Ethanol Extract Gel Research Articles

Investigating the Influence of 0.75% Ethanol Extract Gel from “Kaempferia galanga L Rhizoma” on Mild and Moderate Acne Vulgaris Among High School Students

Background: Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by the inflammation of sebaceous follicles. This inflammation results in various clinical manifestations, including open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts, which predominantly appear on the face. The impact of acne vulgaris extends beyond physical symptoms, often affecting psychological well-being and quality of life, particularly among adolescents. Given this condition's widespread prevalence and significant implications, there is a pressing need for effective and accessible treatments. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Kencur Rhizome Ethanol Extract Gel (Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizoma / KGR) on mild and moderate acne vulgaris lesions among high school students. Method: Twenty-four high school students were divided into three groups: Group 1 received 0.75% Kaempferia galanga rhizome ethanol extract gel, Group 2 received a combination gel of 0.75% Kaempferia galanga ethanol extract, and 75% benzoyl peroxide with 1% clindamycin gel, and Group 3 received 1% clindamycin gel. The number of subjects in each group was determined using the G Power application. The distribution of gels was randomly assigned using the “Randomly Assign Subjects to Treatment Group” application. Before treatment, blood samples were taken to measure IL-8 levels. After three weeks of treatment, bilateral facial photographs were taken: one with the right side tilted at 45 degrees and the other with the left side tilted at 45 degrees. Blood samples were collected again for IL-8 measurement, and high-resolution photographs of both sides of the face were taken to analyze acne lesions using the ImageJ application. Result: A combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel significantly reduced the severity of AV lesions by affecting IL8 expression (p=0.042) in reducing the severity of mild and moderate AV lesions. For AV lesions using the ImageJ application, the administration of group 2 gel (a combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel) has a significant effect on reducing the severity of mild and moderate degrees of whitehead or blackhead (p = 0.030) and nodules (p = 0.035) in acne vulgaris. Conclusion: A combination of 0.75% kencur rhizome ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel effectively alleviate acne vulgaris symptoms while also reducing inflammation of acne vulgaris lesions.

Effect of Katuk Leaves Ethanol Extract Gel as an Antibacterial and Antifungal in Orthodontic Treatment

Fixed orthodontic treatment is one option for treating malocclusion. The intricate design makes it difficult for patients to clean their teeth and can cause the emergence of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Katuk plant (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) is commonly used as herbal medicine. Flavonoids in katuk leaves have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of katuk leaf ethanol extract gel as an antimicrobial by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi involved in orthodontic treatment. The study was an experimental study with a post-test-only control group using katuk leaves ethanol extract gel formulation as treatment, aquadest gel as a negative control, ketoconazole as a positive control against Candida albicans, and amoxicillin against Streptococcus mutans. Data were analyzed using the Kruskall– Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (P < 0.05). The results show that katuk leaves have inhibition on Streptococcus mutans (P = 0.000) growth but have no inhibition on Candida albicans (P = 1.00) growth. The conclusion of this study is that the gel of katuk leaves ethanol extract (S. androgynus (L.) merr.) has antibacterial activity against S. mutans in the oral cavity but no antifungal effect on C. albicans. Keywords: Candida albicans, fixed orthodontics, katuk leaves, Streptococcus mutans

Antibacterial Test Of Ethanol Extract Gel Preparation Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia Galanga) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the bacteria that causes acne. infections can be treated by using natural antibiotics. galangal rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) contains chemical compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids where these active compounds have an antibacterial function that can overcome acne problems on the surface of the skin. Galangal rhizome ethanol extract gel preparations were made with 3 variations of concentration (10%, 15% and 20%). The aim of this research was to determine whether the ethanol extract gel preparation of kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and to determine the physical quality of the gel preparation. The method used is an experimental laboratory which is useful for determining the effect of ethanol extract of kencur rhizomes with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% on Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in gel preparations. The antibacterial test was carried out using the well diffusion method. The antibacterial test results with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% respectively were 13.68; 13.60 ; 14.24 mm has an influence on the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The research results showed that a concentration of 20% had the highest bacterial inhibitory power.

