Estrogen Receptor Positive MCF-7 Breast Research Articles

Abstract 5977: Evaluation of the potential combination regimens for q901, a clinical stage selective cdk7 inhibitor, as a DNA damage repair inhibitor

Abstract Background; Q901 is an extremely selective CDK7 inhibitor with potent single agent activity in the multiple in vivo tumor models including small cell lung cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, hormone receptor positive breast cancer, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Q901 is currently in Phase 1/2 clinical trial for patients with selected advanced solid tumors (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05394103). In the preclinical models, Q901 treatment induces DNA damage response (DDR) impairment markers, particularly ones involved in the double-strand break repair mechanisms. This opens up broad range of possibilities for new combination regimen that could benefit from the accumulated DNA damages caused by Q901 treatment. Methods: Various combinations have been tested to evaluate potential clinical regimens in multiple solid tumor models. Two different BRCA wild-type ovarian cancer A2780 and OVCAR3 models, an estrogen receptor positive MCF7 breast cancer model, or a syngeneic RENCA mouse renal cancer model was tested with Q901 in combination with poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), an estrogen receptor (ER) PROTAC degrader, or an anti-PD-1 antibody, respectively. Results: In the A2780 model, the PARPi alone group showed 15% TGI (tumor growth inhibition), but significant tumor regression (104% TGI) was observed in the Q901 and PARPi combination. In the OVCAR3 model, the Q901 and PARPi combination group showed 105% TGI, whereas the PARPi alone group showed 38% TGI. In the MCF7 model, SERD alone showed 64% TGI and Q901 combination with SERD showed 94% TGI. Remarkable tumor regression (111% TGI) was observed in the MCF7 model combining ER PROTAC and Q901, whereas ER PROTAC alone group showed 55% TGI. In the RENCA model, the anti-PD-1 antibody alone group showed 13.2% TGI and the combination of Q901 and anti-PD-1 antibody showed 66% TGI. In summary, these preclinical model studies demonstrated significant additive/synergistic effects of the Q901 combination on tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion: The non-clinical data demonstrate that Q901 not only has a potential as a single agent,but can also be used in combination with other therapeutic strategies to develop next-generation cancer therapeutics to potentially address unmet medical needs. Citation Format: Donghoon Yu, Yeejin Jeon, YoonJi Lee, Seung-Joo Lee, Jaeseung Kim, Hyerim Jung, Tae-Kyung Kim, Kiyean Nam. Evaluation of the potential combination regimens for q901, a clinical stage selective cdk7 inhibitor, as a DNA damage repair inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5977.

ADİPONEKTİN’İN MCF-7 PROLİFERASYONU VE GİRELİN SEVİYESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Amaç
 Lokal ve sistemik faktörlerin, östrojen reseptörü pozitif
 meme kanseri riskinde artış olan postmenopozal
 obez kadınlarda meme kanseri hücrelerinin büyümesini
 yönlendirdiği gösterilmiştir. Postmenapozal
 dönemdeki obez kadınlarda, dolaşımdaki girelin hormonunun
 azaldığı, bazı tümör hücreleri tarafından
 üretildiği ve ayrıca tümör büyümesini etkilediği gösterilmiştir.
 Bu çalışmada, adiponektin uygulamasının
 östrojen reseptörü pozitif MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre
 hattındaki rolünü ve girelin seviyeleri üzerine olan etkilerini
 araştırmayı amaçladık.
 Gereç ve Yöntem
 MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hattı 2 boyutlu kültürde
 çoğaltıldı. MCF-7 meme kanseri hücrelerine artan
 konsantrasyonlarda adiponektin (50-5000 ng/mL) ile
 muamele edilerek inhibisyon dozu belirlendi. MCF-7
 meme kanseri hücre hattına 50, 100, 250 ve 500 ng/
 mL konsantrasyonda adiponektin uygulanarak 24, 48
 ve 72. Saatlerde örneklerde girelin seviyeleri enzim
 bağlı immünosorbent analizi (ELISA) ile ölçüldü.
 Bulgular
 24, 48 ve 72. saate alınan MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre
 hattı kültür örneklerinde 50, 100, 250 ve 500 ng/mL
 adiponektin konsantrasyonuna bağlı olarak proliferasyonun
 azaldığı bulundu. 24, 48 ve 72. saate alınan
 MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hattı kültür örneklerinde
 50, 100, 250 ve 500 ng/mL adiponektin konsantrasyonuna
 bağlı olarak girelin miktarında artış oluştuğu
 bulundu.
 Sonuç
 Çalışmamızda MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hattında
 (ER/PR pozitif) anti-kanserojenik özelliği kanıtlanmış
 olan ve aynı zamanda obezite ile negatif korelasyon
 gösteren adiponektinin, girelin ile karşılıklı etkileşimlerinin,
 ER pozitif meme kanserlerindeki rolünü ortaya
 koymuş olduk.

