Ethanol-induced Ulcer Research Articles

Comparison of Dietary Supplementation with Krill Oil, Fish Oil, and Astaxanthin on an Experimental Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model: A Biochemical and Histological Study

Background/Objectives: Despite advances in ulcer treatment research, the search for new, safe, and effective strategies for preventing and treating ulcer diseases persists. Methods: In this study, the protective effects of dietary supplementation with krill oil (KO), fish oil (FO), and astaxanthin (ASX) on an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model were compared during biochemical and histological observations. Sprague–Dawley (n = 64) rats randomly divided into four groups—normal control (vehicle), KO, FO, and ASX groups—received the supplements via the orogastric route at a rate of 2.5% (v/w) of their daily feed consumption for 4 weeks. Then, ulcer induction was performed with ethanol. Results: The ulcer group showed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), chemiluminescence (CL), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and decreased levels of glutathione in the gastric tissues. While KO, FO, and ASX supplementation decreased chemiluminescence levels in the ulcer group, only ASX supplementation decreased MDA levels and MPO activity. Conclusions: In conclusion, supplementation with KO or FO has a similar protective effect against ethanol-induced ulcer damage, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces lipid peroxidation. However, ASX supplementation has a higher protective effect than KO or FO supplementations against experimental ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation.

Evaluation of Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of the Crude Extract and Fractions of Dialium guineense Tree Bark in Ethanol-Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats

Evaluation of Anti-Ulcerogenic Effects of the Crude Extract and Fractions of Dialium guineense Tree Bark in Ethanol-Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

Gastroprotective Effect of Quercus infectoria Olivier Galls on Ethanol-Induced Gastritis in Rats.

One of the common inflammatory disorders that substantially affects the stomach and its mucosa is gastritis. It can be induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, alcohol, Helicobacter pylori infection, and stress. These factors affect cellular regeneration, mucus production, and bicarbonate secretion, resulting finally in inflammation and ulceration. Ethanol-induced gastritis is one of the commonly used models for studying the pathology of gastritis and investigating the effect of drugs in managing the disease. Several drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), are available to control and correct the pathological signs of gastritis; however, the side effects of such drugs represent an obstacle to their applications in many cases. Quercus infectoria(QI) Olivier galls are formed as a pathological response to wasp insults to the tree. They are rich in several bioactive molecules, e.g., gallotannins that have been shown to be effective in several inflammatory conditions due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of QI gall extract (QIGE) in treating ethanol-induced gastritis in rats. To test this, 20 adult male Swiss rats were divided into four groups: healthy control, ethanol-treated (80% in water, 5 ml/kg, per oral gavage), ethanol + omeprazole (20 mg/kg, per oral gavage), and ethanol + QIGE (300 mg/kg, per oral gavage). QIGE was administered for seven days before ethanol administration, which took place three hours after the last QIGE dose. Three hours after ethanol intake, animals were euthanized, gastric content was collected, and stomach tissue was examined for macroscopic changes and then fixed to be further utilized for histological assessment by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Masson's trichrome staining. Ethanol treatment significantly decreased gastric pH and increased gastric acidity compared to healthy control. It also induced clear morphological and histological damage and ulceration, depleted mucus on the gastric epithelium, and induced edema and collagen deposition in gastric submucosa. The QIGE treatment ameliorated the changes in gastric pH and total acidity. It also protected stomach tissue from ethanol-induced ulceration, histopathological changes, edema, and collagen deposition. The protective effects of QIGE were comparable to those of omeprazole. In conclusion, QI gall extract possesses a promising gastroprotective effect against ethanol-induced gastritis.

Juglans regia L. fruit pellicle extract-based bioreduction of silver nanoparticles: Structural features and in vivo therapeutic effects against ethanol-induced peptic ulcers

Context: Peptic ulcers are a challenging problem. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play a substantial role in bioactivity and have distinct characteristics. There are several biomedical uses for bioreduction nanotechnology. Historically, traditional healthcare has employed Juglans regia L. Aims: To evaluate how well fruit pellicle extract-derived bio-reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNP/FP) can treat peptic ulcers. Methods: Ultraviolet spectra, dynamic light scattering, transmittance electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared were used to characterize AgNPs and AgNP/FP. AgNPs and extracts were compared to omeprazole in ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in mice. Six groups of 36 mice were created at random. AgNPs were given orally to the experimental groups, using 300 mg/kg as a dose. The reference proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, was employed as a control. Results: As evidenced by a falling ulcer index and an increase in the percentage of ulcer inhibition, bio-reduced AgNPs decreased the adverse effect of ethanol-induced stomach injury. Reduced mucosal damage and hemorrhagic lesions, necrobiotic alterations in the stomach epithelium, submucosal edema, and blood vessel congestion were all indicators of substantially reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesions and greater anti-inflammatory results. Conclusions: Fruit pellicle extract-derived bio-reduced silver nanoparticles have an efficacy similar to proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole and a lower incidence of possible side effects, making them a safe herbal therapy for ulcers.

