Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of alcoholic extracts from Piper aequale Vahl leaves

Piper is a large plant genus containing essential oils rich in mono and sesquiterpenes and other secondary metabolites showing different biological activities. Piper aequale, cordoncillo, is used in México for urinary and prostate ailments, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect against prostate cancer. Due to the lack of chemical and pharmacological information on this species, in this work antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Leaves ethanol and methanol extracts were used to assess antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), antimicrobial activity (Kirby-Bauer) against clinically relevant strains and antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (MTT assay). Methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with 69.08% (DPPH) and inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacterial strains associated with urinary tract infections. Ethanolic extract displayed moderate antiproliferative activity (IC50 81.28 μg/mL), showing cytotoxicity from 100 μg/mL. This study demonstrates P. aequale exhibits inhibitory effects against bacteria associated with urinary problems and antiproliferative properties in prostate cancer cells.

Odontites linkii subsp. cyprius Ethanolic Extract Indicated In Vitro Anti-Acanthamoeba Effect

This study aims to investigate three endemic ethanolic leaf extracts from Cyprus for anti-Acanthamoeba activities: Odontites linkii subsp. cyprius (Boiss.) Bolliger, Ptilostemon chamaepeuce subsp. cyprius (Greuter) Chrtek & B. Slavík, and Quercus alnifolia Poech. Screening for radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were performed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABST) methods, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and aluminum chloride method, respectively. An antibacterial-susceptibility test (AST) was performed using a broth microdilution assay to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT). Trypan blue (0.5%) was used to assess in vitro anti-Acanthamoeba cell viability of the ethanolic leaf extracts after 24-, 48-, and 72-h exposure—screening of ethanolic leaf extracts with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for known compounds with biological activity. The ethanolic leaf extract of Odontites linkii subsp. cyprius demonstrated the highest anti-Acanthamoeba activity, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.02 mg/mL after 72 h. This extract also showed an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.625 mg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis, a common nosocomial pathogen. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive iridoid compounds in O. linkii subsp. cyprius, further highlighting its potential as a source for new drug compounds. The ethanolic extract of O. linkii subsp. cyprius demonstrated a dose-dependent and time-dependent anti-Acanthamoeba effect in vitro. This study is the first to report the presence of iridoid compounds and anti-Acanthamoeba activities in the ethanolic extract of O. linkii subsp. cyprius. These promising findings highlight the potential of plant extracts, particularly O. linkii subsp. cyprius, as a source for new drug compounds for Acanthamoeba infections.

Evaluation of Carrageenan-induced Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Psychotria bisulcata Wight &Arn. in Wistar Rats

Psychotria bisulcata Wight & Arn. (Rubiaceae) is a shrub widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, infertility and impotence. The present research work is focused on in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata. The ethanol extract was subjected to in vitro anti-inflammatory assays such as hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis, heat-induced hemolysis. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assays revealed that the ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata showed a high level of inhibition in hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis in 250 µg/mL as 55.80±1.91and in heat-induced hemolysis as 62.23±4.23. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with diclofenac as the standard. When compared to the standard diclofenac, the ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata showed considerable anti-inflammatory efficacy in a dose dependent manner, resulting in the reduction of paw edema volume. The rats treated with ethanolic leaf extract of 500 mg/kg showed better activity. The research discovers that P. bisulcata has substantial anti-inflammatory action, indicating that it has medicinal potential in the treatment of inflammatory ailments.