STAT3 as a Potential Target for Tumor Suppressive Effects of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

STAT3 plays a prominent role in proliferation and survival of tumor cells. Thus, STAT3 has been considered to be a prime target for development of anti-cancer therapeutics. The electrophilic cyclopentenone prostaglandin,15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) has been well recognized for its capability to modulate intracellular signaling pathways involved in cancer cell growth and progression. We previously reported that 15d-PGJ2 had potent cytotoxicity against harvey-ras transformed human mammary epithelial cells through direct interaction with STAT3. In this study, we have attempted to verify the inhibitory effects of 15d-PGJ2 on STAT3 signaling in human breast tumor cells. The triple negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 displaying constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 on the tyrosine 705 (Tyr705) residue, underwent apoptosis upon inhibition of STAT3 by 15d-PGJ2. In contrast, estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells that do not exhibit elevated STAT3 phosphorylation were much less susceptible to 15d-PGJ2-induced apoptosis as assessed by PARP cleavage. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ2 inhibited interleukin-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in LNCaP cells. According to molecular docking studies, 15d-PGJ2 may preferentially bind to the cysteine 259 residue (Cys259) present in the coiled-coil domain of STAT3. Site-directed mutagenesis of STAT3 identified Cys259 to be the critical amino acid for the 15d-PGJ2-induced apoptosis as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Taken together, these findings suggest STAT3 inactivation through direct chemical modification of its Cys259 as a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of triple negative breast cancer treatment.

The effect of IL-1β on MRP2 expression and tamoxifen toxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Chronic inflammation is considered to be a risk factor for carcinogenesis, tumor development and metastasis by providing tumor-related factors. We aimed to evaluate the effect of cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as a key mediator of inflammation on multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2) expression and tamoxifen toxicity in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The effects of IL-1β on tamoxifen toxicity following 20-day treatment of MCF-7 cells with IL-1β and/or 17β-estradiol (E2) were measured by MTT assay. Furthermore, the effects of IL-1β and/or E2 on the mRNA expression and protein levels of MRP2 and NF-κB (p65) in breast cancer cells were evaluated by QRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Treatment of breast cancer cells with IL-1β+E2 decreased the sensitivity to 4-OH tamoxifen compared to both E2-treated and untreated cells. The mRNA expression levels of MRP2 and NF-κB (p65) were significantly increased following treatment with IL-1β+E2, compared to control. In addition, breast cancer cells treatment with IL-1β+E2 increased protein expression of MRP2 and it had no significant effect on NF-κB/p65 protein expression in these cells. Increased expression of mRNA and protein level of MRP2 following 20-day treatment of MCF-7 cells with IL-1β + E2 might be a possible elucidation for the increased tamoxifen resistance which was observed in these cells. More researches are essential to clarify the molecular mechanisms of inflammation on drug-resistance in the tumor environment in order to reducing or eliminating chemotherapy resistance and developing more effective treatment strategies.

A Phenylacetamide Resveratrol Derivative Exerts Inhibitory Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Growth.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural compound that displays several pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer actions. However, its clinical application is limited because of its low solubility and bioavailability. Here, the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity of a series of phenylacetamide RSV derivatives has been evaluated in several cancer cell lines. These derivatives contain a monosubstituted aromatic ring that could mimic the RSV phenolic nucleus and a longer flexible chain that could confer a better stability and bioavailability than RSV. Using MTT assay, we demonstrated that most derivatives exerted antiproliferative effects in almost all of the cancer cell lines tested. Among them, derivative 2, that showed greater bioavailability than RSV, was the most active, particularly against estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 and estrogen receptor negative (ER-) MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, we demonstrated that these derivatives, particularly derivative 2, were able to inhibit NO and ROS synthesis and PGE2 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated U937 human monocytic cells (derived from a histiocytoma). In order to define the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative effects of derivative 2, we found that it determined cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, modified the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and ultimately triggered apoptotic cell death in both breast cancer cell lines. Taken together, these results highlight the studied RSV derivatives, particularly derivative 2, as promising tools for the development of new and more bioavailable derivatives useful in the treatment of breast cancer.