Gel Formulations of Guava Leaves (Psidium Guajava L) Leaves Ethanol Extract As a Wound Healing Of Burns in Rabbits

The ethanol extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) in previous studies was known to have antiburn, antiinflammatory, antidiarrhea and antibacterial activity. The preparations made are gel preparations which are preferred by the public. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of guava leaf ethanol extract gel and its effective concentration in healing burns in rabbits. The research method uses rabbits 4 tails made 5 wounds on the back, consisting of negative control, comparison (Bioplacenton®), gel preparations 3%, 5%, and 11%. Wound diameter measurements were carried out on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18. The parameters observed were the size of the wound diameter, wound healing such as wound drying, scab formation, closure of the wound and the growth of new hair around the wound. An inflammatory process occurs for 3 days after injury and not processed wound healing. Fibroblasts appeared on day 6 and peaked on day 9, so that on day 9 all treatment and control groups experienced linear healing. On the 9th day the fibroblasts began to peel off on the skin indicating the group has reached the peak of the proliferation phase and wound contractions occur gradually urgent. The results of the guava leaf extract gel activity test (Psidium guajava L) showed a concentration of 11% gave the best effect.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fern Pteridium aquilinum Ethanol Extract Gel on Mice (Mus musculus) Incision Wounds

The utilization of natural resources around the community is one of the alternative anti-inflammatory medications. One of the several studies on this area reported that commonly people use Pteridium aquilinum leaves to heal wound instead of commercial gel medications. The research aimed to determine the activity and it effective dose of Pteridium aquilinum ethanol extract gel as an anti-inflammatory. The ethanol extract of Pteridium aquilinum was formulated in a gel with varying dosage concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 3% for 2 times applied a day in 14 days, with the incision wounds without fern ethanol extract gel as negative control and incision wound was treated with commercially as positive control. Observation on the wound length and the injured tissue histology of mice incision wound carried out on 3, 5, 7, and 14 days of treatment. The results prove that fern ethanol extract gel formula has anti-inflammatory activity on mice incision wound. Wound healing indicated by the closure of the wound on the skin. Based on the results can be concluded that Pteridium aquilinum ethanol extract has anti-inflammatory and heals mice incision wound affectively in 14 days with the best dosage concentration of 3%.

The Effect of Cocoa Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao L.) Extract on Increasing Gingival Fibroblast and Collagen Density in Wistar Rats Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity which characterized by inflammation of the gingiva. Theobroma cacao L. is a herbal plant that has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, which is starting to be widely researched as an alternative therapy for inflammation in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to examined the effect of the ethanol extract gel of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) on increasing the number of fibroblasts and the collagen fiber density in the gingiva of rats that have been induced by Phorphyromonas gingivalis. The sample used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups. Each group was induced by porphyromonas gingivalis every 3 days for 14 days then anointed with placebo gel (negative control group), metronidazole gel (positive control group), and cocoa pod ethanol extract gel (CPH gel) for 7 and 14 days. Gingival tissue was taken after euthanasia, after which histological preparations were made, and fibroblasts were observed under a microscope and analyzed using quantitative pathology 0.3.2 software, while for collagen density analized using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software. The results showed there was a significant difference of the number of fibroblasts between each group (p<0.05). however there was no significant difference between positive control and cocoa pod husk extract at day 14 (p > 0.05).The treatment group on day 7 and 14 was higher than the other groups. It was conclude that the ethanol extract of cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) potential to increase the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers density in gingival tissue of periodontitis rats.

Optimasi Dan Formulasi Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Hydrocotyle Verticillata Thub Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi HPMC Dengan Penambahan Asam Usnat

