Natural Estrogens Research Articles

The Effect Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum) On Pregnancy Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a periodontal disease that easily occurs in pregnant women, such as inflammation of the gums (3). The decrease in pH in the mouth, the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy causes gum inflammation (4), so safe therapy is needed such as boiled water from red betel leaves which can improve the oral hygiene status of gingivitis sufferers (11) and the inhibitory power of red betel leaf extract is very potently inhibits microorganisms that cause periodontal disease (12). The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of boiled water from red betel leaves (piper crocatum) on pregnancy gingivitis. The method used in this research is quasi experimental with a pretest-posttest with control group design. The sample studied was 60 pregnant women, consisting of 30 pregnant women in the treatment group and 30 pregnant women in the control group. Data analysis used the Independent T-test. The results of the case group research in the pretest were 15 people (50%) of pregnant women with gingivitis and 13 people (43.6%) in the moderate category, 6 people (20%) in the post test results after intervention without gingivitis and 21 people (70%) in the mild category. ), while in the control group in the pretest, 19 people (63.3%) had mild category of pregnant women with gingivitis, 9 people (30%) in the moderate category, 17 people (56.7%) in the post test after intervention in the mild category, moderate category 11 people (36.7%), as well as the influence of boiled water from red betel leaves (piper crocatum) on pregnancy gingivitis (pvalue 0.000 < 0.05). The conclusion is that boiled water from red betel leaves can reduce gingivitis so it can be used as a safe medicine to reduce gingivitis in pregnant women while maintaining oral and dental hygiene.

In shade of Olympic glory: what should we know about female athletes triad? – a review

introduction and purpose: The numerous advantages of sport are widely known. Millions of children worldwide are encouraged to start training and significant part of them decide to start professional training. However, there are also certain health risk connected with intensive physical activity. One of them is female athletes triad – a syndrome consisting of three components: low energy availability (LEA), dysregulation of menstrual cycle and impaired bone mineral density (BMD). description of the state of knowledge: The intensive physical activity, especially in adolescent women may have deleterious influence on their health and, in consequence, on further sports career. Female athletes triad often co-occurs with eating disorders, especially in sports where slim shape is desirable. Inadequate energy availability results in menstrual cycle dysfunction, meanwhile insufficient level of female sex hormones (estrogens) is detrimental for bones health leading to frequent injuries and stress fractures. In result the vicious cycle of female athletes triad is closed and general condition of athlete deteriorates. summary: This paper aims to briefly review current state of knowledge on female athletes triad. It is vital to raise awareness of female athlete triad symptoms among medical professionals as well as sportswomen and members of coaching team to facilitate early diagnosis and proper treatment to avoid further complications.

Unleashing the potential of Genistein and its derivatives as effective therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment.

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Genistein (Gen), a phytoestrogen soy isoflavone, has emerged as a promising agent in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer due to its ability to function as a natural selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This review explores the multifaceted mechanisms through which Gen and its derivatives exert their anticancer effects, including modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, regulation of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and impacts on DNA methylation and enzyme functions. We discuss the dual roles of Gen in both enhancing and inhibiting estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent pathways., highlighting its complex interactions with ERα and ERβ. Furthermore, the review examines the synergistic effect of combining Gen with conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and selenium, as well as other natural compounds like lycopene. Clinical studies suggest that while isoflavones may not significantly influence breast cancer progression in general, the high consumption of soy isoflavones is associated with reduced recurrence rates in breast cancer survivors. Importantly, Gen's ability to modulate key signaling pathways and enhance the efficacy of existing treatments improves its potential as a valuable adjunct in breast cancer therapy. In conclusion, Gen and its derivatives offer a novel and promising approach for treatment of breast cancer. Continued research into their mechanisms of action and clinical applications will be essential in optimizing their therapeutic potential and translating these findings into effective clinical interventions.