Inhibition of DNA Repair Pathways and Induction of ROS Are Potential Mechanisms of Action of the Small Molecule Inhibitor BOLD-100 in Breast Cancer.

Simple SummaryBOLD-100 is a novel ruthenium-based drug that has shown anti-tumor effects in several human cancers. In this study, we investigated the biochemical changes associated with BOLD-100 in human breast cancer cell models to better understand how this drug inhibits cancer cell growth. We found that treatment with BOLD-100 induced chemically unstable reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced proteins that help repair DNA in breast cancer cells. When combined with other drugs that target the DNA repair pathway, such as olaparib, BOLD-100 promoted more DNA damage and cell death compared with olaparib alone in estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancer cells. ER- breast cancer is an aggressive form of breast cancer without any specific targeted therapy. Thus, our findings provide the rationale for a novel combination therapeutic strategy with BOLD-100 for ER- breast cancer subtype that could be investigated in clinical trials. BOLD-100, a ruthenium-based complex, sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis (1H-indazole) ruthenate (III)] (also known as IT-139, NKP1339 or KP1339), is a novel small molecule drug that demonstrated a manageable safety profile at the maximum tolerated dose and modest antitumor activity in a phase I clinical trial. BOLD-100 has been reported to inhibit the upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensing protein GRP78. However, response to BOLD-100 varies in different cancer models and the precise mechanism of action in high-response versus low-response cancer cells remains unclear. In vitro studies have indicated that BOLD-100 induces cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects as a monotherapy. To understand BOLD-100-mediated signaling mechanism in breast cancer cells, we used estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 breast cancer cells to obtain gene-metabolite integrated models. At 100 μM, BOLD-100 significantly reduced cell proliferation and expression of genes involved in the DNA repair pathway. BOLD-100 also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of histone H2AX, gamma-H2AX (Ser139), suggesting disruption of proper DNA surveillance. In estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer cells, combination of BOLD-100 with a PARP inhibitor, olaparib, induced significant inhibition of cell growth and xenografts and increased gamma-H2AX. Thus, BOLD-100 is a novel DNA repair pathway targeting agent and can be used with other chemotherapies in ER− breast cancer.

Requirement for cleavage factor IIm in the control of alternative polyadenylation in breast cancer cells.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) determines stability, localization and translation potential of the majority of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The heterodimeric mammalian cleavage factor II (CF IIm) is required for pre-mRNA 3′ end cleavage and is composed of the RNA kinase hClp1 and the termination factor hPcf11; the latter protein binds to RNA and the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Here, we used siRNA mediated knockdown and poly(A) targeted RNA sequencing to analyze the role of CF IIm in gene expression and APA in estrogen receptor positive MCF7 breast cancer cells. Identified gene ontology terms link CF IIm function to regulation of growth factor activity, protein heterodimerization and the cell cycle. An overlapping requirement for hClp1 and hPcf11 suggested that CF IIm protein complex was involved in the selection of proximal poly(A) sites. In addition to APA shifts within 3′ untranslated regions (3′-UTRs), we observed shifts from promoter proximal regions to the 3′-UTR facilitating synthesis of full-length mRNAs. Moreover, we show that several truncated mRNAs that resulted from APA within introns in MCF7 cells cosedimented with ribosomal components in an EDTA sensitive manner suggesting that those are translated into protein. We propose that CF IIm contributes to the regulation of mRNA function in breast cancer.

Sirt3 Exerts Its Tumor-Suppressive Role by Increasing p53 and Attenuating Response to Estrogen in MCF-7 Cells.