Hydrocotyle verticillata Thub is a plant that can be used to treat burns. Usnic acid can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and can act as an anti-inflammatory, both of which can contribute to the wound healing process. The aim of this research is to determine the extract of gotu kola leaves which is formulated into a gel preparation. Gel is a semi-solid system produced by small particles or large organic molecules that penetrate through a liquid. The gel is easy to use, easily absorbed into the skin, and contains soothing and moisturizing properties that have a healing effect. Gel formulations were made with varying concentrations of HPMC F1 (8%), F2 (8%), F3 (8%), F4 (9%), F5 (10%). The gel produced organoleptically has a distinctive gel aroma, green to brownish in color. In the homogeneity test, all preparations were homogeneous and there were no granules, the pH test showed a pH value ranging from 5.17-6.36, the spreadability test was 5.1-6.4 cm. In the viscosity test, the results were 9,250-40,000 cps, the adhesion test obtained results in 13-64 seconds and the cycling test was stable during storage. Based on the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of gotu kola leaves (Hydrocotyle verticillata Thub)can be formulated into a gel preparation and the results of the physical evaluation of the ethanol extract gel preparation of gotu kola leaves(Hydrocotyle verticillata Thub) with varying concentrations of HPMC and the addition of usnic acid are satisfactory. condition.

The Effectiveness of Combination of Piper betle L. ethanol Extract and Manuka Honey Spray Gel to Accelerating Acute Wound Healing

Acute wounds are injuries that occur suddenly to tissues that are prone to the risk of being infected. Therefore, acute wound care must be considered carefully. Piper betle leaf contains flavonoids that have a function in the wound healing process, Manuka honey also contains vitamins that can support the healing phase. The combination of Piper betle L. and manuka honey is made into a spray gel preparation because it has advantages over other topical preparations. The purpose of this study is to see how well a combination wound healing spray gel of Piper betle L. and Manuka honey works on an acute wound in mice. This study uses experimental research with a randomized, matched post-test-only control group design. The formulation taken was maceration extraction from Piper betle L. Simplicia powder with 70% ethanol then evaporated to acquire a concentrated concentrate. Spray gel preparations of a combination of Piper betle L extract and manuka honey were made with a concentration of 1% Piper betle L and Manuka honey, 3% Piper betle L and Manuka honey, and 5% Piper betle L and Manuka honey. Balb/c mice that had full-thickness acute wounds were divided into 7 treatment groups, namely SM1, SM2, SM3, M, KP, B, and D. Mice were treated for 14 days and the wound area ratio was calculated and analyzed by ANOVA. The test results showed a significant difference between groups SM3-M, SM5-M, M-SM3, M-SM5, KP-M, B-SM3, and BM with a significance value below 0.05 (p≤0.05) which proves that the spray gel combination of Piper betle L extract and Manuka honey, oxoferin, and base both have activity in accelerating acute wound healing.

Effectiveness of Ethanol Gel and Essential Oil of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) base Karbopol against Propionibacterium acnes

Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic herbal plant as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the physical quality and effectiveness of gel preparations of ethanol extract and essential oil of kencur rhizome based on carbopol inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAL) with 2 different treatments of 5 levels each, namely ethanol extract gel treatment and essential oil extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of the gel formulation of extracts and essential oils based on carbopol showed pH, texture, spreadability and adhesiveness according to the quality standards of topical preparations. The antibacterial inhibition of the gel was moderate at 50% extract concentration (11.41 mm); and 50% essential oil (9.04 mm). Positive control treatment inhibited growth by 15.84 mm while negative control showed no response. The extract gel and essential oil of galangal rhizome had a significant effect but were less effective in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria. Adding the maximum concentration of extract and essential oil can optimize acne healing.

Antibacterial Activity of Terminalia mantaly Stem Ethanol Extract as Hand Sanitizer Gel

Background: Hand sanitizers generally contain alcohol. However, it can cause dry and irritated skin. Therefore, it is necessary to find antibacterial alternatives that are safe for the skin. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is Terminalia mantaly (T. mantaly). This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel of T. mantaly.Methods: The antibacterial activity test against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae) was carried out using the liquid micro dilution method. The phytochemical tests were also performed. This study was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sains and Informatics, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in April-June 2022.Results: The ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes were 0.63%, 0.63%, 0.16%, and 0.16%, whereas the hand sanitizer gel gave MIC values of 0.63%; 0.31%; 0.16%; and 0.16% respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel had the same results, namely 2.50%, 0.16%, 1.25%, and 1.25%. The physical stability of the hand sanitizer gel from the ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem met the physical stability standards of the gel. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of the T. mantaly stems has stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria than against gram- negative bacteria.