Identification of the comparison of the length of the index finger and the ring finger

The length of the index finger (also known as the second finger or 2D finger) and ring finger (also known as the third finger or 4D finger) can be used as identifiable characteristics in humans. The relationship between the ratio of index finger length to ring finger length (2D:4D) is influenced by the hormones testosterone (in men) and estrogen (in women). Where this hormone is a hormone inherited from genes and its expression is influenced by the sex influence gene, so that there is a difference between the length of the index finger and the length of the ring finger. Estrogen and testosterone hormones that will affect the work of HOXD and HOXA in determining the length of a person's fingers. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of long index fingers compared to ring fingers in students and female students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Padang. This study shows that the difference in length between the index finger and ring finger can vary between individuals. Some studies have also found a correlation between the length of the index and ring fingers with factors such as height and genetic characteristics.

Effect of soy protein isolate supplementation on the estradiol biosynthesis pathway in a female rat model

Background Soy protein isolate (SPI) has gained popularity as an alternative to animal proteins. Soy consumption may have a link to rising serum estrogen in humans. This concern is attributed to phytoestrogens, specifically isoflavones present in soy protein, acting as estrogen substitutes and modulators. Objective The objective of this research was to assess the influence of SPI supplementation on estradiol hormone levels and the expression of genes associated with estrogen synthesis in female rats. Materials and methods Female Wistar rats (n=18) were evenly divided into three groups: group 1 (normal control) received oral administration of a saline vehicle. Group 2 (low dose) received 450 mg/kg body weight of SPI for 30 days. Group 3 (high dose) received 900 mg/kg body weight of SPI for 30 days. All administrations were conducted intragastrically. Results and conclusion The results of our study indicate that there was a significant increase in the levels of estradiol hormone in groups receiving low and high doses of SPI when compared with the control group. There was an upregulation in the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of the Cyp19 gene in low-dose and high-dose groups. Moreover, the low-dose group showed upregulation in the expression of the HSD3B gene. These genes are involved in the biosynthesis pathway of estrogen hormone in females. Therefore, the use of SPI should be cautious because it contains phytoestrogens (isoflavones), which have structural similarities to endogenous female estrogen and may cause hormonal disturbance in females.

Progesterone supplemented uterine epithelial cell co-culture improves in vitro quality embryo production in buffalo

Objectives: The present study was conducted to study the effect of progesterone and uterine luminal epithelial cells monolayer on blastocyst development and hatching rate. Material and Methods: The isolation, culture, and characterization of slaughterhouse-derived uterine epithelial cells were done using standard protocol. The steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone were supplemented in embryo developmental media (EDM), and day 04 embryos were cultured in different groups as progesterone supplementation (T1), co-cultured with epithelial cell monolayer (T2), co-cultured with progesterone supplemented epithelial cell monolayer (T3), or without any treatment (control). Finally, the effect of different treatments was analyzed in terms of blastocyst and hatching rate. Results: The isolated epithelial cells depicted compact cuboidal or columnar morphology at the confluence. Immunocytochemical localization and polymerase chain reaction study revealed positive expression of cytokeratin and absence of vimentin. Significantly higher blastocyst and hatching rates were noted in the T3 group, followed by T2, T1, and control groups. Conclusion: The present study revealed improved in vitro embryo production after co-culturing embryos with progesterone-supplemented uterine epithelial cells in buffalo.