Estrogen (E2) is a major risk factor for the initiation and progression of malignancy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers, whereas sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), a major mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, has the inhibitory effect on the tumorigenic properties of ER positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Since it is unclear if this effect is mediated through the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling pathway, in this study, we aimed to determine if the tumor-suppressive function of Sirt3 in MCF-7 cells interferes with their response to E2. Although we found that Sirt3 improves the antioxidative response and mitochondrial fitness of the MCF-7 cells, it also increases DNA damage along with p53, AIF, and ERα expression. Moreover, Sirt3 desensitizes cells to the proliferative effect of E2, affects p53 by disruption of the ERα–p53 interaction, and decreases proliferation, colony formation, and migration of the cells. Our observations indicate that these tumor-suppressive effects of Sirt3 could be reversed by E2 treatment only to a limited extent which is not sufficient to recover the tumorigenic properties of the MCF-7 cells. This study provides new and interesting insights with respect to the functional role of Sirt3 in the E2-dependent breast cancers.

Lemon Balm Extracts Prevent Breast Cancer Progression In Vitro and In Ovo on Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant pathology, representing the primary cause of cancer death in women. Natural products are an appealing strategy to limit the progression of the disease. Targeting angiogenesis in breast cancer may positively impact on poor prognosis of breast cancer. As source of natural compounds, we investigated the leaves of Melissa officinalis L. (MO), known as lemon balm, an aromatic plant that spontaneously grows in the South and Western areas of Romania, being traditionally recommended as anxiolytic, antispasmodic, or as digestive remedy. Our aim was to investigate the phytochemical profiling and the antiangiogenic and chemopreventive bioactivity of MO from Banat region, on breast cancer. Two ethanolic extracts of MO (MOE96 and MOE70) and one methanolic extract (MOM80) were subjected to polyphenol and triterpene profiling by HPLC-MS, and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated. The antiangiogenic potential was investigated using the chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). The MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231breast cancer cells, as well as on MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells, while apoptosis was performed by DAPI staining. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and ursolic acid (UA) were revealed as dominant phytocompounds. The highest concentration in phytochemicals were found in MOM80; MOE96 was more concentrated in UA, while MOE70 extracted more RA. MOE96 inhibited cancer progression and angiogenesis in the in ovo CAM model using MDA-MB-231 cells, inhibiting breast cancer progression and angiogenesis for the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line; no secondary tumoral areas were registered, indicative for a preventive effect against breast tumor cell invasiveness. The highest cell inhibitory activity was also exhibited by MOE96, in particular against the estrogen receptor positive MCF7 breast cancer cell line, with no cytotoxic effect on healthy cells. The estrogen receptor positive MCF7 cell line proved to be more sensitive to the extract antiproliferative activity than the triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Nevertheless, the chemopreventive potential of MOE96 extract is phenotype-dependent and is rather related to the apoptosis and antiangiogenic effects suggesting a multitargeted mechanism of action due to its multiple compound composition next to a concentration ratio of RA : UA in favor of UA.

Synergistic Cytotoxicity of Renieramycin M and Doxorubicin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Renieramycin M (RM) is a KCN-stabilized tetrahydroisoquinoline purified from the blue sponge Xestospongia sp., with nanomolar IC50s against several cancer cell lines. Our goal is to evaluate its combination effects with doxorubicin (DOX) in estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were treated simultaneously or sequentially with various combination ratios of RM and DOX for 72 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Synergism or antagonism was determined using curve-shift analysis, combination index method and isobologram analysis. Synergism was observed with pharmacologically achievable concentrations of DOX when administered simultaneously, but not sequentially. The IC95 values of RM and DOX after combination were reduced by up to four-fold and eight-fold, respectively. To gain insights on the mechanism of synergy, real-time profiling, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays, and transcriptome analysis were conducted. The combination treatment displayed a similar profile with DNA-damaging agents and induced a greater and faster cell killing. The combination treatment also showed an increase in apoptosis. DOX induced S and G2/M arrest while RM did not induce significant changes in the cell cycle. DNA replication and repair genes were downregulated commonly by RM and DOX. p53 signaling and cell cycle checkpoints were regulated by DOX while ErbB/PI3K-Akt, integrin and focal adhesion signaling were regulated by RM upon combination. Genes involved in cytochrome C release and interferon gamma signaling were regulated specifically in the combination treatment. This study serves as a basis for in vivo studies and provides a rationale for using RM in combination with other anticancer drugs.