POTENSI ANTIBAKTERI GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PARE (Momordica charantia L) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Bacteria The main causes of skin infections among them caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria, each infected network usually appears typical signs such as inflammation and abscess formation. Pare leaves (Momordica Charantia L.) can be used as antibacterial because they contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. This study aims to obtain a gel preparation of the pare leaf ethanol extract that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Dietary leaf extract pare is done by Maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. Deads are made with a concentration of 15%, 20% and 25%. The quality control test of the gel preparations include tests for homogeneity, organoleptic, dispersibility, adhesion, pH, viscosity and irritation then continued with antibacterial activity tests. The results showed that formula 3 (concentration 25%) met the requirements of the physical properties test including organoleptic test of green color, brownish concentrated, transparent, distinctive aroma, thick texture, homogeneous, has a pH of 5.8±0.0, viscosity 3100±0.0 cps, spreadability 5.3 ±0.27 cm, adhesion 1.22±0.02 seconds, and does not irritate the skin and has the greatest antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity test showed that the diameter of the inhibition zones obtained in the ethanol extract gel preparations of pare leaves at concentrations of 15%, 20% and 25% were 16.58±0.33 mm, 17.87±0.78 mm, and 22.20±0.78 mm, respectively.

Bleeding time and clotting time post-extraction Rattus norvegicus tooth treated with ethanol extract gel from Terminalia cattapa L. leaves

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/iJSDiYl-BmA Introduction: Post-extraction bleeding is a complication that is often encountered in dental practice. A decrease in the number of platelets will increase the risk of bleeding. If left untreated, complications can range from hematoma to severe blood loss. The use of medicinal plants is common in traditional medicine throughout the world. Flavonoids and tannins are the main compounds that play a role in the blood clotting process. The ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L. leaves contains: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenols. This research aims to determine bleeding time and clotting time after tooth extraction. White mice were given ethanol extract gel from Terminalia cattapa L. leaves. Method: Study design using randomized with post-test only control group design, in vivo. A population of 35 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain, were grouped randomly into 7 groups. The extraction of white rat teeth using artery clamps, measurement of bleeding time and clotting time using three stopwatches, and the results were averaged. Result: The results of the research showed that the ethanol extract gel of Terminalia cattapa L. leaves had a shorter bleeding time and clotting time than pure gel, after tooth extraction from white rats. Conclusion: Terminalia catappa L. leaf ethanol extract gels have the ability to shorten bleeding time and clotting time and the best gel concentration is 50%.

Uji Aktivitas Penyembuhan Luka Sayat Gel Ekstrak Etanol Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera L.) pada Mencit Putih Jantan (Mus Musculus)

Aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) is an herbal plant that contains phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which are useful in healing cut wounds. The phytochemical content has antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties. Several research findings show wound healing activity in experimental animals that have been treated with aloe vera plant extract. This research aimed to make ethanol extract gel from aloe vera leaves and test cuts on male white mice (Mus musculus). The type of research used is true experimental design research. An incision wound was made on the back of the mouse with a length of 1 cm and a depth of 2 mm. The test animals used were 24 animals which were divided into 6 experimental groups, namely Positive Control (Bioplacenton), Negative Control (Without extract content), Base (Without aloe vera extract and preservatives), F1 (Aloe vera extract content 2.5%), F2 (Aloe vera extract content 5%), and F3 (Aloe vera extract content 7.5%). Statistical analysis of wound healing data was carried out using the One way ANOVA (Analysis of Variants) method, while the physical examination of the gel formulation was described descriptively. The statistical test results significantly affected wound healing in male white mice (p<0.05). There is a significant difference between the negative control and F3, p-value = 0.027. The best activity in the wound healing process is F3, with an average percentage of wound healing on the 7th day, F2 on the 8th day, and F1 on the 9th day.