Clinicopathological observation and analysis of uveal leiomyoma

Objective: To analyze the clinical and histopathological features of uveal leiomyoma. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 19 patients with uveal leiomyoma confirmed by histopathological examination in Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 2018 to May 2023. All patients underwent local resection of the tumor. Clinical data of the patients, such as gender, age, clinical manifestations, tumor location, size, and B-scan ultrasound examinations were collected. The pathological morphological characteristics of the tissue (cell type) and the expression of the immune markers, including smooth muscle actin, actin, and neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56), were evaluated. Results: Among the 19 intraocular leiomyoma patients, there were 5 males and 14 females. The average age was (38.9±13.7) years, ranging from 14 to 64 years. The course of the disease ranged from 1 to 36 months with an average of (9.3±8.7) months. The most common clinical manifestation was blurred vision (12/19), followed by decreased vision (4/19), increased IOP (2/19), and visual occlusion (1/19) in patients. The tumor was located in the ciliary body in 10 female and 5 male patients, including 2 patients with the iris involved, and in the choroid in 4 female patients. Two patients with a history of breast fibronenoma had uveal leiomyoma in the ciliary body and the choroid, respectively. One patient with a history of uterine leiomyoma suffered uveal leiomyoma in the ciliary body. B-scan ultrasonography showed that the tumor was a solid and medium-low echoic lesion with a clear boundary in all eyes. We divided these leiomyomas into two histopathological types: spindle cell type (15/19) and round cell type (4/19). Immunohistochemical staining disclosed smooth muscle actin and actin were expressed in all tumor cells (19/19, 100%), and CD56 was positive in 16 of 19 eyes (84.2%). The positive expression rates of estrogen and progesterone were 0/19 and 2/19. During the follow-up of 7 to 71 months after surgery, no tumor metastasis occurred. Only 1 male patient had tumor recurrence. Conclusions: The most common site of uveal leiomyoma is the ciliary body, the major clinical manifestation is blurred vision, and the prognosis is good. Most of the tumors are spindle cell tumors, with myogenic and neurogenic histological characteristics. Although uveal leiomyoma is more frequently found in women of reproductive age, it shows no significant correlation with estrogen and progestational hormones.

Fertility protective effects of Brillantaisia patula leaf extract against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage in Wistar rats

BackgroundThe primary indication of infertility is the incapacity to conceive, and in females, the majority of instances of female infertility stem from ovulation disorders. This study evaluated the female fertility-enhancing effects and safety of aqueous leaf extract of Brillantaisia patula (ALEBP) in a cyclophosphamide (CYP) model of sterility in Wistar rats.MethodSixty-six female rats randomly allotted to six groups (n = 11) were administered with the appropriate regimen for 21 days and then mated with male rats. Group 1 (control) received distilled water. Groups 2–6 were treated with a single dose (200 mgkg− 1 body weight) of cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally and, in addition, received the same volume (0.5 mL) of distilled water, 18, 36, 72 mgkg− 1 body weight of ALEBP and 200 mg per body weight of vitamin C orally. Mating lasted 11 days; on day 20, the female Wistar rats were sacrificed. Data were analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunett’s posthoc analysis, and GraphPad (at p < 0.05).ResultsResults herein showed that ALEBP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the diminution in activities/levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), estrogen (ES), and luteinising hormone (LH) induced by cyclophosphamide. ALEBP further reversed the increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) caused by cyclophosphamide (p < 0.05). In addition, ALEBP, while it significantly increased the cyclophosphamide-induced reduction in the number of implantations in each animal, the total number of viable fetuses, the total number of corpora lutea, and the fertility index, also significantly reduced the number of fetal resorptions in each animal and pre-implantation loss that was increased by cyclophosphamide. Moreover, the cyclophosphamide-induced degenerative and necrotic changes in the ovarian cells and uterus were reversed by ALEBP.ConclusionsConsidered as a whole, the aqueous leaf extract of Brillantaisia patula reversed oxidative stress and inflammatory side effects of cyclophosphamide, preserving ovarian function and fertility in the rats. This may suggest its exploration as a safe agent against toxic side effects of chemotherapy and fertility-related disorders of the uterus and ovary.

EFFICACY OF HORMONAL METHODS AS ONE OF THE PILLARS IN THE TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS

Endometriosis is a gynecological manifestation of a systemic inflammatory disease that causes chronic pelvic pain and can lead to infertility, characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. This occurs due to retrograde menstruation, which consists of the leakage of part of the menstrual flow into the pelvis, and is common in 90% of women and eliminated by the immune system. However, in a portion of this population, the endometrial tissue proliferates and enters organs such as the intestine and bladder, growing during the menstrual period, which results in complications, intense pain and incapacity in daily life. It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide are affected by this pathology, in addition to being the second most common pelvic disorder and the most frequent cause of female pelvic pain. Endometriosis is believed to be caused by the dysregulation of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Thus, the regulation of these hormonal agents through the use of hormonal methods has proven efficacy, as it reduces or even eliminates estrogenic stimulation and consequently improves the quality of life of patients; since this stimulus is the main agent responsible for the growth and permanence of the foci of this disease, which highlights the efficacy of this method as an important pillar in the treatment of endometriosis.

