Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration Research Articles

A Non‐Linear Model for Multiple Alcohol Intakes and Optimal Designs Strategies

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the complex dynamics of alcohol elimination in the human body, very important in forensic and healthcare areas. Existing models often oversimplify with the assumption of linear elimination kinetics, limiting practical application. This study presents a novel non‐linear model for estimating blood alcohol concentration after multiple intakes. Initially developed for two different alcohol incorporations, it can be straightforwardly extended to the case of more intakes. Emphasising the significance of accurate parameter estimation, the research underscores the importance of precise experimental design, utilising optimal experimental design (OED) methodologies. Sensitivity analysis of model coefficients and the determination of D‐optimal designs, considering correlation structures among observations, reveal a strong linear relationship between support points. This relationship can be used to obtain nearly optimal designs that are highly efficient and much easier to compute.

Subjective intoxication predicts alcohol-related consequences at equivalent alcohol concentrations in young adults using ecological momentary assessment and alcohol sensors.

Subjective intoxication (SI) when drinking may serve as an internal barometer of whether to continue drinking or engage in potentially unsafe behavior. Mobile assessments offer the potential to use SI as a prospective risk indicator during drinking episodes; little evidence exists for the validity of real-time SI measures. We test the correspondence of SI with estimated blood alcohol concentration and transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) in young adults' natural settings. We provide a novel test of whether SI features (peak and mean SI) uniquely predict consequences adjusting for alcohol concentration. Two hundred twenty-two heavy-drinking young adults (Mage = 22.3, 64% female, 79% non-Hispanic White, 84% undergraduates) participated in a 6-day study that used ecological momentary assessment of drinking and TAC sensors. SI was assessed every 30 min during drinking episodes. Multilevel modeling was used to test hypotheses. Momentary SI and estimated blood alcohol concentration had moderate associations at the moment and day levels (standardized βs = 0.5-0.6); SI was moderately associated with TAC at the day level (βs = 0.5). Associations between SI and alcohol concentration varied widely between persons and across days. Day-level SI features predicted consequences when adjusting for alcohol concentration (incidence rate ratios, IRRs = 1.29-1.70). Our two-item SI measure shows evidence of validity in real-world settings with heavy-drinking young adults. SI was significantly correlated with alcohol concentration and was a unique predictor of consequences. The strength of these associations varied greatly across persons and days. Real-time SI measurement may be useful in preventive interventions, but continued research is needed into when and for whom momentary SI is most predictive of risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Predictive utility of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) response to alcohol cues for ecologically assessed alcohol craving and use.

Neural measures of alcohol cue incentive salience have been associated with retrospective reports of riskier alcohol use behaviour and subjective response profiles. This study tested whether the P3 event-related potential (ERP) elicited by alcohol-related cues (ACR-P3) can forecast alcohol use and craving during real-world drinking episodes. Participants (N =262; Mage = 19.53; 56% female) completed a laboratory task in which they viewed images of everyday objects (Neutral), non-alcohol drinks (NonAlc) and alcohol beverages (Alc) while EEG was recorded and then completed a 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol in which they recorded alcohol craving and consumption. Anthropometrics were used to derive estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) throughout drinking episodes. Multilevel modelling indicated positive associations between P3 amplitudes elicited by all stimuli and within-episode alcohol use measures (e.g., eBAC, cumulative drinks). Focal follow-up analyses indicated a positive association between AlcP3 amplitude and eBAC within episodes: Larger AlcP3 was associated with a steeper rise in eBAC. This association was robust to controlling for the association between NonAlcP3 and eBAC. AlcP3 also was positively associated with episode-level measures (e.g., max drinks, max eBAC). There were no associations between any P3 variables and EMA-based craving measures. Thus, individual differences in neural measures of alcohol cue incentive salience appear to predict the speed and intensity of alcohol consumption but not reports of craving during real-world alcohol use episodes.