In vitro true root cultures of Lotus hebranicus Hochst. ex brand: profiling of secondary metabolites and plausible in vivo gastroprotective effect

In vitro, the Lotus hebranicus produces true root cultures under entirely growth regulator-free culture conditions. These roots are completely independent of the shoots and gives abundant amounts of biomass of true root culture as raw materials in a short time. Lately, gastric ulcer have gained an increasing interest as it affects millions around the world. So, this study aimed to screen and evaluate the chemical constituents of the L. hebranicus extract (plant and true root culture), in addition to studying the biological effect of these extracts on mice with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and the possible role of mediating oxidative stress, inflammation and TGFβ/Smad3 as underlying mechanisms. Fifty-four Albino mice were assigned into nine groups (n = 6). Lotus was orally administered for seven successive days, followed by a single dose of oral ethanol for ulcer induction. Using histological assessment and immunohistochemical studies as well as colorimetric analysis, ELISA and qRT-PCR, the results revealed that ethanol-induced ulcers exhibited a substantial increase (p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde and interleukin 18 with a remarkable lessening in the gastro-protective mediators; superoxide dismutase, prostaglandin E2 and glutathione, parallel with an increase in TGFβ/Smad3 expressions relative to control. Pre-treatment with L. hebranicus showed a comparable result to those with omeprazole and showed a significant inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators and significant elevation of the gastro-protective mediators relative to the positive control. In conclusion, L. hebranicus extract (plant/true root culture) has the potential to protect the gastric tissues against ethanol by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and enhancing TGFβ/Smad3 mediators along with gastric protective mediators.

Gastroprotective activity and physicochemical analysis of carboxymethylated gum from Anadenanthera colubrina

Biotechnological advancements require the physicochemical alteration of molecules to enhance their biological efficacy for the effective treatment of gastric ulcers. The study aimed to produce a polyelectrolytic compound from red angico gum (AG) by carboxymethylation, evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and investigate gastric protection against ethanol-induced ulcers. AG and carboxymethylated angico gum (CAG) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, determination of the degree of substitution and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 13C NMR techniques. The results demonstrated that the modification of the polymer was satisfactory, presenting conformational changes e improving the interaction with the gastric mucosa. AG and CAG reduced macroscopic and microscopic damage such as edema, hemorrhage and cell loss caused by exposure of the mucosa to alcohol. Both demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro, and in vivo, pretreatment with gums led to the restoration of superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels compared to the injured group. Concurrently, the levels of malondialdehyde and nitrite decreased. Atomic force microscopy showed that CAG presented better conformational properties of affinity and protection with the gastric mucosa compared to AG in the acidic pH. Based on our findings, it is suggested that this compound holds promise as a prospective product for future biotechnological applications.

Ipomoea carnea mitigates ethanol-induced ulcers in irradiated rats via Nrf2/HO−1 pathway: an in vivo and in silico study

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Ipomoea carnea flower methanolic extract (ICME) as a natural gastroprotective therapy against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, particularly in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). The study focused on the Nrf2/HO−1 signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa from oxidative stress and inflammation. Male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups, the control group received distilled water orally for one week, while other groups were treated with ethanol to induce stomach ulcers, IR exposure, omeprazole, and different doses of ICME in combination with ethanol and/or IR. The study conducted comprehensive analyses, including LC-HRESI-MS/MS, to characterize the phenolic contents of ICME. Additionally, the Nrf2/HO−1 pathway, oxidative stress parameters, gastric pH, and histopathological changes were examined. The results showed that rats treated with IR and/or ethanol exhibited histopathological alterations, increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced expression levels of Nrf2 and HO−1. However, pretreatment with ICME significantly improved these parameters. Phytochemical analysis identified 39 compounds in ICME, with flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and fatty acids as the predominant compounds. Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that ICME may protect against gastric ulceration by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of ICME as a natural gastroprotective therapy for preventing gastric ulcers. These findings contribute to the development of novel interventions for gastrointestinal disorders using natural plant extracts particularly in individuals with a history of radiation exposure.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Bark Extract to Detect Anti Ulcer Activity in Swiss Albino Rats