The association between alpha-1 antitrypsin and B-type natriuretic peptide blood levels in healthy African Americans

ObjectiveB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neurohormone primarily secreted from cardiac ventricles in reaction to increased volume and pressure. The plasma level of BNP is used to measure the mechanical function of the heart and the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein that acts as an inhibitor of serine proteases and plays a crucial role in protecting the lungs against potential harm. AAT deficiency also causes COPD. The data on the prevalence of BNP and AAT in African Americans (AA) are limited and inconsistent. No previous studies have investigated whether any association exists between BNP and AAT. We collected fasting blood samples from 114 AA subjects who provided informed consent. The plasma levels of the biomarkers were measured using ELISA.ResultsOur findings revealed a significant negative correlation between AAT and BNP (r=-0.266, p = 0.01) as well as between AAT and TNF-α (r=-0.242, p = 0.01). Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) have a significant relationship with the levels of AAT and BNP. Increasing the AAT and reducing the levels of inflammation can lower the levels of BNP, which in turn could help lower the risk of heart disease in the AA population.

Timing of puberty suppression in transgender adolescents and sexual functioning after vaginoplasty.

Sexual function in transgender adolescents after puberty suppression has been a topic of recent clinical and scientific questions. This study aimed to explore the long-term effects of early treatment with puberty suppression on sexual functioning of transfeminine individuals after vaginoplasty. This retrospective cohort study included 37 transfeminine individuals treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (puberty suppression), estrogen, and vaginoplasty (penile inversion technique or intestinal vaginoplasty) at the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 2000 and 2016. Experiences regarding sexual functioning and difficulties were assessed with a self-developed questionnaire ~1.5years after genital gender-affirming surgery and compared between early (Tanner stage G2-3) and late (Tanner stage G4-5) treatment with puberty suppression. Following surgery, 91% of transfeminine individuals was able to experience sexual desire, 86% experienced arousal, and 78% could attain an orgasm. Seventy-five percent of transfeminine individuals who had not experienced an orgasm pre-surgery were able to experience one post-surgery. Of all participants, 62% reported having tried penile-vaginal intercourse post-surgery. The majority reported the presence of one or multiple sexual challenges. There were no significant differences in postoperative sexual function or sexual difficulties between groups treated with early versus late puberty suppression. With these findings, more adequate and tailored information on the expected effects of early endocrine gender-affirming treatment (including puberty suppression) can be given by healthcare professionals. This is the first study that has assessed sexual functioning of transgender individuals treated with puberty suppression, and has differentiated between the pubertal stage at treatment initiation. Limitations were the small cohort size and retrospective study design. This study focuses on sexual functioning, however, it is important to realize sexual wellbeing is multifactorial and encompasses more than genital functioning or the ability to have certain sexual experiences. This study found that post-vaginoplasty transfeminine individuals after both early and late suppression of puberty have the ability to experience sexual desire and arousal, and to achieve orgasms. Outcomes are comparable to previous findings in those who started treatment in adulthood.