Mir526b and Mir655 Promote Tumour Associated Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Breast Cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenously produced RNAs, which regulate growth and development, and oncogenic miRNA regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Tumour-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are processes involving the release of growth factors from tumour cells into the microenvioronemnt to communicate with endothelial cells to induce vascular propagation. Here, we examined the roles of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 induced miR526b and miR655 in tumour-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Ectopic overexpression of miR526b and miR655 in poorly metastatic estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF7 breast cancer cells resulted in upregulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis markers vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA); VEGFC; VEGFD; COX-2; lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE1); and receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and EP4. Further, miRNA-high cell free conditioned media promoted migration and tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and upregulated VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and EP4 expression, showing paracrine stimulation of miRNA in the tumor microenvironment. The miRNA-induced migration and tube formation phenotypes were abrogated with EP4 antagonist or PI3K/Akt inhibitor treatments, confirming the involvement of the EP4 and PI3K/Akt pathway. Tumour supressor gene PTEN was found to be downregulated in miRNA high cells, confirming that it is a target of both miRNAs. PTEN inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1α) and the PI3K/Akt pathway, and loss of regulation of these pathways through PTEN results in upregulation of VEGF expression. Moreover, in breast tumors, angiogenesis marker VEGFA and lymphangiogenesis marker VEGFD expression was found to be significantly higher compared with non-adjacent control, and expression of miR526b and miR655 was positively correlated with VEGFA, VEGFC, VEGFD, CD31, and LYVE1 expression in breast tumour samples. These findings further strengthen the role of miRNAs as breast cancer biomarkers and EP4 as a potential therapeutic target to abrogate miRNA-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer.

Abstract 4769: Gene expression profiling of response to short- and long-term treatment of LSZ102 in MCF7 cells

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and the second most common cause of cancer death in woman in the US. Close to 80% of breast cancer are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and can benefit from antiestrogen treatment. LSZ102 is a novel oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) in clinical development, which exhibits potent activity in inducing ER degradation, modulating ER-target genes transcription and inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells both in-vitro and in-vivo. In this study, we have investigated the effects of short term and prolonged LSZ102 treatment on global gene expression in ER positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were treated with LSZ102 for 24 hours, 8 weeks and 14 weeks, followed by transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing. Our findings show LSZ102 effectively inhibited ER transcriptional activity and lead to a sustained suppression of estrogen responsive genes expression in LSZ102-treated cells of all time points. We also observed a cumulative up-regulation of EPAS1, a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor. In addition, we found up-regulation of EGFR and ERBB2 genes and regulated genes in cells with prolonged treatment of LSZ102. In summary, our results suggest a possible role of EPAS1 in eliciting a compensatory growth promoting signals in breast cancer cells adapted to ER inhibition. Citation Format: Choi Lai Tiong Yip, Joshua Korn, David Ruddy, Daniel Rakiec, Darrin Stuart, Alex Gaither. Gene expression profiling of response to short- and long-term treatment of LSZ102 in MCF7 cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4769.

Abstract 2862: Inhibition of DNA repair pathways in breast cancer is a potential mechanism of action of IT-139

Abstract IT-139 is a novel small-molecule drug that demonstrated a manageable safety profile at the maximum tolerated dose and modest antitumor activity as a monotherapy in a phase I clinical trial. A high affinity for albumin and unique chemistry allow increased uptake and activation of IT-139 within tumor cells, respectively. To date, IT-139 has been reported to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum stress-sensing protein GRP78. However, different cancer cells show disparate responses to IT-139 and the precise mechanism of action in high-response versus low-response cancer cells remains unclear. In vitro studies have indicated that IT-139 induces cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects as a monotherapy. In this study, to understand IT-139 mediated signaling mechanism in breast cancer cells, we used estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) MCF7 breast cancer cells to obtain gene-metabolite integrated models following IT-139 treatment (10 or 100 μM for 72 h). Our data showed that IT-139 significantly reduced expression of genes involved in the DNA repair pathway, including BRCA1 and RAD51, following treatment with IT-139 in MCF7 cells. Validation of our findings in other breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-175 (ER+), MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 (both ER-) cells also showed increased phosphorylation of H2AX (Ser139) following IT-139 treatment, suggesting lack of proper DNA surveillance and subsequent accumulation of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB). Consequently, we investigated the effects of combination treatment approaches with IT-139 and other clinical anticancer therapies that interfere with nucleotide synthesis or DNA damage repair pathways, particularly in ER- breast cancers. Our data showed additive effects of IT-139 in combination with capecitabine (5-FU prodrug) or olaparib (PARP inhibitor) and a synergistic effect with carboplatin in ER- breast cancer cell lines. Further analysis of IT-139 mediated signal transduction in breast cancer cells will reveal whether it can be combined with aforementioned chemotherapies to circumvent resistance. Citation Format: Isabel Conde, Yassi Fallah, Diane Demas, Suzanne Bakewell, Filipa Lynce, Ayesha N. Shajahan-Haq. Inhibition of DNA repair pathways in breast cancer is a potential mechanism of action of IT-139 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2862.

