol that allowed their quenching on the cell surface was developed to monitor by flow cytometer assay only the cell population that effectively internalized the carriers. When microbeads were tested, the percentage of alive internalizing monocytes was of about 30%. An internalization of 96.1 ± 21% was, instead, obtained at dosage of 0.1 mg/mL for nanoliposomes. In this last case, monocytes showed a vitality of almost 100% after vesicles internalization at all the concentrations studied; on the other hand, cell apoptosis progressively increased in a dose/response manner, after polymer microbeads phagocytosis. The proposed data suggested that dCO2 technologies can be reliably used to fabricate intracellular carriers.

Novel Role of Ethanol in Delaying Postharvest Physiological Deterioration and Keeping Quality in Cassava

Massive economic losses and the decrease in quality of cassava are caused by postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). However, an effective solution remains limited. In this study, the role of ethanol in the PPD of cassava was investigated and highlighted. Exogenous ethanol delayed PPD and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, while increased the underlying activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging. Moreover, exogenous ethanol increased the endogenous levels of ethylene and melatonin, all of which are negative regulators of PPD. Notably, this study found that exogenous ethanol reduced the degradation of starch, but enhanced ascorbic acid content and carotenoid content. In summary, these results revealed the novel role of ethanol in delaying PPD and improving the quality of cassava tubes without ethanol residue, suggesting an effective and promising way in cassava.

Maximizing phosphorus and potassium recycling by supplementation of lignin combustion ash from dry biorefining of lignocellulose

Lignocellulose biorefinery produces fuel ethanol and lignin residue byproduct. The combustion ash of lignin residue after electricity generation contains high amount of phosphorous and potassium elements and the recycling to farmland provides a sustainable nutrients supply. This study demonstrated a maximum scenario of water- soluble phosphorous and potassium recycling through a dry biorefining process by reduction of wastewater generation to an extremely low level, in which the soluble phosphorus and potassium compounds were preserved. For biorefining one metric ton of five different lignocellulose biomass, averagely 51–87 kg of lignin combustion ash, 0.75–1.12 kg of phosphorous or equivalent 1.75–2.57 kg of P2O5, and 1.03–2.26 kg of potassium or equivalent 1.24–2.73 kg of K2O were obtained. The recycling of the ash to farmland covered 78–90% and 100% (with surplus) of the world average phosphate and potash fertilizer use, respectively. Even for the need of farmland in China with the heavily overused phosphate and potash fertilizers, the lignin combustion replaced 17–19% of phosphate fertilizer and 30–70% of potash fertilizer. The minimum ethanol selling price was also reduced by 2.1–3.3% by the fertilizer replacement.

Impact of environmentally attractive additives on the ignition delay times of slurry fuels: Experimental study

The article presents the experimental results of studying the effect of the most widely used additives and dopants (promising in terms of the environment) on the ignition delay of slurry fuels prepared on the basis of coal and oil processing wastes. We have studied the most common organic additives: vegetable oils (coconut, rapeseed, olive), forest fuels (fallen leaves and pine needle litter), wood components (oak bark, sawdust, charcoal), plant wastes (algae, sunflower wastes, straw), glycerol, turpentine, ethanol, chalk, cardboard, and motor tire pyrolysis residue. The main components of slurry fuels were coal processing wastes (filter cakes of coking coal), water and used turbine oil. We have performed a comparative analysis of ignition delay times and threshold (minimum) ignition temperatures. Maximum ignition temperatures of slurry fuels have been studied as well. The experiments involved fuel droplets with a size (radius) of 1 mm. The combustion temperatures varied within the range of 700–900 °C. It is reasonable to add 10–20 wt% of filter cakes to use large volumes of the accumulated coal processing wastes and retain rheological and energy performance indicators of the slurry. It was established that the use of rapeseed and coconut oils, charcoal, carbonaceous residue of motor tire pyrolysis, straw, sunflower wastes and turpentine can most effectively decrease the ignition delay and minimum ignition temperature of the slurry fuel.

Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacities, and volatile compounds gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of Moringa oleifera ripe seed polar fractions