Estrogen blood profile of chickens in the studied period of the ovulatory cycle

The aim: to study the dynamics of the concentrations of estradiol, estriol and estrone, their ratios in the studied period of the ovulatory cycle and the connection with the size of egg yolk.Materials and methods. The material for the study was chickens of the Pushkin breed, in the amount of 36 birds. at 36 weeks of age. The chickens were kept in individual cages. Light mode — 14C:10T. Watering — nipple, temperature in the poultry house and feeding - in accordance with the standards adopted by the Central Collective Use Center of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Growing Animals "Genetic collection of rare and endangered breeds of chickens". Over the course of 7 days, eggs from 96 chickens of 30 weeks of age were assessed by the weight of the egg, yolk, white, shell - using electronic scales Mertech M-ER 122ACF(JR) with an accuracy of 0,01 g. Eggs were counted and assessed individually: From each hen, at least 3 consecutively laid eggs were examined the next day after collection. Based on the data obtained from assessing chickens based on the quality characteristics of eggs and productivity, 36 birds with egg yolk weights M-0,5σ, M±0,45σ, M+0,5σ were selected. Blood from the studied chickens was taken in the morning and during the day on an empty stomach to simultaneously determine the concentrations of estradiol, estriol and estrone 2 hours before laying eggs and within 4 hours after laying, with an interval of 1 hour. In order to obtain serial blood samples from chickens for Dynamic studies of estrogens included the installation of peripheral venous (intravenous) catheters. The concentration of estrogen in the blood plasma of chickens was determined by ELISA.Results. The concentrations of individual estrogenic hormones change during the 6 hours of the studied period of the ovulatory cycle, periodically increasing and decreasing, while the fluctuations coincide only in two periods after the egg is laid: after 1—2 hours — a rise and 2—3 hours — a decline. Of the six studied periods of the ovulatory cycle of chickens, the time period of practical interest is 2—1 hours before egg laying, when the ratio of estradiol:estrone was 7,4:1, estriol:estrone — 7,9:1 and estradiol:estriol — 1:1. During this period, a positive significant correlation was revealed between the estradiol:estrone ratio and the yolk mass of chicken eggs — +0,55 (p &lt;0,05). Also, in the established period, the highest concentration of estradiol (1,52±0,12 nmol/l), estrone (0,29±0,04 nmol/l) was simultaneously observed compared to other periods, and the lowest concentration of estriol (1,67± 0,16 nmol/l). A positive correlation was determined between estradiol and estrone — +0,68 (p &lt;0,05) and estradiol and estriol — +0,71 (p &lt;0,05).Conclusion. In the period 2—1 hours before laying eggs, the effect on the body of chickens of estrogenic hormones in the ratio estradiol: estrone 7,4:1, estriol:estrone – 7,9:1 and estradiol:estriol — 1:1 leads to inactivation of synthetic systems, providing intensive formation of ovogenic substances by the liver (vitellogenin, lipoproteins), and the transfer of vitellogenic material into developing follicles.

Gambaran Kadar Asam Urat pada Wanita Usia Menopause di Desa Rancapanggung Kecamatan Cililin

gout attacks women who are generally women at the age of menopause. During menopause, women experience a decrease in the function of the ovaries, resulting in a decrease in the function of the hormone estrogen, so that during menopause, women are susceptible to an increase in uric acid levels in the blood. To find out the description of uric acid levels in menopausal women in the Rancapanggung Village area, Cililin District, West Bandung Regency. The research method used was descriptive observational, the sample consisted of 32 menopausal women in the Rancapanggung Village area, Cililin District, West Bandung Regency. The data collection technique uses a frequency distribution table with direct uric acid examination of menopausal women. The results of the study showed the frequency distribution of uric acid levels in menopausal women, most of the respondents had high uric acid levels because previously most of the respondents had a history of gout. Most respondents had high uric acid levels in the age range 50 years and above.The high levels of uric acid in menopausal women in the Rancapanggung Village area, Cililin District, West Bandung Regency are mostly in the age range 50 years and above.

Evolving national guidelines for the treatment of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: International perspectives

From the early years of this century, many Western countries adopted the “Dutch Protocol” as a new medical pathway for treating children and adolescents with childhood-onset gender dysphoria. On this approach, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) were used to suppress puberty, followed by cross-sex hormones (testosterone or oestrogen). This perspective article traces—in each of the countries where we, the authors, live and work—how the Dutch Protocol came to be incorporated into clinical practice or formally adopted into national guidelines. Over time, guidelines across different countries were progressively shaped by a rights-based approach that removed previous safeguards and increased availability of gender-reassignment medical interventions for children and adolescents. From 2010 onward, two developments raised new concerns, generating alternate perspectives and wide-ranging differences in clinical approach. Numerous countries reported an unexpected increase in adolescent-onset presentations, especially among girls. During the same period, an increasing number of individuals who had undergone gender-reassignment medical interventions as minors reported harm and regret. Worldwide, questions were raised about the safety of clinical guidelines for children and adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria. Government bodies in Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. state of Florida commissioned systematic reviews pertaining to hormone treatments and issued formal reports. In a parallel process, “conversion therapy” laws, passed in many countries, closed access to exploratory psychotherapy that enables exploration of gender-identity issues from a neutral therapeutic stance. Taken together, these three developments introduced evidence-based and legal considerations into the debate, resulting in tensions that remain unresolved.