Regulation of tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells by microRNA-10b targeting histone deacetylase 4

Objective To investigate the effect of microRNA-10b (miR-10b) targeting histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) on the resistance of estrogen receptor positive (ER+ ) MCF-7 breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Methods ER+ and tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 cell line MCF-7-TR was established, and miR-10b expression level in MCF-7 cells and MCF-7-TR cells was detected by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). Methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and trypan blue were used to detect the proliferation and activity of MCF-7 cells and MCF-7-TR cells transfected with pre-miR-10b, miR-10b inhibitor and siHDAC4 at different tamoxifen concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 μmol/L), respectively. The expression of HDAC4 protein was detected by Western blotting. Results Taken expression level and invasive ability of miR-10b in MCF-7 breast cancer cells as the standard, the miR-10b expression level and invasion ability of MCF-7-TR cell breast cancer cells were 7.2±1.1 and 5.3±1.3 respectively. With the increase of the concentration of tamoxifen, decreased the rate of cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells, which is most obvious, followed by MCF-7-TR+ miR-10b inhibitor + siHDAC4 and MCF-7+ pre-miR-10b+ HDAC4 cells, and the proliferation of MCF-7-TR+ siHDAC4 cells and MCF-7-TR cells decreased the rate of the lowest. The migration ability of MCF-7 cells and MCF-7-TR+ miR-10b cells of the inhibitor decreased most, MCF-7+ pre-miR-10b+ and tamoxifen (10 μmol/L) MCF-7-TR+ cells and tamoxifen (10 μmol/L) had no significant difference in the ability of cell migration (t=1.116, P=0.272), but was significantly higher than that of MCF-7 cells and MCF-7-TR+ miR-10b cells (t=0.124, 10.769, 14.569, 11.577, P=0.000). The expression level of HDAC4 protein in MCF-7+ pre-miR-10b cells was lower than that in MCF-7 cells, MCF-7-TR cells, HDAC4 protein expression level, MCF-7-TR+ miR-10b inhibitor cells, MCF-7+ siHDAC4 cells HDAC4 protein expression level was lower than MCF-7 cells. Conclusion The miR-10b-HDAC4 signaling pathway may be a molecular mechanism of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Key words: Breast cancer; Estrogen receptor positive; Tamoxifen resistance; MicroRNA-10b; Histone deacetylase 4

Stat3/Oct-4/c-Myc signal circuit for regulating stemness-mediated doxorubicin resistance of triple-negative breast cancer cells and inhibitory effects of WP1066.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs), however resistance limits its effectiveness. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with Dox resistance in MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (Stat3) may functionally shift non-CSCs towards CSCs. However, whether Stat3 drives the formation of CSCs during the development of resistance in TNBC, and whether a Stat3 inhibitor reverses CSC-mediated Dox resistance, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, human MDA-MB-468 and murine4T1 mammary carcinoma cell lines with the typical characteristics of TNBCs, were compared with estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells as a model system. The MTT assay was used to detect cytotoxicity of Dox. In addition, the expression levels of CSC-specific markers and transcriptional factors were measured by western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. The mammosphere formation assay wasusedto detect stem cell activity. Under long-term continuous treatment with Dox at a low concentration, TNBC cultures not only exhibited a drug-resistant phenotype, but also showed CSC properties. These Dox-resistant TNBC cells showed activation of Stat3 and high expression levels of pluripotency transcription factors octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct-4) and c-Myc, which was different from the high expression of superoxide dismutase2(Sox2) in Dox-resistant MCF-7 cells. WP1066 inhibited the phosphorylation of Stat3, and decreased the expression of Oct-4 and c-Myc, leading to a reduction in the CD44-positive cell population, and restoring the sensitivity of the cells to Dox. Taken together, a novel signal circuit of Stat3/Oct-4/c-Myc was identified for regulating stemness-mediated Dox resistance in TNBC. The Stat3 inhibitor WP1066 was able to overcome the resistance to Dox through decreasing the enrichment of CSCs, highlighting the therapeutic potential of WP1066 as a novel sensitizer of Dox-resistant TNBC.