Biochemical Studies of Averrhoa carambola Ethanol Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

The use of herbal medicines has always been an option to treat diseases such as diabetes cancer and other ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Averrhoa carambola leaf and its fruit ethanol extracts on biochemical parameters and histopathology features. Forty five albino rats were assigned into 9 groups of 5 rats each. Except for the normal control group, others were induced to be diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Group 1 (normal control) and Group 2 (diabetic untreated) received water. Group 3 received 2.5mg/kg glibenclamide, Groups 4-9 received graded doses (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 750mg/kg) of leaf and fruit extracts of Averrhoa carambola. Treatment lasted 14days. At the end of the treatment, blood samples and organ (pancreas) were collected from the animals for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats significantly (p<0.05) reduced the glucose concentration across all treated groups. Following induction of diabetic mellitus, the serum activities of liver enzymes (Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in diabetic untreated group with corresponding reduction in serum protein, albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to the normal control and treated groups. However, the fruit extracts exhibited a high increase in urea and creatinine levels especially at dose of 750mg/kg body weight when compared with the leaf though not significantly higher than the diabetic untreated group. From histopathology studies, the groups treated with the leaf extract of Averrhoa carambola showed greater structural improvement and an increase in pancreatic islet cells. Therefore this study showed that although ethanol extracts of Averrhoa carambola leaf and fruit have antidiabetic properties, the leaf extract possesses more antidiabetic effect.

IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CUCUMIS MADERASPATANUS LEAVES AS AN α-AMYLASE AND α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR

Objective: The current study was planned to study the phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and inhibitor activity of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase from leaf extract of Cucumis maderaspatanus. Methods: Extract was extracted using a soxhlet apparatus using solvents, such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous. The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The phytochemicals were measured qualitatively and quantitatively and the antioxidant activity was done and the IC50 value was calculated. Result: The qualitative analysis of the ethnolic leaf extract of C. maderaspatanus shows the presence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, phenol compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, betacyanins, quinones, glycosides, sterol, and coumarins. Quantitative analysis of ethanolic leaf extract of C. maderaspatanus showed that the presence of phenols (98.63±0.03), flavonoids (80.35±0.78), saponin (16.56±0.04), alkaloids (12.56±0.05), and total antioxidant (130.18±2.45). The IC50 value of various parameters such as DPPH (IC50=265), Nitric oxide (IC50=213), Hydrogen peroxide (IC50=355), Hydroxyl (IC50=290), Superoxide (IC50=145), alpha-amylase activity (IC50=48), and alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50=76). Conclusion: From the study, it was concluded that the ethanolic leaf extracts of C. maderaspatanus have good antioxidant capacity, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity due to phytochemicals present in it.

Subacute Toxicity Study of Alchornea cordifolia Ethanolic Leaf Extract on the Pituitary Gland of Wistar Rats

Introduction: Herbal medicines are plant-based products used to treat various illnesses and their uses have dramatically increased over the past years in many developed and developing nations. Alchornea cordifolia is one of these plants with reports of its use in health promotion. Some plants exhibit toxicity due to the presence of phytochemicals inherent in them, therefore further studies are necessary in evaluating their toxicity levels. In this study, the sub-acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaves was investigated on the pituitary gland of adult male Wistar rats. The objective was to determine its effect on the histology of the anterior pituitary gland. Methods: Twenty (20) adult male Wistar rats weighing 140-200 were used for the research and were randomly divided into four groups labelled A, B, C. and D. Each group consisted of five (5) rats. Group A (normal control) received normal saline, while group B, C and D received 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg body weight of Alchornea cordifolia extract respectively with the aid of an oral gavage. This was done for a duration of 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and the pituitary gland obtained for histological analysis using H&E and PAS Orange G staining methods. Results: Histological observations showed that the various doses of the extract used had no detrimental effect of the anterior pituitary gland microstructure in groups B, C, and D when compared to group A. Conclusion: The findings showed that the various doses of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract used in this study are non-toxic to the anterior pituitary gland in Wistar rats.