Changes in Quality of Life and Estrogen Menopausal Women Through Hypnotherapy

Background: Menopausal women's quality of life is affected by ovarian estrogen decline, symptoms &amp; complaints: Physical, Psychological, Vasomotor and Sexual. Estrogen hormone replacement will have an impact on the occurrence of carcinoma, so it is necessary to introduce alternative treatment hypnotherapy as a substitute for pharmacological treatment. Objective: to measure the potential of hypnotherapy in improving the quality of life of menopausal women. Population: Menopausal female Materials and Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental, Design: with a control approach (pre-posttest). Menopausal female respondents (45-60 years old) from Malang City, treatment group 75 and control 75 respondents. The treatment was carried out 2 times with an interval of 4 weeks. The activity was held in March – June 2023. Results: MenQoL modification scale questionnaire (44 items) from 30 respondents: Validity Test: r= 0.958-0.998 (Valid) and Reliability Test r=1.00 (Very High). Hypnotherapy Effect Test (Wilcoxon): MenQoL Experimental p-value 0.000 (significantly different); MenQol Control p-value 0.357 (no significant difference) and Experimental Estrogen: p-value 0.000 (significantly different); Estrogen Control p-value 0.000 (significant difference). Test the difference (∆) between the pre and post mean: Experimental MenQoL -31.58 &lt; Control MenQoL 3.95 and Experimental Estrogen 236.972,18 &gt; Control Estrogen -90.223,31. Experimental MenQoL Normalization Gain Test with an improvement value of 86.6%; MenQoL Control worsening 57.3% and Experimental Estrogen with an improvement value of 68 %; Estrogen Control with an improvement value of only 20 %. Conclusion: Hypnotherapy has an impact on improving the quality of life of menopausal women through increased MenQoL and Estrogen. Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: Improvement Menopausal Quality of life.

The Relationship Between Knowledge And Attitudes Of Mothers About Premenopause In Silau Paribuan Village Silau Kahean District

Premenopause is something that is very worried and feared by every mother. Changes that occur during the premenopause period will lead to decreased estrogen hormone production accompanied by psychological and physical complaints, which are characterized by irregular menstrual cycles with prolonged menstrual bleeding and large bleeding sizes accompanied by pain. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers about pre menopause. This type of research is analytic with a cross sectional design in this study a population of 60 premenopausal women. The sample of this study was 38 people with purvosive sampling technique. The results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers about premenopause (p = 0.00). Mother's knowledge in dealing with premenopause is lacking and mother's attitude in dealing with premenopause is positive. Mother's knowledge is lacking because the mother has never received information about premenopause and has never received health education about premenopause. A positive mother's attitude is caused because the mother is able to divert unpleasant feelings into positive things by doing various activities, and assumes that what is experienced during premenopause is a natural thing that will be experienced by every mother. It is hoped that health workers will provide health education about premenopause, and premenopausal mothers are expected to be proactive in seeking information related to premenopause.

In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies Indicate the Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Cyproconazole Stereoisomers.