The anti-ulcer activity of Butea monosperma silver nanoparticles (SNBM) was estimated in Swiss albino rats using ulcers caused by histamine, drugs, and ethanol. The effects of the SNBM at the doses of 300 and 550 mg/kg per os (p.o.) were compared with those of the reference pharmaceuticals, famotidine (35 mg/kg b.w.), and revealed substantial safeguards against ulcers generated by indomethacin and histamine. Additionally, the extract demonstrated excellent resistance against stomach ulcers brought on by ethanol. In addition, in ethanol-induced stomach ulceration, SNBM drastically lowered the spike in lipid peroxide level [(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and restored the altered glutathione level. According to the study, SNBM demonstrates anti-ulcer efficacy by enhancing the gastric mucosa's antioxidant capacity and minimizing mucosal damage.

ENHANCING GASTRIC ULCER MANAGEMENT: NOVEL INSIGHTS FROM TERAZOSIN-PANTOPRAZOLE COMBINATION THERAPY

In this present study, we explored a novel approach to gastric ulcer management by investigating the therapeutic potential of terazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor inhibitor, in combination with pantoprazole, a common anti-ulcer agent. Employing an ethanol-induced rat-gastric ulcer model, the study demonstrated that terazosin pre-treatment significantly reduced ulcer formation, with the terazosinpantoprazole combination exhibiting superior mucosal protection compared to pantoprazole alone. Histopathological analysis revealed preserved mucosal structure and reduced neutrophil infiltration, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. At a molecular level, the combination treatment groups exhibited elevated levels of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK-1), a vital enzyme in cellular energy metabolism, while inflammatory markers IκB kinase (IKK) and interleukin- 6 (IL-6) were significantly reduced, signifying mitigation of inflammation. These findings of the three different combinations of terazosin with pantoprazole indicate that this can be a potential approach for the treatment of gastric ulcers and can help in reducing the existing pantoprazole dose.

STUDY OF ANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF THE LEAVES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (LAMIACEAE), ON ETHANOL-INDUCED ULCER IN RATS

Peptic ulcer has been a ravaging gastrointestinal disorder in clinical practice. The symptomatic effect is the perforation of the stomach lining. The study was aimed at evaluating the anti-ulcer activity and phytochemical constituents of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum The powdered leaves were macerated in 95%v/v of methanol for 72 h, and the dried extract obtained was washed with n-hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (Buta) successively using the solvent partition method to fractionate. Phytochemical constituents were evaluated using validated methods. Acute toxicity was performed using a modified Lorke’s method. Antiulcer studies were conducted using an ethanol-induced ulcer in the rat model. The rats received 200, 400 and 20 mg per kg body weight of Ocimum .gratissimum extract, its fractions and omeprazole respectively once daily for 14 days. The extraction yielded 3.3 % methanol extract, 16.8 % n-hexane 24.4 % ethyl acetate and 5.2 % butanol fractions. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, steroids and saponin. There was no mortality even at an oral dose of 5000 mg of extract/kg of mouse in the acute toxicity evaluation. The extract and its fractions (200 and 400 mg/kg doses) exhibited dose-dependent ulcer curative. The Hex fraction (400 mg/kg) demonstrated the best anti-ulcer effect with 78.5 % and ulcer index (UI) of 0.60±0.24 when compared to the standard with 50% and 1.40±0.24 respectively. A significant reduction (p&lt; 0.05) in the UI was observed in rats treated with the Ocimum. gratissimum extract and its fractions.

Protective Effects of Hibiscetin on Ethanol-Induced Ulcers in Rats through Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis/ Oxidative Stress/Caspase-3 and 9 Pathways

Protective Effects of Hibiscetin on Ethanol-Induced Ulcers in Rats through Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis/ Oxidative Stress/Caspase-3 and 9 Pathways

Protective Effect of Methanolic Extract of Tamarindus Indica Leaves in Ethanol-Induced Esophageal Ulcer in Adult Wistar Rats

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) possess anti-ulceration, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. This makes it useful in the treatment of various clinical challenges including gastrointestinal tract diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves on esophageal ulcers in adult Wistar rats. Twelve rats (12) with average body weights of 130 ± 20 grams (g) were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) (n=4). Group A (control) received 0.5 ml/kg body weight (bw) of distilled water, Group B received 0.5 ml/kg bw of 80% ethanol, Group C (Low dose) received 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% Ethanol and Group D (High dose) received 300 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% Ethanol. All administrations were done via gastric intubation for 6 days. At the end of the experimental period sections of the esophagus were collected for histological studies. The group administered 0.5ml/kg of 80% ethanol when compared with the control group, showed ulceration along the surface margin of mucosal layers and damage to submucosal glands. The group administered high and low doses of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% ethanol when compared with the control group, revealed an intact histoarchitecture. METL was protective in the ethanol induced esophageal ulceration.