Antibacterial Evaluation of Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Pathogenic Bacteria Using TLC-Bioautography

Pathogenic bacteria are microorganisms that live in the human body that cause disease, such as the bacteria bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Eschericia coli. compounds such as flavanoid compounds, alcolloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that has antibacterial properties The purpose of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of agarwood leaf ethanol extract (Aquilaria malaccensis) against pathogenic bacteria by TLC - bioautography. The results shown that agarwood leaf ethanol extract (Aquilaria malaccensis) has potential as antibacterial against, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli, with three active spots identified in the bioautogram profiles an Rf value of 0.20 demonstrated inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli Additionally, Rf values of 0.50 and 0.36 exhibited inhibitory effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, highlighting the potential of agarwood leaf ethanol extract in combating pathogenic bacteria

Exploring The Antibacterial Potential of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts from Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) Against Skin Infectious Bacteria Through KLT-Bioautography

Miana (Coleus scutellarioides (L.). is one of the plants that grows in areas with rather moist or slightly watery soil conditions, this plant is often consumed by people in Indonesia and is believed to be a medicinal plant. Empirically, miana leaves are used as antibiotics because they are known to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioautogram profile of miana leaf ethanol extract against several pathogenic bacteria using the TLC-Bioautography method. As for the results of this study, ethanol extract of miana leaves (Coleus scutellarioides (L.)) has the potential as antibacterial against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas aeurigosa, and Streptococcus mutans, where for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria there are 2 active spots with Rf values of 0, 98, 0.32 and Streptococcus mutans bacteria there are 3 active spots with Rf values of 0.98, 0.76, and 0.69 respectively. As for Escherichia bacteria, there is 1 active spot with an Rf value of 0.81 and Pseudomonas aeurigosa bacteria there are 3 active spots, namely 0.87, 0.49, and 0.29, respectively.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract Red (Jatropha gossypifolia) Leaves Against Bacterial Skin Infections by Agar Diffusion

Red Jatropha gossypifolia plant is a type of Jatropha with purplish red leaves which the chemical compounds are found are calcium oxalate, jatroidene, interquinones, flavonoids, flobatin and phenolics, and these compounds can be used as an anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial activity of red Jatropha leaves ethanol extract against bacteria causes skin infections by Agar Diffusion. The result of screening antibacterial test of red Jatropha leaves ethanol extract with a concentration of 0,1% active against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acne and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result of analysis Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ethanol extract obtained MIC value = 0.1% to bacteria acid, MBC value = 0.05% to bacteria acid, and the result of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract obtained the largest inhibitory zone diameter at a concentration of 12.8% was 13.577 mm against Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-Obesity Potential of Secamone afzelii K. Leaf and Vine Ethanol Extract: Insights into Lipase Inhibition and Secondary Metabolites

Anti-Obesity Potential of Secamone afzelii K. Leaf and Vine Ethanol Extract: Insights into Lipase Inhibition and Secondary Metabolites

Acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanol leaf extract from Acrostichum aureum in rats

Acrostichum aureum L. (A.aureum) is a medicinal plant that has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities and has been widely used traditionally in the treatment of many diseases. However, there is a dearth of information on the plant's safety. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanol leaf extract of A. aureum (ELAA) in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Oral acute toxicity was studied in female SD rats administered a single dose of 5000 mg kg-1 body weight ELAA. The sub-acute toxicity evaluation was also conducted orally with 100, 200, 500, and 750 mg kg-1 body weight of ELAA for 28 days in female SD rats. The impact of sub-acute treatment on body weight, gross histology, relative organ weight, urinalysis, hematology, plasma biochemistry, and histopathology was assessed following treatment. The ELAA did not cause death or signs of toxicity after acute treatment. Similarly, all the parameters evaluated during acute and sub-acute administration of ELAA did not significantly differ from the control. Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the ethanol extract of Acrostichum aureum is greater than 5000 mg kg-1 body weight. Its oral sub-acute administration is also non-toxic and safe at the tested doses.

Antimalarial and antioxidant properties of vernonia amygdalina ethanol leaf extract in mice infected with rodent malaria parasites

Antimalarial and antioxidant properties of vernonia amygdalina ethanol leaf extract in mice infected with rodent malaria parasites

Neuroinflammatory Response and Redox-regulation Activity of Hyperoside in Manganese-induced Neurotoxicity Model of Wistar Rats.