Initial evidence of delay discounting’s predictive utility for alcohol self-administration in ecologically valid contexts among young adults who drink heavily

BackgroundWhile delay discounting is robustly associated with alcohol use disorder, whether discounting predicts real-time alcohol use behaviors is unclear. Existing support comes from laboratory studies using intravenous alcohol self-administration methods, thus limiting ecological validity and generalizability. The present study evaluated whether delay discounting predicted real-time alcohol use in naturalistic settings with and without probabilistic negative consequences for consuming larger amounts of alcohol. MethodsThis secondary analysis utilized data from three laboratory alcohol self-administration studies with young adults who engaged in frequent heavy drinking (N=206, 45% female). Participants completed a delay discounting measure before an alcohol self-administration session in an actual or simulated bar with (n=187) or without (n=19) probabilistic negative consequences (compensation loss) tied to performance on cognitive and psychomotor tasks after alcohol self-administration. Bootstrapped (unstandardized) coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals were utilized due to the sample size discrepancy. ResultsMultiple regressions revealed that delay discounting did not significantly predict estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) or number of drinks consumed when procedures included probabilistic negative consequences. Among participants who completed procedures without probabilistic negative consequences, delay discounting was positively associated with peak eBAC. ConclusionCounter to hypotheses, steeper delay discounting did not predict real-time alcohol use in contexts with probabilistic negative consequences, whereas preliminary evidence suggests that delay discounting predicts real-time alcohol use behaviors in contexts without probabilistic negative consequences. The specific discounting task may have impacted study findings, thus future research should consider how the sign (gain vs. loss), outcome certainty, and delay relate to alcohol consumption.

Uncertainty Quantification in Estimating Blood Alcohol Concentration From Transdermal Alcohol Level With Physics-Informed Neural Networks.

We develop an approach to estimate a blood alcohol signal from a transdermal alcohol signal using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Specifically, we use a generative adversarial network (GAN) with a residual-augmented loss function to estimate the distribution of unknown parameters in a diffusion equation model for transdermal transport of alcohol in the human body. We design another PINN for the deconvolution of the blood alcohol signal from the transdermal alcohol signal. Based on the distribution of the unknown parameters, this network is able to estimate the blood alcohol signal and quantify the uncertainty in the form of conservative error bands. Finally, we show how a posterior latent variable can be used to sharpen these conservative error bands. We apply the techniques to an extensive dataset of drinking episodes and demonstrate the advantages and shortcomings of this approach.

High-intensity drinking and hours spent drinking.

High-intensity drinking (HID) is associated with negative consequences, but it remains unclear whether a time qualifier (i.e., time spent drinking) is needed to identify individuals at highest risk. To improve the measurement and conceptualization of HID, we examined the utility of adding a time qualifier to define what constitutes an occasion of HID using repeated daily surveys in a sample of young adults. Participants were selected from a nationally representative sample of 12th-grade students in the United States who participated in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study in Spring 2018. In 2019 and 2020, young adults (at modal ages 19-20) responded to annual and daily (14 consecutive days per year) online surveys about their alcohol use. When we compared moderate drinking days (less than 4/5 drinks for women/men), binge drinking days (4-7/5-9 drinks), and HID days (8+/10+ drinks), HID days had the longest duration of drinking (5.2 h), highest peak estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC, 0.30%), and greatest drinking pace (2.58 drinks/h). HID was associated with a greater number of negative consequences than either moderate or binge drinking; adjusting for time spent drinking did not impact this interpretation. HID was reported on 10.9% of days; when defined as 8/10+ drinks in 4 h or 2 h, HID was reported on 4.8% and 1.0% of days, respectively. Nearly all differences in eBAC and negative consequences persisted across drinking intensity despite the introduction of time constraints. HID days were characterized by both a longer time spent drinking and a more rapid pace of drinking. Adding a time qualifier to the definition of HID would restrict variability by only describing the minority of days and does not improve the distinctions among levels of risk.

