Estimating Hemoglobin Concentration Research Articles

Eye screening can be used to perform anemia screening and treatment in adolescent girls using ToucHb.

Purpose:Anemia is common in adolescent girls. Apprehension while drawing blood to estimate hemoglobin concentration is a barrier for confirming anemia. ToucHb, a noninvasive instrument that estimates the hemoglobin by taking an image of the exposed conjunctiva, was used during eye screening to help diagnose and treat anemia.Methods:ToucHb was used during secondary school eye screening and during house-to-house eye screening to estimate the hemoglobin concentration in the body. Each of the girls was distributed a packet of 60 tablets of ferrous and folate and a tablet of albendazole. They were followed up after 3 months.Results:Exactly 1511 municipal school girls aged 10-19 years (mean 12.9; standard deviation [SD] 1.64) were examined. Of them, 949 (62.8%) had hemoglobin of ≤9 mg%. Among those girls with hemoglobin ≤9 mg%, the mean (SD) during the initial and follow-up examinations was 6.1 (1.4) and 9.6 (1.03), respectively, by paired t-test (P < 0.001). Another 588 girls (average age 14.4 years, SD 1.2) had their eyes examined and hemoglobin estimated during a house-to-house eye screening. Of them, 116 (19.7%) had hemoglobin level of ≤9 mg%. Their pre-Hb was 7.9 (SD 1.05) on average and after 3 months, it was 9.6 (SD 1.02). Among those girls with hemoglobin ≤9 mg%, the mean (SD) during the initial and follow-up examinations was 6.2 (1.4) and 7.9 (1.1), respectively, by paired t-test (P < 0.001)Conclusion:ToucHb was useful to diagnose anemia while doing eye screening and to ensure its treatment. Anemia diagnosis and management would enhance the health of adolescent girls.

Study The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Crushed Seeds of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum) on Some Physiological Parameters of Rabbits.

The aim of present research to study the effects of crushed seeds of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) on some physiological parameters in rabbits. Thirty mature male rabbits, (aged 87-100 days),were divided randomly into three equal groups. First group (control) fed the basal diet along the experimental period,2nd and 3rd groups (T1 and T2) fed the basal diet mixed with 3% and 6%,respectively. At the end of experiment,blood samples were collected from ear vein for counting the red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs),estimating Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PVC). Total protein,albumin,globulin,blood glucose,GOT and GPT concentrations were estimated in blood serum. The results showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) of RBCs,WBCs,Hb and PCV levels in T1 and T2 groups when compared with control group. As well as,The results of total protein and globulin increased significantly in two treated groups in comparison with control groups. While,the results of glucose,GOT and GPT levels showed a significant decrement (P&lt;0.05) in T1 and T2 groups compared with control group. Therefore,it was concluded that the use of Coriander seeds powder can affected positively on some physiological traits in rabbits.

Measuring oxygen saturation of skin with advancing age using iterative optical path-length matrix method

We measured the oxygen saturation of skin at various ages by iterating our previously proposed method that can rapidly simulate skin spectral reflectance with high accuracy. Oxygen saturation is commonly measured by a pulse oximeter to evaluate oxygen delivery for monitoring the functions of heart and lungs at a specific time. On the other hand, oxygen saturation of skin is expected to assess peripheral conditions. Our previously proposed method, the optical path-length matrix method (OPLM), is based on a Monte Carlo model of steady-state light transport in multi-layered tissue (MCML), but can simulate skin spectral reflectance 27,000 times faster than MCML. In this study, we implemented an iterative OPLM with a nonlinear optimization technique such that this method can also be used for estimating hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation from the measured skin spectral reflectance. The iterative OPLM was over 25,000 times faster than the MCML with 95 % accuracy. Before measurements in clinic, stability of oxygen saturation among measuring pressure was confirmed. Then, the skin reflectance spectra of 72 outpatients aged between 20 and 86 years were measured by a spectrophotometer. Three points were measured for each subject: the forearm, the thenar eminence, and the intermediate phalanx. The result showed that the oxygen saturation of skin remained constant at each point as the age varied.

Noninvasive monitoring of tissue hemoglobin using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a pilot study

We conducted a pilot study on 10 patients undergoing general surgery to test the feasibility of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible wavelength range as a noninvasive monitoring tool for blood loss during surgery. Ratios of raw diffuse reflectance at wavelength pairs were tested as a first-pass for estimating hemoglobin concentration. Ratios can be calculated easily and rapidly with limited post-processing, and so this can be considered a near real-time monitoring device. We found the best hemoglobin correlations were when ratios at isosbestic points of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin were used, specifically 529/500 nm. Baseline subtraction improved correlations, specifically at 520/509 nm. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept for the ability of this noninvasive device to monitor hemoglobin concentration changes due to surgical blood loss. The 529/500 nm ratio also appears to account for variations in probe pressure, as determined from measurements on two volunteers.

Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Primary School Children in Alexandria