Background:Academic reports have confirmed Moringa oleifera leaves to possess significant antioxidant capacities; however, such studies are unavailable for its ripe seeds even though they are more desirous for consumption due to their sweet taste.Objective:In this study, we investigated antioxidant capacities of four polar extracts (crude water, ethanol, butanol, and aqueous residue) from the plant's ripe seeds.Materials and Methods:Phytochemicals were extracted from the ripe seeds of M. oleifera using ethanol and water solvents at initial stage. Butanol and aqueous residue were then subsequently fractioned out from the ethanol extract. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of the polar extracts were determined. Then, their antioxidant capacities were quantified by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Finally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the extracts were performed.Results:DPPH and ABTS tests showed that the polar extracts possess significant antioxidant capacities that ranged from 29 to 35.408 μM Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/mg sample and 7 to 29 μM TEAC/mg sample, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts corresponded to their phenolic and flavonoid contents that varied from 13.61 to 20.42 mg gallic acid equivalence/g sample and 0.58 to 9.81 mg quercetin equivalence/g sample, respectively. Finally, GC-MS analyses revealed antimicrobial phenolic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in crude water extract and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile in the ethanol and butanol extracts, and aqueous residue.Conclusion:Our results established that M. oleifera ripe seeds have significant antioxidant activity which may be due to its phenolic and nonphenolic compounds content.SUMMARY In this study, polar phytochemicals from ripe seeds of Moringa oleifera were extracted by water and ethanol solvents, and butanol extract and aqueous residue were subsequently fractioned out of the ethanol extract. The four polar extracts were shown to have significant antioxidant capacities which correspond to their phenolic contents. Further, antimicrobial compounds 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile were identified in the extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TEAC: Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity; QE: Quercetin equivalence; GAE: Gallic acid equivalence; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Preparation, characterization and the adsorption characteristics of lignin/silica nanocomposites from cellulosic ethanol residue

The synthesis lignin/silica nanocomposites by in situ co-precipitation method.

Mesoporous guar galactomannan based biocomposite aerogels through enzymatic crosslinking

Guar galactomannan (GM) was crosslinked using a sustainable enzymatic oxidation approach to form hydrogels. Nanofibrillated cellulose was used as reinforcement prior to crosslinking. Thirteen solvents were tested for replacing water in the gels, and the volumetric yields of hydrogels are discussed in relation to the solvents’ Hansen solubility parameters. Ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were selected for further stepwise solvent exchange, to characterize the hydrogels’ shrinkage in response to solvents at each step. DMSO displayed a good compatibility with GM-based hydrogels as compared to ethanol during stepwise solvent exchange, and the overall shrinkage value was similar with those two solvents after supercritical CO2 drying. The obtained aerogel exhibited highly porous composite structures with a large surface area (up to 333 m2/g) and good mechanical stiffness. Negligible ethanol residue was detected, which makes the aerogels safe materials for food and other life science applications.

Liposomes Size Engineering by Combination of Ethanol Injection and Supercritical Processing

Supercritical fluid extraction using a high-pressure packed tower is proposed not only to remove the ethanol residue from liposome suspensions but also to affect their size and distribution leading the production of nanosomes. Different operating pressures, temperatures, and gas to liquid ratios were explored and ethanol was successfully extracted up to a value of 400ppm; liposome size and distribution were also reduced by the supercritical processing preserving their integrity, as confirmed by Z-potential data and Trasmission Electron Microscopy observations. Operating at 120bar and 38°C, nanosomes with a mean diameter of about 180±40nm and good storage stability were obtained. The supercritical processing did not interfere on drug encapsulation, and no loss of entrapped drug was observed when the water-soluble fluorescein was loaded as a model compound. Fluorescein encapsulation efficiency was 30% if pure water was used during the supercritical extraction as processing fluid; whereas an encapsulation efficiency of 90% was obtained if the liposome suspension was processed in water/fluorescein solution. The described technology is easy to scale up to an industrial production and merge in one step the solvent extraction, liposome size engineering, and an excellent drug encapsulation in a single operation unit.

Combined ethanol and methane production using steam pretreated sugarcane bagasse

Efficient energy production relies on complementary use of crop residues, to enhance the amount of energy obtained per unit biomass. In this frame, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was pretreated and the resulting slurry and liquid fraction served, respectively, for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at high solid concentration (15%), and anaerobic digestion (AD). More specifically, SB was subjected to twelve pretreatments to enhance fiber deconstruction and subsequent energy output: steam explosion alone (195°C for 5, 10 and 15min), after impregnation with 0.4% and 0.7% Ca(OH)2, and at 205°C for the same three times after 0.7% Ca(OH)2 addition. After pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out on washed solid fraction; glucose and xylose were determined on this fraction as well as residual liquid fraction. On this latter, inhibitors (acetic and formic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) were also determined. Based on high glucose yield in enzymatic hydrolysis, three pretreatments were selected for SSF of the slurry. The same pretreatments underwent AD of the liquid fraction. Inhibitors augmented at increasing time and temperature, although never achieved critical levels. Lignin removal (range, 17–38%) was enhanced by lime addition, whereas increasing temperature and time did not contribute to delignification. Glucose yield in washed solid fraction varied accordingly. SSF exhibited the highest ethanol yield with mild lime addition (60% of theoretical) vs. steam alone (53%). However, modest yields were generally evidenced (average, 55%) as a result of high viscosity, especially in the case of high lime dose in SSF at high solid concentration. Combined energy yield (ethanol, methane and solid residue) proved lime effectiveness as catalyst in steam explosion of SB, beside two intrinsic advantages: low water consumption in SSF at high solid concentration, and the possibility of lime removal from downstream effluents through carbonation.