Excessive manganese exposure can lead to neurotoxicity with detrimental effects on the brain. Neuroinflammatory responses and redox regulation play pivotal roles in this process. Exploring the impact of hyperoside in a Wistar rat model offers insights into potential neuroprotective strategies against manganese-induced neurotoxicity. The study investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of hyperoside isolated from the ethanol leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (HELEGL), in the brain tissue of Wistar rats following 15 consecutive days of exposure to 30 mg/L of MnCl2. Control animals in Group 1 had access to regular drinking water, while animals in groups 2-4 were exposed to MnCl2 in their drinking water. Groups 3 and 4 also received additional HELEGL at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. In Group 5, HELEGL at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight was administered alone. Treatment with HELEGL commenced on day 8 via oral administration. HELEGL effectively mitigated MnCl2-induced memory impairment, organ-body weight discrepancies, and fluid intake deficits. Exposure to MnCl2 increased the activities or levels of various markers such as acyl peptide hydrolase, tumour necrosis factor-α, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, nitric oxide, IL-1β, prolyl oligopeptidase, caspase-3, myeloperoxidase, H2O2, and malondialdehyde, while it decreased the activities or levels of others, including AChE, BChE, DOPA, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GST, GPx, CAT, SOD, GSH, and T-SH (p < 0.05). In contrast, HELEGL effectively counteracted the adverse effects of MnCl2 by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cognitive deficits, and bolstering the antioxidant status. Moreover, HELEGL restored the normal histoarchitecture of the brain, which had been distorted by MnCl2. In summary, HELEGL reversed the causative factors of neurodegenerative diseases induced by MnCl2 exposure, suggesting its potential for further exploration as a prospective therapeutic agent in the management of Alzheimer's disease and related forms of dementia.

Synergistic Phytochemical and Nanotechnological Exploration of Melia azedarach With Silver Nitrate: Elucidating Multifaceted Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Insecticidal Potentials.

Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical and health applications. This study explores the phytochemical, therapeutic, and phytotoxic properties of Melia azedarach by analyzing extracts from its bark, flowers, leaves, and fruits using six solvents: ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. Twenty-one phytochemical tests were conducted, revealing significantly positive results for various tests. However, the ethanolic and methanolic flower extracts yielded no significant results in other tests. The highest total phenolic content was found in the chloroform extract of the leaves (96 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), and the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the ethanolic and hexane leaf extracts, with a 98% DPPH scavenging rate. Antibacterial testing showed significant efficacy against Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, Kluyvera spp., and Pseudomonas spp., with p values < 0.0001. The fruit chloroform extract demonstrated the highest alpha-amylase inhibition (93 ± 0.05), while the ethanolic leaf extract had the greatest tumor inhibition (85.6 ± 0.5). Insecticidal assays revealed that the acetone bark extract had the highest control values (56% and 57%). Due to their higher reducing potential, the leaves were used to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDX, and SEM, revealing an average particle size of 20-30 nm and spherical morphology. The AgNPs exhibited excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and insecticidal activities. These findings highlight the potential of M. azedarach and its AgNPs for developing novel therapeutic agents.

Ethanolic cashew leaf extract: Antifungal activity and its application for shelf-life extension of dried salted tilapia fillets.

Ethanolic cashew leaf extract (ECLE) is rich in phenolic compounds with diverse bioactivities and can serve as a safe natural preservative. This study evaluated the antifungal activity and application of ECLE for shelf-life extension of dried salted tilapia fillets. Several extraction methods, antifungal activity, and application of ECLE in dried salted tilapia fillets were investigated. Ultrasonication followed by the Soxhlet extraction resulted in the highest yield (26.78%), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) (p<0.05). Conversely, the Soxhlet extraction method rendered lower yield (14.35%), TPC, and TFC (p<0.05). NaCl at high concentrations decreased both TPC and TFC in all ECLE samples, demonstrating the decomposition of those compounds induced by NaCl. ECLE obtained via the Soxhlet extraction method exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration values than those prepared using other extraction methods. Thus, the former showed higher efficacy in inhibiting fungal growth and reducing mycelium growth than others (p<0.05), despite being less effective than potassium sorbate. At 4MIC, ECLE inhibited mycelium growth (56.83%-78.66%) and spore germination (87.5%-100%) after 72h and 10-16h of treatment, respectively. ECLE (4MIC) could inhibit the toxin production of fungi. For the challenge test, in which ECLE at 400 and 600mg/kg was added to dried salted tilapia fillet inoculated with Aspergillus flavus, fungal growth was retarded over 9 days of storage at 25±2°C (room temperature). Thus, ECEL could act as a natural food preservative to prevent fungal contamination. Toxin from fungi could be avoided, and the quality of dried salted fish was maintained. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Cashew leaf extract rich in polyphenols can inhibit fungal proliferation, reduce mycelium expansion, prevent spore germination, and limit aflatoxin production. The extract canenhance the safety of dried salted fish, especially when contaminated with Aspergillus flavus in the humid atmosphere (80% relative humidity), particularly for small and medium enterprises. Nevertheless, this extract can also be applied in the fish processing industry, in which the synthetic antifungal agent could be replaced by the natural additive.