Does it really matter that I do not remember my night? Consequences related to blacking out among college student drinkers.

Alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) are experienced frequently by college student drinkers and are more likely to occur on days with high-intensity drinking (HID; 8+ for females/10+ for males) than non-HID days. Research suggests that AIBs are associated with experiencing other alcohol-related consequences (ARCs), including more serious ARCs (SARCs; e.g., legal and sexual consequences), but we do not know whether individuals experience more ARCs and more SARCs on occasions when they black out than when they do not black out. This study examines the associations between AIBs and the total number of both ARCs and SARCs. Students (N = 462, 51.7% female, 87.7% White, Mage = 20.1) were assessed across 6 weekends via e-surveys (80%-97% response rate). Multilevel models were used to test for main effects, controlling for drinking (HID or estimated blood alcohol concentration; eBAC) and sex. Drinking days when an AIB was experienced were associated with more total ARCs (b = 3.54, 95% CI: 3.10, 3.99) and more SARCs (b = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.95) per day than non-AIB days. The more frequently a person experienced an AIB, the more total ARCs (b = 5.33, 95% CI: 4.40, 6.25) and SARCs (1.05, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.30) they reported on average. Alcohol-induced blackout days were associated with higher levels of harm than non-AIB days, even at the same levels of drinking. Interventions that focus on reducing the occurrence of AIBs and factors that contribute to them, in addition to reducing alcohol consumption, may help reduce total harm associated with drinking among college students.

Assessing real-time positive subjective effects of alcohol using high-resolution ecological momentary assessment in risky versus light drinkers.

High-resolution ecological momentary assessment (HR-EMA) can assess acute alcohol responses during naturalistic heavy drinking episodes. The goal of this study was to use HR-EMA to examine drinking behavior and subjective responses to alcohol in risky drinkers (moderate-severe alcohol use disorder [MS-AUD], heavy social drinkers [HD]) and light drinkers (LD). We expected that risky drinkers would endorse greater alcohol stimulation and reward, with lower sedation, than LD, even when controlling for amount of alcohol consumed. Participants (N = 112; 54% male, M ± SD age = 27.2 ± 4.2 years) completed smartphone-based HR-EMA during one typical alcohol drinking occasion and one non-alcohol-drinking occasion in their natural environment. Participants were prompted to complete next-day surveys that assessed drinking-related outcomes, study acceptability, and safety. HR-EMA prompt completion rates were excellent (92% and 89% for the alcohol and nonalcohol episodes, respectively). The MS-AUD group consumed the most alcohol with the highest estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) by the end of the alcohol drinking episode (0.14 g/dL) versus LD (0.02 g/dL), with HD intermediate (0.10 g/dL). Relative to LD, MS-AUD and HD endorsed greater positive effects of alcohol (stimulation, liking, and wanting). This study is the first to use HR-EMA to measure and compare real-world acute alcohol responses across diverse drinker subgroups, including persons with MS-AUD. Results demonstrate that risky drinkers experience heightened pleasurable effects measured in real-time during natural-environment alcohol responses. Rather than drinking excessively to eventually achieve desirable subjective effects, risky drinkers show sensitivity to positive alcohol effects throughout a heavy drinking episode.

Acceptability and validity of using the BACtrack skyn wrist-worn transdermal alcohol concentration sensor to capture alcohol use across 28 days under naturalistic conditions - A pilot study.