Protective effect of barbigerone against ethanol-induced ulcers via the interleukins/ICAM-1/Bcl-2 pathway.

The objective of the study was to assess the protective effects of barbigerone in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Male Wistar rats (180±20 g) were used in the study (n=06). The rats were randomly divided into different groups, i.e., the normal group, ethanol control, and barbigerone 10 and 20 mg/kg group. Various biochemical parameters were assessed - total acidity and pH values, oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) along with markers, i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and expression of B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Also, histopathology was performed. Treatment with barbigerone in the ethanol-induced-ulcer rats restored the levels of biochemical parameters such as SOD, GSH, MDA, CAT, and markers expression, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, ICAM-1, and Bcl-2 with protected against cellular necrosis. Barbigerone protective effects can be attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as promote gastroprotection against ethanol-induced ulcers in rats.

Gastroprotective evaluation of Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) on diabetic rats

Traditional uses for the plant Medicago sativa (M. sativa) (Alfalfa) (Family: Fabaceae) include liver protection, antioxidant activity, and the treatment of bleeding and digestive issues. This study aims to assess the effect of ethanol extract of M. sativa (EEMS) on experimental-induced ulcers in diabetic rats. By pylorus ligation and ethanol administration, gastric ulcers were induced in diabetic rats. Five groups each consisting of six rats in each model were used. All other groups except Group I were made diabetic by giving rats alloxan (140 mg/kg i.p.). Vehicles were given to Group I (normal control) and Group II (diabetes control) rats. Group III (positive control) received ranitidine 50 mg/kg, and Group IV and V received EEMS at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. In the pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced stomach ulcer model of rats, the findings demonstrated that EEMS (100 mg/kg) showed a decreased ulcer index of 2.01 ± 0.41 and was found statistically significant against the diabetes control group (p < 0.001) as well as, an ulcer index of 0.68 ± 0.22 by EEMS (400 mg/kg) with a significant reduction in the ulcer index (p < 0.001). EEMS (100 and 400 mg/kg) reduce free acidity by 13.16 ± 0.65 mEq/L and 9.83 ± 0.30 mEq/L, respectively. EEMS also showed a protective impact on the liver and kidneys of diabetic rats. Antihyperglycemic action was also discovered in diabetic animals. The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that ethanolic extract of M. sativa possesses anti-ulcer activity in diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract of M. sativa may be a treatment option for stomach ulcers that also have diabetes.

Isolation and Evaluation of Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ulcer Activity of Methanolic Extract of Ceriops decandra leaves

The current study was undertaken to provide scientific validation for the traditional medicinal applications of Ceriops decandra leaves in treating gastrointestinal disorders and inflammation. Additionally, the study aimed to isolate a pure component from the extracted leaves for further analysis. Lupeol was extracted from the crude methanolic extract of Ceriops decandra leaves by column chromatography as part of a phytochemical inquiry. Its structure was determined using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. In order to assess the cytotoxicity, the unrefined methanolic extract was divided into two fractions: a petroleum fraction and an aqueous fraction, employing the modified Kupchan method. The brine shrimp lethality test revealed that both the aqueous and petroleum ether fractions had significant cytotoxic activity, with LC50 values of 1.93 µg/l and 2.04 µg/l, respectively. These values were compared to the LC50 value of the standard Vincristine Sulphate, which was found to be 0.02 µg/l. The results of the anti-inflammatory trial demonstrated that the administration of the extract at doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg resulted in protection rates of 62.5% and 87.5%, respectively, as compared to the carrageenan control group after 3 hours post-injection. It is worth noting that Ibuprofen exhibited a higher level of protection, with a rate of 91.7%. In the context of ethanol-induced stomach ulcer, the administration of extracts at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg resulted in 45.5% and 59.1% protection against gastric ulcer, respectively. These findings were compared to the protective effect of Omeprazole, which demonstrated 63.6% protection and served as the standard reference. The findings suggest that the methanolic leaf extract of Ceriops decandra possesses robust cytotoxic and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties. These results provide support for the traditional application of this extract in the management of gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation, and cancer.