UJI AKTIVITAS GEL TABIR SURYA EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) DENGAN VARIASI GELLING AGENT CARBOPOL 940 SECARA IN VITRO

Excessive sun exposure is dangerous for humans because it has many detrimental effects on the eyes, immune system as well as on the skin. Sunscreen can prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation and free radicals. Flavonoid compounds in mangosteen rind have natural sunscreen activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality and stability and activity of the ethanol extract gel of mangosteen peel in vitro with variations of carbopol 940. The extract was obtained from the maceration process using 70% ethanol. The gel was formulated using 0.1% extract and 0.5% gelling agent variations; 1%; and 1.5%. Gel test parameters including organoleptic test, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, adhesion stability test cycling test, and sunscreen gel activity test were carried out in vitro by measuring the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) using UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the 0.1% mangosteen rind ethanol extract gel formulation with variations of the gelling agent carbopol 940 0.5;1 and 1.5% had good physical quality and stability as well as sunscreen activity with an SPF value of 41,099; 39,898; 39,270 with the ultra category.

Gel of Betel (Areca Catechu Linn.) Nut Ethanol Extract Activity Test as Cuts Healing against Diabetic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) contains the main components in the form of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. People usually use the young betel nut as cuts medicine by mashing it and applying it directly to the cuts cut area or by boiling the betel nut and the boiled water is used to clean cuts and other skin infections. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving betel nut (Areca catechu Linn.) ethanol extract gel and to determine the most effective concentration of cuts healing in diabetic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Method: This study used 6 treatment groups, namely the group that was given a gel with an extract concentration of 1%, 3%, and 5%, a group that was given conventional preparations as a positive control, a group that was given a gel base as a negative control, and a group that was not given the test substance. The rabbit's back area was anesthetized with 2% lidocaine subcutaneously and a 2 cm long incision was made with a depth of 1.5 mm using a scalpel. The data obtained were the percentage of cuts healing in diabetic rabbits which were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the percentage of cuts healing was 100% healed on gel treatment with 1% areca nut ethanol extract on the 11th day, gel with 3% betel nut ethanol extract on the 11th day, and gel with 5% betel nut ethanol extract on the 10th day. The results of One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the cuts healing effect of diabetic rabbits in each treatment with a value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that areca nut has activity in cuts healing in diabetic rabbits which was formulated in the form of a gel with an extract concentration of 5%.

Evaluation Anti-Acne Gel Combination of Ethanol Extract of Cayenne Pepper Leaves and Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaf

Evaluation Anti-Acne Gel Combination of Ethanol Extract of Cayenne Pepper Leaves and Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaf

Inhibition of cocoa peel (theobroma cacao l.) extract gel on growth of staphylococcus aureus

Objective: The aim of this study was examined the inhibition of cocoa peel (Theobroma cacao L.) ethanol extract gel against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. One of antimicrobial agents that is frequently used for treatment of S.aureus infection is chlorhexidine. Prolonged use of chlorhexidine can cause side effects, such as discoloration of teeth, restorations and tongue, and also desquamative lesions of oral mucosa. Therefore, to minimize the side effects of synthetic antimicrobial agents, an alternative antimicrobial therapy is needed, such as topical antimicrobials derived from natural ingredients like cocoa peel. Material and Methods: This study was an in vitro laboratory experimental study with a post test only control groupdesign. Identified cocoa peel were extracted using ultrasonic method with ethanol 70% then formulated into gel with dosage of 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml, and 320 mg/ml, then tested using disk diffusion method and compared with positive control, chlorhexidine gel and negative control, gelling base. Result: Inhibition zone was formed in group of cocoa peel ethanol extract gel with dosage of 80 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml, and 320 mg/ml, which indicated that there was inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of statistical tests showed that there were significant differences between sample groups. Conclusion: ethanol extract gel of cocoa peel (Theobroma cacao L.) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with dosage of 80 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml, and 320 mg/ml.