Wrist-worn transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) sensors have the potential to provide detailed information about day-level features of alcohol use but have rarely been used in field-based research or in early adulthood (i.e., 26-40 years) alcohol users. This pilot study assessed the acceptability, user burden, and validity of using the BACtrack Skyn across 28 days in individuals' natural settings. Adults aged 26-37 (N=11, Mage=31.2, 55% female, 73% non-Hispanic white) participated in a study including retrospective surveys, a 28-day field protocol wearing Skyn and SCRAM sensors and completing ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of alcohol use and duration (daily morning reports and participant-initiated start/stop drinking EMAs), and follow-up interviews. Day-level features of alcohol use extracted from self-reports and/or sensors included drinks consumed, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration (eBAC), drinking duration, peak TAC, area under the curve (AUC), rise rate, and fall rate. Repeated-measures correlations (rrm) tested within-person associations between day-level features of alcohol use from the Skyn versus self-report or the SCRAM. Participants preferred wearing the Skyn over the SCRAM [t (10)=-6.79, p<.001, d=2.74]. Skyn data were available for 5614 (74.2%) out of 7566h, with 20.7% of data lost due to syncing/charging issues and 5.1% lost due to device removal. Skyn agreement for detecting drinking days was 55.5% and 70.3% when compared to self-report and the SCRAM, respectively. Correlations for drinking intensity between self-report and the Skyn were 0.35 for peak TAC, 0.52 for AUC, and 0.30 for eBAC, which were smaller than correlations between self-report and SCRAM, at 0.78 for peak TAC, 0.79 for AUC, and 0.61 for eBAC. Correlations for drinking duration were larger when comparing self-report to the Skyn (rrm=0.36) versus comparing self-report to the SCRAM (rrm=0.31). The Skyn showed moderate-to-large, significant correlations with the SCRAM for peak TAC (rrm=0.54), AUC (rrm=0.80), and drinking duration (rrm=0.63). Our findings support the acceptability and validity of using the Skyn for assessing alcohol use across an extended time frame (i.e., 28 days) in individuals' natural settings, and for providing useful information about day-level features of alcohol use.

Injunctive and descriptive normative feedback for college drinking prevention: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?

Single-component personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions and multicomponent personalized feedback interventions (PFI) have been shown to reduce alcohol consumption among college students. The present study compared the efficacy of PNF interventions targeting descriptive norms alone (descriptive PNF), injunctive norms alone (injunctive PNF), or their combination (combined PNF), against a multicomponent PFI and an attention control condition. Undergraduates (N = 1,137) across two universities who reported a minimum of one past-month episode of heavy episodic drinking (i.e., 4 +/5 + drinks on a single occasion for females/males) completed assessments at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months postintervention. Relative to the attention control, participants in each of the four intervention conditions showed greater reductions in perceived descriptive/injunctive norms, total drinks per week, and alcohol-related consequences. Peak estimated blood alcohol concentration was also reduced in the injunctive PNF, combined PNF, and multicomponent PFI conditions, with the latter two conditions showing an advantage for duration of effects. The multicomponent PFI condition also evidenced greater reductions than the injunctive PNF in descriptive norms at 3-month and injunctive norms at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. No other group comparisons on any outcome were significant. Each intervention has merit for use in college student harm reduction efforts. Single-component or combined PNF could be considered a potential starting point, as PNF is less burdensome than a multicomponent PFI when considering ease and length of delivery. Results can inform optimization of norms-based interventions and guide recommendations on efficacious components for reducing alcohol use and harms on college campuses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol-induced blackouts among college student drinkers: A multilevel analysis

ObjectiveTo identify factors (manner of drinking, combined alcohol and other substance use, physiology) that are associated with alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) over and above estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). MethodsStudents (N = 462, 51.7 % female, 87.7 % White, Mage = 20.1) were assessed across 6 weekends via e-surveys (80–97 % response rate). eBAC was calculated using standard number of drinks, drinking duration, sex, and weight. Three-level multilevel models (days, weeks, persons) were conducted to test for main effects, controlling for eBAC. ResultsProtective behavioral strategies (PBS) were associated with decreased odds of AIBs on the daily (OR = 0.64, 95 % CI: 0.53, 0.77), weekly (OR = 0.84, 95 % CI: 0.72, 0.98), and person-levels (OR = 0.62, 95 % CI: 0.51, 0.74). Combined cannabis with alcohol was associated with increased odds of AIBs on the weekly (OR = 2.13, 95 % CI 1.13, 4.07) and person-levels (OR = 3.56, 95 % CI 1.60, 7.93). People who more frequently played drinking games (OR = 1.41, 95 % CI: 1.12, 1.77), pregamed (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.19, 2.03), and showed higher tolerance (OR = 1.22, 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.37) showed increased risk of AIBs, over and above eBAC levels. ConclusionWe identified a number of daily-, weekly-, and person-level factors that uniquely contribute to the prediction of AIBs even at equivalent eBACs. Many of these factors were behavioral, suggesting that they may serve as malleable prevention targets for AIBs in college student drinkers.