Tunicamycin-induced ER stress in breast cancer cells neither expresses GRP78 on the surface nor secretes it into the media.

GRP78 (an Mr 78 kDa calcium dependent glucose binding protein) is located in ER lumen. It functions as ER chaperone and translocates proteins for glycosylation at the asparagine residue present in the sequon Asn-X-Ser/Thr. Paraffin sections from N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin treated ER-/PR-/HER2+ (double negative) breast tumor in athymic nude mice exhibited reduced N-glycan but increased GRP78 expression. We have evaluated the effect of tunicamycin on cellular localization of GRP78 in metastatic human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 (ER-/PR-/HER2-). Tunicamycin inhibited cell proliferation in a time and dose-dependent manner. Nonmetastatic estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF-7 breast cancer cells were also equally effective. GRP78 expression (protein and mRNA) was higher in tunicamycin (1.0 μg/mL) treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. GRP78 is an ER stress marker, so we have followed its intracellular localization using immunofluorescence microscopy after subjecting the cancer cells to various stress conditions. Unfixed cells stained with either FITC-conjugated Concanavalin A (Con A) or Texas-red conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) exhibited surface expression of N-glycans but not GRP78. GRP78 became detectable only after a brief exposure of cells to ice-cold methanol. Western blotting did not detect GRP78 in conditioned media of cancer cells whereas it did for MMP-1. The conclusion, GRP78 is expressed neither on the outer-leaflet of the (ER-/PR-/HER2-) human breast cancer cells nor it is secreted into the culture media during tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Our study therefore suggests strongly that anti-tumorigenic action of tunicamycin can be modeled to develop next generation cancer therapy, i.e., glycotherapy for treating breast and other sold tumors.

Identification of d-seco modified steroid derivatives with affinity for estrogen receptor α and β isoforms using a non-transcriptional fluorescent cell assay in yeast

Synthesis and biological evaluation of steroidal derivatives with anticancer properties is an active area of drug discovery. Here we measured the relative affinities of d-seco modified steroidal derivatives for estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β or androgen receptor ligand binding domains using an optimized non-transcriptional fluorescent cell assay in yeast. Ligand binding domains of steroid receptors were expressed in-frame with yellow fluorescent protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Addition of known steroid ligands to yeast expressing the appropriate cognate receptor results in increased fluorescence intensity, enabling estimation of receptor binding affinities in a dose-response and time-dependent manner. Relative binding affinities of d-seco modified steroidal derivatives 1–4 were then evaluated using this yeast system by live cell fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy, coupled with in vitro cytotoxicity and in silico molecular docking studies. d-Seco estratriene derivative 2displayed strong affinity for both estrogen receptor α and β ligand binding domains and negligible affinity for the androgen receptor ligand binding domain. Compound 2 also showed moderate cytotoxicity against estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. In addition to identification of new ligands for steroid receptors, this assay could also be used to filter out compounds with potential for off-target interactions with steroid receptors during the early stages of compound screening.