Anemia is determined by the presence of a hemoglobin level that is below the normal range of values for the population. Iron deficiency is due to the diminished absorbable dietary iron from insufficient intake or excessive loss of body iron from chronic bleeding. Iron deficiency anemia [IDA] is a formidable health challenge in developing countries and remains persistently high despite national programs to control this deficiency. The present study aimed at evaluating the nutrition education program in relation to IDA regarding the immediate impact and the long-term impact [outcome]. A prospective study was conducted in Alexandria Governorate upon the six grade primary pupils. Nutritional screening and assessment were carried out by estimating hemoglobin concentration and anthropometric measurements. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices [KAP] about IDA were studied by pre-test then post-test following sessions of nutritional education. Besides the screening and iron supplementation this research focused on nutrition education intervention program about IDA. The results concerning the outcome revealed that the prevalence of anemia was improved as it became 58.2%; 50.5% for intervention group and 65.2% for control group. Considering the severity of anemia, none of the intervention group was moderately anemic compared to 4% of their control counterparts. Regarding the impact [KAP] of the nutrition education, the present study showed that the median percent changes of knowledge scores about anemia, generally, are statistically significant higher among the intervention group compared to their control counterparts. Moreover, statistically significant correlations between the percent changes of hemoglobin levels and the knowledge scores are found among the intervention group. More than three-quarters [76.2%] of the pupils in the intervention group stated that good nutrition was very important compared to 56.5% of their control counterparts. Among both the intervention and control groups, statistically significant correlations are observed between percent changes of hemoglobin levels and the attitude scales about the importance of good nutrition. Considering the 24 dietary recalls, after the intervention, 82.9% of the intervention group mentioned that they ate two or three food stuffs rich in animal sources of iron daily compared to 38.2% of their control counterparts. Strikingly, about two-thirds [65.7%] of the intervention group mentioned that they ate three or four food stuffs rich in plant sources of iron daily compared to none of their control counterparts. As regards the seven day survey, after the intervention, 21.7% of the control group did not eat any food stuffs rich in animal sources of iron compared to none of their intervention counterparts. Regarding the eaten food stuffs rich in plant sources of iron, the majority of intervention group [91.4%] stated that ate three or four types compared to 37.4% of their control counterparts. As healthy eating can prevent childhood health problems such as iron deficiency anemia, all children should have access to food and nutrition programs that ensure the availability of a safe and adequate food intake that promotes healthy growth, development, and educational progress.

Accurate prediction of fetal hemoglobin by Doppler ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of using the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) to predict the actual value of fetal hemoglobin in fetuses undergoing a first cordocentesis for detection of anemia caused by maternal red cell alloimmunization. METHODS: Doppler velocimetry of the MCA-PSV was performed in 18 fetuses before an initial cordocentesis. Hemoglobin and MCA-PSV values were expressed as multiples of the median to adjust for the changes that both parameters demonstrate with gestational age. In each fetus we determined: 1) the expected (using a cubic mathematical function describing the correlation between fetal hemoglobin and MCA-PSV) and the observed (determined at the time of the cordocentesis) hemoglobin value; and 2) the percentage differences between the expected and the observed hemoglobin values. RESULTS: Gestational age at the time of the Doppler study ranged from 19 to 31 weeks. On 15 occasions, the fetuses demonstrated anemia. A quadratic relationship was found between the hemoglobin multiples of the median and the percentage differences between the expected and the observed hemoglobin values. As the values of hemoglobin decreased, the percentage difference between expected and observed values significantly decreased ( R 2 = 0.48, P < .05). The cubic model estimated fetal hemoglobin well in severely anemic fetuses and less well when the fetus was not anemic. CONCLUSION: Doppler measurement of the MCA-PSV appears to be a valuable tool for estimating hemoglobin concentration in fetuses at risk for anemia. The correlation between hemoglobin and MCA-PSV becomes more accurate as the severity of anemia increases.

An Evaluation of Hemoglobin Determination Using Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

The standard reference method for hemoglobin determination for years has been the photometric quantitation of cyanmethemoglobin. Other existing methods have not gained popularity in North America. In an attempt to eliminate hazardous cyanide waste, a method to determine the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood using sodium lauryl sulfate has been devised and recently was released as a commercial reagent. The authors compare this new method with the cyanmethemoglobin method using two hematology analyzers. Their results show that there is excellent correlation between the two methods (r2 = 0.996). In addition, other elements of the complete blood count also show good correlation. Thus, it was confirmed that the sodium lauryl sulfate method of estimating hemoglobin concentration is an appropriate alternative to the cyanmethemoglobin method and avoids the generation of toxic wastes.

Clinical application of tissue reflectance spectrophotometry to periodontal disease.

Rapid, accurate, and non-invasive measurements of hemodynamics and oxygen utilization in gingiva are clinically important in evaluation of the severity of the inflammatory response in periodontal disease. In the present study, tissue reflectance spectrophotometry was used to examine gingiva in vivo to estimate hemoglobin concentration (Hb index) and the oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin in gingiva (HbSO2 index). Reflectance spectrophotometry was also used to examine these parameters in experimental periodontitis in dogs, and in patients with periodontal disease. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the Hb index was positively correlated with hemoglobin concentration in gingival tissue. The relationship between the HbSO2 index and PO2 in gingiva was a sigmoid curve resembling the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. In rapidly advancing periodontitis resulting from ligature placement in dogs, the Hb index was significantly enhanced, but the HbSO2 index was reduced. This reduction corresponded to increases in gingival inflammation during the experiments. Furthermore, in humans, the Hb index was significantly higher in inflamed gingiva than in clinically healthy gingiva. A lower HbSO2 index was also found in inflamed gingiva. These findings are consistent with congested blood vessels, impaired venous return, and localized hypoxia in inflamed gingival tissue. Tissue reflectance spectrophotometry is clinically useful in estimating blood volume and oxygen saturation in diseased gingiva.

組織反射スペクトル解析法による歯肉血行動態と酸素需給動態の基礎的検討

This study deals with a noninvasive method for estimating hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation from reflectance spectra of a gingival model and dog gingiva by tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. The index of hemoglobin concentration (Hb index) and the index of oxygen saturation (HbSO2 index) were measured from the spectra of the gingival model and dog gingiva. In both the in vitro and in vivo experiments, the Hb index was positively correlated with hemoglobin concentration, and the relationship between HbSO2 index and PO2 appeared as a sigmoid curve resembling hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve. These results suggest that the tissue reflectance spectrophotometry could be applied to the gingiva in vivo to estimate hemodynamics and oxygen sufficiency in gingiva.