The widespread use of chiral triazole fungicide cyproconazole (CPZ) in agricultural fields has led to frequent detection of CPZ in the environment. The restriction of CPZ in the EU raised wide concerns regarding its potential endocrine-disrupting effects (EDEs). The present study was conducted to evaluate EDEs of CPZ stereoisomers in vitro, in silico, and in vivo. The reporter gene assay indicated that all CPZ stereoisomers were agonists to the human estrogenic receptor α. (2S,3S)-(+)- and (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ exhibited stronger binding capacities to ERα compared with (2R,3R)-(-)- and (2S,3R)-(+)-CPZ. Our computational studies showed consistent results with reporter gene assay, elucidating the stereoselective binding mode of CPZ to estrogen receptor. In zebrafish embryos, the 96h-lethality of CPZ stereoisomers ordered (2R,3R)-(-)- > (2R,3S)-(-)- > (2S,3S)-(+)- > Rac- > (2S,3R)-(+)-CPZ. Stereoselective developmental toxicity of CPZ was observed while (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ is the most toxic isomer. The estrogenic hormones were significantly decreased in (2S,3R)-(+)- and (2R,3S)-(-)-CPZ groups and enhanced in (2S,3S)-(+)- and (2R,3R)-(-)-CPZ, along with the gene expression in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis altered. CPZ shows no thyroid hormone activity. These data clarified that CPZ is a new-found endocrine disruptor threatening human health and each stereoisomer of CPZ showed stereoselective EDEs by regulating the nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression.

Association of contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of arterial thrombosis

Abstract Background While contemporary hormonal contraception is effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies, its potential link to an increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction raises safety concerns. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of contemporary hormonal contraception and the occurrence of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Methods A nationwide prospective cohort study was conducted, comprising of all Danish women aged 15-49 years without a history of arterial and venous thrombosis, thrombophilia, and cancer from 1996 to 2021. Data on hormonal contraception use, stroke and myocardial infarction diagnoses, and potential confounders were collected from nationwide registers. A Poisson regression analysis was performed adjusting for age, education level, calendar year, hypertension, statin use, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. Results The study followed 2,205,794 women over 23,700,659 person-years. Weighted median age was 33 (interquartile range (IQR): 24-41) for non-users and 25 (20-34) for users. A total of 5,346 ischemic strokes (22.6 per 100,000 person-years) and 2,351 myocardial infarctions (9.9 per 100,000 person-years) occurred during the study period. When compared to no use, oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 30 to 40 μg was associated with the following adjusted incidence rate ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, according to progestin type: levonorgestrel, 1.9 (1.7 to 2.2) and 2.0 (1.7 to 2.4); norgestimate, 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) and 1.9 (1.4 to 2.6); desogestrel, 2.4 (2.0 to 2.9) and 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0); gestodene, 1.9 (1.7 to 2.2) and 1.9 (1.5 to 2.2); drospirenone, 2.0 (1.6 to 2.5) and 1.8 (1.1 to 2.8); cyproterone acetate, 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) and 2.1 (1.3 to 3.4), respectively. At a dose of 20 μg of ethinyl estradiol, the incidence rate ratios for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction varied based on the type of progestin as follows: desogestrel, 1.9 (1.6 to 2.2) and 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9); gestodene, 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) and 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4); drospirenone, 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) and 1.1 (0.3 to 4.4); For transdermal patch, the incidence rate ratio was 3.4 (1.4 to 8.2) and 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0); for vaginal ring, 2.2 (1.4 to 3.3) and 3.2 (1.7 to 6.3); for intrauterine device, 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) and 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3); for implant, 2.0 (1.2 to 3.5) and 1.3 (0.4 to 3.9); for injection, 1.9 (0.9 to 3.8) and 0.6 (0.1 to 4.0). Conclusion Use of contemporary hormonal contraception appeared to be associated with ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction when compared to non-users. The incidence rate ratios varied across type of hormonal contraception, estrogen dose, progestin type and route of administration. The findings underscore the importance of informed decision-making when considering contraceptive options, with implications for public health and individual health choices.FlowchartAdjusted incidence rate ratios