SUMOylation regulates nuclear accumulation and signaling activity of the soluble intracellular domain of the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase

Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ErbB4) is a kinase that can signal via a proteolytically released intracellular domain (ICD) in addition to classical receptor tyrosine kinase-activated signaling cascades. Previously, we have demonstrated that ErbB4 ICD is posttranslationally modified by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and functionally interacts with the PIAS3 SUMO E3 ligase. However, direct evidence of SUMO modification in ErbB4 signaling has remained elusive. Here, we report that the conserved lysine residue 714 in the ErbB4 ICD undergoes SUMO modification, which was reversed by sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) 1, 2, and 5. Although ErbB4 kinase activity was not necessary for the SUMOylation, the SUMOylated ErbB4 ICD was tyrosine phosphorylated to a higher extent than unmodified ErbB4 ICD. Mutation of the SUMOylation site compromised neither ErbB4-induced phosphorylation of the canonical signaling pathway effectors Erk1/2, Akt, or STAT5 nor ErbB4 stability. In contrast, SUMOylation was required for nuclear accumulation of the ErbB4 ICD. We also found that Lys-714 was located within a leucine-rich stretch, which resembles a nuclear export signal, and could be inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, SUMOylation modulated the interaction of ErbB4 with chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1), the major nuclear export receptor for proteins. Finally, the SUMO acceptor lysine was functionally required for ErbB4 ICD-mediated inhibition of mammary epithelial cell differentiation in a three-dimensional cell culture model. Our findings indicate that a SUMOylation-mediated mechanism regulates nuclear localization and function of the ICD of ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase.

Abstract 3252: Synthesis of N-substituted [Benzoylamino]-3-Ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines as potential anti-cancer agents

Abstract Chronic inflammation is believed to promote cancer through cellular and genomic damage. Inflammation creates a microenvironment within the tissue that enhances cell proliferation. In 2016, American Cancer Society estimates that 1,685,210 new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in the United States. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme found to play an essential role in inflammation and converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin-like molecules. The three isomers of COX are COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3. COX-2 has been found to be up-regulated in inflammation and some cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. Tetrahydropyridines (THPs) developed by our research group were effective in inhibiting inflammation, COX, and the growth of some breast cancer cells. Previous research has shown that pharmacological activities of the THP derivatives depend greatly on the nature and position of the substituents on the THP ring structure. Here, we present the synthesis of a series of novel THP derivatives. 3-Ethylpyridine is reacted with O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine (O-MSH) to furnish N-amino-3-ethylpyridinium mesitylenesulfonate. The reaction of N-amino-3-ethylpyridinium mesitylenesulfonate with substituted acid chlorides gives the stable crystalline pyridinium ylides. A sodium borohydride reduction of ylides furnishes the target compounds, N-substituted [benzoylamino]-3-ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines. Five novel N-substituted [benzoylamino]-3-ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines were synthesized, purified, and characterized. The evaluation of these compounds cytotoxicity studies on MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell lines, and Ishikawa cells, using the CellTiter-Glo (CTG) luminescent cell viability assay is underway. This research was supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number 8 G12MD007582-28. Citation Format: Elizabeth Henderson, Madhavi Gangapuram, Suresh Eyunni, Kinfe Redda, Tiffany Ardley. Synthesis of N-substituted [Benzoylamino]-3-Ethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines as potential anti-cancer agents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3252. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3252

Kinome-Wide RNA Interference Screen Reveals a Role for PDK1 in Acquired Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition in ER-Positive Breast Cancer.

Acquired resistance to cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) small-molecule inhibitors in breast cancer arises through mechanisms that are yet uncharacterized. In this study, we used a kinome-wide siRNA screen to identify kinases that, when downregulated, yield sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib. In this manner, we identified 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) as a key modifier of ribociclib sensitivity in estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of PDK1 with GSK2334470 in combination with ribociclib or palbociclib, another CDK4/6 inhibitor, synergistically inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis in a panel of ER-positive breast cancer cell lines. Ribociclib-resistant breast cancer cells selected by chronic drug exposure displayed a relative increase in the levels of PDK1 and activation of the AKT pathway. Analysis of these cells revealed that CDK4/6 inhibition failed to induce cell-cycle arrest or senescence. Mechanistic investigations showed that resistant cells coordinately upregulated expression of cyclins A, E, and D1, activated phospho-CDK2, and phospho-S477/T479 AKT. Treatment with GSK2334470 or the CDK2 inhibitor dinaciclib was sufficient to reverse these events and to restore the sensitivity of ribociclib-resistant cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Ribociclib, in combination with GSK2334470 or the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib, decreased xenograft tumor growth more potently than each drug alone. Taken together, our results highlight a role for the PI3K-PDK1 signaling pathway in mediating acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2488-99. ©2017 AACR.