Evaluation of African Neem Plant (Dogon Yaro) antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic organisms

The neem plant is a tropical evergreen plant native to the Indian sub-continent. It has been used in ayurvedic medicine for more than 4000 years due to its medicinal properties. The phytochemical screening carried out on the extract of Neem plant revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols also glycosides, steroids, Terpenoids, flavonoids, and phlobatanins are present in this extract. It was observed that alkanoids has a concentration of 0.52g/ml, tannins has a concentration of 9.00g/ml, saponins has a concentration of 1.99g/ml, flavonoid has a concentration of 0.62g/ml and phenol has a concentration of 0.024g/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the Leaf, Stem, Stem-bark and Root extract of Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) against some of the pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, was determined. This was done by using alcoholic and water extracts of Neem leaves, stem, stem bark and roots. Varying concentration of each extracts 200mg/ml, 150mg/ml and 100mg/ml were prepared and tested. When compared with Gentamycin 10mg, the Ethanol Extract of Neem Root shows maximum inhibition on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli in an ascending order, followed by the ethanol extract of Neem Leaf which shows maximum inhibition on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis in an ascending order. Conclusively, this can explain the rationale for the use of the plant in treating infections in traditional medicine. The plant could be a veritable and cheaper substitute for conventional antibiotics since it is easily obtainable and the extract can easily be made via a simple process of maceration or infusion. However, further research is necessary to determine and purify the active components against micro-organisms.

Test of the Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Cat's Whiskers Leaves (Orthisiphon Aristatus) on Paw Edema in Male Mice (Mus Musculus)

Cat's whisker leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds, flavonoids and essential oils. The chemical compounds contained in cat's whisker leaves have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. Flavonoids are known to function as anti-inflammatories by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely by blocking cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase, can influence cellular signaling pathways such as NF-kB which can inhibit the migration of inflammatory cells to areas of inflammation. Objective: to test the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ethanol extract of cat's whisker leaves in-vivo. Method: Anti-inflammatory effectiveness testing was carried out on male mice (Mus musculus) by inducing edema on the soles of their feet using 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan. This research was an experimental study with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The parameters observed were edema volume, edema percentage, and edema inhibition percentage. Edema volume measurements were taken every 60 minutes for 6 hours. The results of measuring the volume of edema were used to calculate the percentage of edema, which was then used to calculate the percentage of edema inhibition. Data on the percentage of edema inhibition were statistically analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. Result: the results of statistical tests showed significant differences in data on the percentage of edema inhibition and the percentage of edema between treatment groups showing p&lt;0.05. From the results of the percentage of edema inhibition, it shows that cat's whisker leaf extract with a concentration of 15% has the best anti-inflammatory effect, namely inhibition of 88.42% is the concentration with the optimum dose.