Aromatase, testosterone, TMPRSS2: determinants of COVID-19 severity

BackgroundMale sex has been identified as a risk factor for worse COVID-19 outcomes. This sex difference has been mostly attributed to the complex role of sex hormones. Cell surface entry of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) which is under transcriptional regulation by androgens. P450 aromatase enzyme converts androgens to estrogens. This study measured concentrations of aromatase enzyme, testosterone, estradiol, and TMPRSS-2 in plasma of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to elucidate the dynamics of sex-linked disparity in COVID-19 and correlate them with disease severity and mortality.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, a total of 265 patients (41% women), age 18 years and older, who had a positive COVID-19 PCR test and were hospitalized for COVID-19 at Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, (between May 2020 and May 2021) were enrolled in the study if met inclusion criteria. Plasma concentrations of Testosterone, aromatase, TMPRSS-2, and estradiol were measured by ELISA. COVID-19 patients were dichotomized based on disease severity into moderate-severe (n = 146) or critical (n = 119). Mann Whitney U and logistic regression were used to correlate the analytes with disease severity and mortality.ResultsTMPRSS2 (2.5 ± 0.31 vs. 1.73 ± 0.21 ng/mL, p < 0.01) and testosterone (1.2 ± 0.1 vs. 0.44 ± 0.12 ng/mL, p < 0.01) were significantly higher in men as compared to women with COVID-19 after adjusting for age in a multivariate model. There was no sex difference seen in the level of estradiol and aromatase in COVID-19 patients. TMPRSS2 and aromatase were higher, while testosterone was lower in patients with increased COVID-19 severity. They were independently associated with COVID-19 severity, after adjusting for several baseline risk factors in a multivariate logistic regression model. In terms of mortality, TMPRRS2 and aromatase levels were significantly higher in non-survivors.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that testosterone, aromatase, and TMPRSS2 are markers of COVID-19 severity. Estradiol levels do not change with disease severity in COVID-19. In terms of mortality prediction, higher aromatase and TMPRSS-2 levels can be used to predict mortality from COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.Plain English SummaryCOVID-19 has caused over a million deaths in the U.S., with men often getting sicker than women. Testosterone, a male hormone, helps control a protein called TMPRSS-2, which allows the COVID-19 virus to spread more easily in the body. A protein called aromatase converts the male hormone testosterone into the female hormone estrogen. It is thought that female hormone estrogen helps protect women from getting seriously ill from COVID-19. To understand the role of these hormones in COVID-19 and sex differences, we measured levels of testosterone, estrogen, aromatase (which turns testosterone into estrogen), and TMPRSS-2 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We also checked how this level might reflect the severity of the disease. We found that critically ill COVID-19 patients (the ones in ICU) had higher levels of TMPRSS-2 and aromatase, and lower testosterone levels. When we used these hormone levels to predict death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, higher levels of TMPRSS-2 and aromatase were linked to a lower chance of survival.

Ramadan fasting and exercise combination therapy: A novel approach for osteoporosis prevention in ovariectomized rats.

Osteoporosis is a chronic bone metabolic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly the elderly and postmenopausal women. It is characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The goal of the current study is to examine the reported osteo-preservative effects of exercise and/or fasting in the Ramadan fasting model (RFM) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The experimental intervention started 1month following the ovariectomy procedure and consisted of five 15-min exercise sessions per week at 18-25m/min and/or an approximately 13-h fast from sunrise to sunset (6:00 AM-19:00 PM). Serum bone metabolism biomarker levels were measured, and mineral concentrations in femoral ashed bones and digested serum were determined. Additionally, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP), parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, calcitonin, and vitamin D3 concentrations were measured using the competitive enzyme immunoassay technique. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus showed a notable decrease in mineral concentration among OVX rat femurs compared with the combination group (OVX + RFM + E) and control groups. In addition, homeostasis of serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was observed to increase in the OVX + RFM + E group rather than in the OVX group without intervention when compared with a control group. Furthermore, fasting and exercise, either alone or concurrently with ovariectomy, induced a non-significant elevation in osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D3, whereas b-ALP and calcitonin increased significantly compared with those in control rats. The combination of the Ramadan fasting model and moderate intensity exercises among OVX rats manifested advantageous effects in bone biomarkers compared with OVX rats without intervention. This could be recommended as a lifestyle modification that is protective against osteoporosis, especially in the context of depleted estrogen hormone after menopause.