Predictive Factors for the Necessity of Hospitalization of Patients With Acute Alcohol Intoxication.

The aim of the study was to identify factors related to the need for hospitalization due to acute alcohol intoxication. The data of 42 patients with acute alcohol intoxication who visited our hospital from April 1, 2014 to September 30, 2015 were available for analysis. Factors related to outcome included hospitalization or release to home, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation of the peripheral artery (SpO2), and respiratory rate. A retrospective survey was done that included estimated blood alcohol concentration, osmotic pressure, and serum lactate level. The following formula was used to estimate blood alcohol concentration: (measured osmotic pressure - estimated osmotic pressure × 4.6 mg/dL). Univariate analysis of each variable was done for the two outcome groups, hospital admission or release to home, then statistically significant items were subjected to multivariate analysis. Of the 42 patients (average age 22.8 ± 8.6 years, 33 men, six women), 29 were admitted and 13 were released to home. There was a weak correlation between estimated blood alcohol concentration and GCS. There was no significant difference in alcohol concentration or GCS between the hospitalized and released to home groups. In multivariate analysis using the outcome as the objective variable, a serum lactate level of 26 mg/dL or higher was associated with the need for hospitalization (odds ratio: 6.7). A serum lactate level of 26 mg/dL would be useful for deciding if hospitalization is necessary for patients with acute alcohol intoxication.

Real-time and next-morning correlates of subjective alcohol consequence evaluations.

There is considerable variation in how college student drinkers evaluate alcohol-related consequences across time and consequence type. Previous qualitative work suggested that students perceive consequences less negatively under certain circumstances (i.e., higher intoxication, when less time has passed, positive mood, after discussing with friends). The present study sought to confirm these patterns, using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) during drinking episodes paired with retrospective next-day assessments. For 28 days, heavy-drinking college students (n = 90, 50% female) completed self-reports during drinking episodes and the next morning. Measures included alcohol use, subjective intoxication, mood, negative consequences (e.g., being aggressive) and positive consequences (e.g., new friend), and consequence-specific evaluations. Consistent with hypotheses, multilevel models revealed that during drinking events compared to the next morning, average evaluations of negative and positive consequences were less negative and more positive, respectively. During drinking events, neither subjective intoxication nor estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) was associated with positive or negative evaluations. In morning reports, more positive mood was associated with less negative evaluations of negative consequences and more positive evaluations of positive consequences. Next-day discussion with friends was not significantly associated with consequence evaluations. This study is the first to assess subjective consequence evaluations in real time as well as retrospectively, for the same events. Findings continue to support the role of context (timing, mood) on subjective consequence evaluations, and suggest that ecological momentary interventions targeting alcohol consequences and related cognitions might best be delivered the morning after drinking, to capitalize on relatively more negative perceptions of one's drinking experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Drinking context, alcohol use, and subjective responses during binge drinking episodes measured by high-resolution ecological momentary assessment (HR-EMA).