Effects of Cocoa Pod Husk Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) on Alveolar Bone in Experimental Periodontitis Rats

Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues with a high prevalence in the world. Phorphyromonas gingivalis as one of the main bacteria causing periodontitis produces virulence factors that trigger immune cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines that can reduce the number of osteoblasts, thereby triggering alveolar bone resorption. Osteoblast cell differentiation is mediated by a number of growth factors such as cytokines and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). SRP mechanical therapy is sometimes not optimal and Metronidazole as an effective antibiotic against periodontitis has been reported to have several adverse effects. Utilization of cocoa pod waste (Theobroma cacao L) with its polyphenol content has antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract gel from cocoa pod husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.) on the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as the expression of BMP-2 in the alveolar bone of periodontitis-model rats. This laboratory experimental study used 24 rats which were divided into negative control group (CMC-Na gel), positive control group (metronidazole gel), and treatment group (100 mg/mL cocoa pod husk extract gel). 24 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups which were observed on days 7 and 14. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts of alveolar bone were observed by hematoxillin eosin staining and BMP-2 expression by immunohistochemistry staining. One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups. The LSD test average of BMP-2 expression in the treatment group on the day 7 and day 14 was higher than the negative control group (p < 0.05). The conclusion of the study was that giving 100 mg/mL of cacao pod husk extract gel (Theobroma cacao L.) increased the number of osteoblasts and increased the expression of BMP-2 in the alveolar bone of periodontitis rats. HIGHLIGHTS Cocoa pod husk extract gel (Theobroma cacao) 100 mg/mL increased the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts and increased BMP-2 expression in the alveolar bone of periodontitis rats The histological staining with IHC was analyzed using Quantitative Pathology 0.3.2 software The cocoa pod husk (Theobroma Cacao L.) extract gel effectively triggers and increased BMP-2 which stimulates bone formation in periodontitis rat models GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of topical ethanolic extract of noni leaf on post-extraction wound by observation of wound diameter and osteoblast cells

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of noni leaf ethanol extract gel on post extraction wound of rabbit teeth observed from wound diameter and osteoblasts cell count. Tooth extraction is one of the treatments performed in the oral region that cause wound. Application of substance or medicine might help accelerate and improve wound healing.
 Material and Methods: Twenty-four rabbits divided into three groups: negative control, positive control with 10% povidone iodine, and treatment group with 10% ethanol extract gel of noni leaf. The tooth was extracted from the mandibular left incisor. The diameter of the wound area was examined on day 0, 3, 7, and 14 while the osteoblasts cell count was obtained from rabbits’ specimen in each group on 14th day. Measurement of wound diameter was done by using calipers, while the number of osteoblasts were calculated using toluidine blue histochemistry stain and light microscope with 400x magnification.
 Results: The ratio of wound diameter were better in treatment group with significant difference (p=0.048) while osteoblasts cell count were not significantly different among all groups.
 Conclusion: Topical application of noni leaf had an effect in decreasing mucosal wound diameter but there was not any evidence yet that it was increased osteoblast cells on socket wound healing process.

<strong>Effect of 20% ethanol extract of Subang pineapple gel on oral mucosa incisional wound length</strong>

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Incisional wound in oral mucosa is usually performed during oral surgery but can also be caused by injury. Although wounds can naturally heal, the application of medicine might help accelerate wound healing. Proving the effectiveness of natural ingredients is currently being promoted because Indonesia owns many plants that are used empirically. The use of natural substances is also supported because it is relatively easy to obtain and safe if used properly. Subang Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) is one of the produce of West Java that people consume and empirically use on wounds. Its fruit and core contain active ingredients that affect wound healing, such as bromelain enzyme, flavonoids, saponin, and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the effect of fruit ethanol extract gel of Subang pineapple on Wistar rats oral incisional wound observed from wound length. Methods: 25 rats were divided into five groups: baseline, negative control, positive control with 10% povidone-iodine, positive control with AloclairTM gel, and treatment group with 20% pineapple ethanol extract gel used as wound model on the buccal mucosa. The length of the incisional wound area was examined on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Measurement of wound length was performed using a periodontal probe. Results: The mean of wound length was smaller especially on day 3 in the treatment group. Post-Hoc Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05 considered significant) showed the wound decrease with Subang pineapple extract was better than the negative control (p=0.008) and povidone-iodine group (p=0.007) but didn’t show a significant difference with the Aloclair™ gel group (p=0.0118). Conclusion: Topical application of pineapple extract affected oral mucosa incisional wound healing and had a potential to accelerate wound closure. Further study with different concentrations and another type of wound can be suggested.Keywords: incisional wound; pineapple extract; subang pineapple; wound healing