In vivo acute toxicity, antidiabetic and antiulcer activities of polysaccharide from Linum usitatissimum L. seeds

The present study investigated acute oral toxicity, antidiabetic and antiulcer effects of the polysaccharide extracted from linseeds mature and ripe (Linum usitatisimum L., Family: Liliaceae). The acute oral toxicity (in vivo) of linseed polysaccharide was examined in Albino Wistar rats. In vivo antidiabetic activity and antiulcer activity were evaluated in Albino Wistar rats by alloxan-induced diabetic model and ethanol-induced ulcer model, respectively. The effects of linseed polysaccharide administered at 250 mg/kg of body weight dose on fasting blood glucose, body weight, lipid levels and histopathology of the treated pancreas were evaluated. The effects of linseed polysaccharide administered at 250 mg/kg of body weight dose on ulcer index, gastric secretion (gastric juice, pH, free acidity, and total acidity), macroscopic and histopathology analyses of treated gastric mucosa were evaluated. The acute oral toxicity results did not indicate any indication of toxicity associated with the administration of linseed polysaccharide to the treated rats. Linseed polysaccharide exhibited significant hypoglycaemic benefits in comparison to glibenclamide, which was treated as the positive control. In addition, linseed polysaccharide exhibited good gastroprotective properties with a significant improvement in inhibition percentage. Therefore, the results of the present study presented a clear demonstration of the potential uses of linseed polysaccharide as an adjuvant therapy for the management of diabetes mellitus and gastric ulcers.

In vivo and In silico evidence of the protective properties of carvacrol against experimentally-induced gastric ulcer: Implication of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms

Gastric ulcer is a serious disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to the disease pathogenesis and ethanol-induced ulcer in rats closely recapitulates the clinical pathology of ulcer. In this study, rats were pretreated with carvacrol (CAR,50 and 100 mg/kg, orally) 1 h before absolute ethanol administration to induce gastric ulcer. CAR prevented ethanol-induced increases in gastric volume and acidity while restored mucin content. The gastro-protective activity of CAR, particularly the higher dose (100 mg/kg), was further supported by histopathological examination, as manifested by reduced gastric lesions. Interestingly, oxidative stress is linked to early stages of ulcer development and progression. In this study, ethanol administration upregulated the levels of ROS-producing enzymes, NADPH oxidase homologs 1 and 4 (Nox1 and Nox4) and lipid peroxides while depleting the antioxidant defense mechanisms, including GSH, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and catalase. Interestingly, these alterations were significantly ameliorated by CAR pretreatment. Additionally, CAR possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Pretreatment with CAR blunted ethanol-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB and TNF-α) and rectified the apoptosis regulator (Bax/Bcl2 ratio) in gastric tissue. Moreover, the docking simulation of CAR illustrated good fitting and interactions with GPX, Nox1 and TNF-α through the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic (pi-H) bonds with conservative amino acids, thus, further supporting the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects underlying the gastroprotective effects of CAR. In conclusion, this study elucidates, using in silico and in vivo models, that the gastroprotective activity of CAR is attributed, at least in part, to its mucin-secretagogue, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OBTAINED FROM THE STEM BARK EXTRACT OF DESERT DATE (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA)

The study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from the stem bark extract of the Desert date tree (EFDD) (Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile; family Zygophyllaceae) using ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models in Wistar rats. The study was conducted using Wistar rats and divided them into five groups (n=5). Group 1 received 10% Tween 20 (1 ml/kg), which served as the control group. Group 2 was administered the standard drug, omeprazole (20 mg/kg). Groups 3-5 were the extract groups and received doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, respectively, of EFDD. Two ulcer models were used in the study namely ethanol-induced ulcers and indomethacin-induced ulcers. After administration of the respective treatments, evaluation of the mean ulcer indices in each group and calculation of the percentage ulcer inhibition compared to the control group were carried out. The results indicated that the EFDD, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, significantly reduced the mean ulcer indices in both the ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). This suggests that the EFDD possesses gastroprotective properties. In conclusion, the EFDD exhibits gastroprotective activity. This finding supports the traditional use of Desert date in folkloric medicine for the treatment of ulcers. However, further research is necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed gastroprotective effects.

Retraction Note: Optimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Coconut Oil Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Management of Ethanol-Induced Ulcer.

Retraction Note: Optimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Coconut Oil Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Management of Ethanol-Induced Ulcer.