Quantitative Analysis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Microsorium scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel. in Mice

Microsorium scolopendria, a fern was studied for phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects to add credence to its various folkloric applications. Phytochemicals were analyzed quantitatively, anti-inflammatory experiment was carried out with egg albumin- induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema models while analgesic effects were studied using formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain models. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols with alkaloids (14.6 %w/w) as the most predominant phytoconstituent. In anti-inflammatory experiments, M. scolopendria extract reduced oedema caused by egg albumin and xylene in a dose related manner and comparable to standard agents. Also, in analgesic experiments, the extract reduced pain induced by formalin, acetic acid, and hot plate. These reductions were statistically (p?0.05) significant. Considering the fractions in all experiments, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were prominent in anti-inflammatory effect while ethyl acetate fraction was at top in reduction of pain. This study supports the use of M. scolopendria in ethnomedicinal practice.

The Effectiveness of Fragrant Pandan Leaves Ethanol Extract in Reducing Cholesterol Levels In High-Fat Diet-Induced Rats

Coronary heart disease was the primary cause of death in Asia in 2019. Indonesia is the country with the highest increase in cholesterol levels in Southeast Asia. One of the causes of coronary heart disease is consuming foods high in cholesterol. The commonly given therapy is simvastatin. However, long-term use of simvastatin can cause side effects, so it is necessary to use other alternatives. Pandanus ammaryllifolius also known as fragrant pandan is a plant that is often found in Indonesia and is used in the culinary industry. This study aims to test the effectiveness of fragrant pandan leaves ethanol extract (FPLEE) in reducing cholesterol levels in rats. A total of 30 rats were split into six groups (NC, C+, C-, T1, T2, and T3) and induced on a high-fat diet, except the NC group for 14 days. For the next 14 days, C+ was given a high-fat diet, C- was given simvastatin, T1, T2, and T3 were respectively given FPLEE doses of 8, 16, and 32 mg/200 g BW/day. Next, cholesterol levels were measured. The results of cholesterol levels were tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests with a = 0.05. There is no substantial difference between NC, C-, and T2. There is a significant difference between T1 and C+ with a higher T1 value. Meanwhile, for T3, there is no significant difference between T3 and NC, C-, and C+. Thus, the most effective dose for reducing cholesterol levels is 16 mg/200 g BW/day.

Control of fungal diseases of tomato (&lt;i&gt;Lycopersicum esculentum&lt;/i&gt; Mill) fruits using various plant extracts

Plant harmful fungi induce symptoms of illnesses that significantly impair the quantity and quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) yields. The high-water composition of tomatoes renders it highly vulnerable to fungal decay. These fungi, responsible for the decay of tomatoes, generate mycotoxins that pose serious risks to human health. Thus, this research goal is to separate, characterize, and classify the fungi linked with the decline of tomato produce sold across four markets in Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Among the fungal pathogens extracted from afflicted tomato fruits were Fusarium moniliformes, Rhizopus stolonifera, and Aspergillus alternata. Different concentrations of the extracts were individually introduced into Potato Dextrose Agar media. The fungal pathogens were at that point individually introduced into the media and left to incubate for 7 days. Findings revealed that P &lt; 0.05 suppressed the mycelial evolution of the fungal pathogens at a greater concentration tested, with the extent of inhibition varying among different extracts. The results concerning the proportion inhibition of plant extracts on different fungus indicated that, at concentrations ranging from 40% to 80%, ethanolic extracts derived from Cola acuminata and Zingiber officinale significantly (p&lt;0.05) restrained the growth of F. moniliformes, R. stolonifera, and A. alternata. Specifically, the ethanolic leaf extract of C. acuminata demonstrated moderate inhibition on A. alternata at 60%, while the ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale exhibited low inhibition on F. moniliformes at 40%. At a concentration of 60% in ethanolic extracts, F. moniliformes experienced the greatest inhibition among the plant extracts, whereas A. alternata displayed the least inhibition. Pathogenicity testing indicated that Aspergillus alternata exhibited the largest decay of 25mm in diameter in a healthy tomato fruit, while Rhizopus stolonifera had the smallest decay diameter. Thus, to cover the ledge life of tomato fruits, therefore there’s adequate need to implement proper handling techniques and utilize adequate storage facilities.