Subjective responses to alcohol play a key role in the development and maintenance of risky drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD). The social and environmental context where drinking occurs may moderate alcohol's subjective effects, but ecologically valid studies of these associations are limited. The present study used high-resolution ecological momentary assessment (HR-EMA) targeting real-world binge drinking episodes to examine associations among drinking context, alcohol consumption, and subjective responses to alcohol. Young adult heavy drinkers (N = 61; 57% male) completed two smartphone-based, 3-hr HR-EMA of drinking context (social context and location), alcohol use, and subjective responses (alcohol stimulation, sedation, feeling, liking, and wanting more). Analyses examined the associations between drinking context and subjective alcohol responses, accounting for demographic characteristics and individual differences in alcohol consumption. Most (85%) participants reported binge drinking during real-world drinking events. Estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) and alcohol stimulation and reward (liking, wanting) were greater when participants drank with others (vs. alone) and in a bar/restaurant (vs. other location). Sedation was higher when drinking alone versus with others. The present study extends prior laboratory-based research and shows that subjective responses during naturalistic binge drinking episodes may be influenced by drinking context. Drinking with others and in bars and restaurants may increase alcohol consumption, enhance alcohol's rewarding effects, and lead to more alcohol-related harm in at-risk drinkers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

College Women, Sex, and Drinking: Examining the Impact of Pre-sex Alcohol Consumption in Consensual Sexual Encounters

ABSTRACT Introduction College is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation for many emerging adults. Sex and alcohol use frequently co-occur on college campuses. Research and theory predict that alcohol catalyzes sexual responding and enjoyment, despite evidence linking alcohol with negative sexual outcomes. Because of this apparent paradox, research examining different facets of post-drinking sexuality continues to warrant attention. Objective The purpose of this study is to examine whether alcohol-involved sexual encounters differ from non-alcohol-involved ones in terms of sexual distress, sexual functioning, and sex-related consequences. Methods First- and second-year college women (N = 389) were enrolled in a longitudinal study on college women's alcohol use and sexual health. Inclusion criteria included having sex with a man and drinking alcohol in the 3 months prior to study enrollment. Study participation entailed the completion of a baseline survey and follow-up surveys at 6 and 12 weeks. At each timepoint, participants answered event-specific questions regarding their most recent sexual encounter. Participants who reported at least one sexual encounter over the course of the study (n = 351) were included in analyses. Participants completed measures of sexual distress and sexual consequences. Sexual functioning and satisfaction were measured using the Monash Female Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire. Estimated blood alcohol concentration (e-BAC) at the time of the sexual encounter was also calculated. Results Across the study, participants reported 758 unique sexual encounters, ranging from 1-3 events per participant (M = 2.16, SD = .84). Alcohol was consumed in 429 (57%) of the sexual encounters reported. Most encounters took place with a partner with whom the participant had sex previously (83%) and with a boyfriend (62%). Encounters that were preceded by alcohol consumption were more likely to be with a new partner, X2(1, N=745) = 17.68, p &amp;lt; .001, or non-boyfriend, X2(1, N=737) = 57.98, p &amp;lt; .001. Most encounters (86%) included receptive vaginal or anal penetration. Among those who drank prior to the sexual encounter, e-BAC ranged from .00 to .27% (M = .06, SD = .06). Alcohol-involved sexual encounters led to fewer positive sexual consequences, t(692) = 2.54, p = .003 and with higher sexual distress, t(720) = .689, p = .012. There was a trend toward more negative sexual consequences (e.g. concern about STIs, unwanted pregnancy, worsened mood) following alcohol-involved encounters, t(660) = -1.37, p = .044, though this difference is not significant following Bonferroni correction (α = .013). There were no significant differences in overall sexual functioning. Conclusions Sex under the influence of alcohol is common among college women and is associated with more distress and fewer positive consequences than sober sexual encounters. Women who drink prior to sex may do so for a variety of reasons, including to enhance sexual pleasure or to cope with distress or anxiety around sex. Sexual health professionals are encouraged to query patients about their alcohol use, particularly in sexual contexts, and to provide psychoeducation and alternative strategies to enhance sexual experiences without alcohol. Disclosure No

Heavy Drinking among High School Student Athletes and Non-Athletes: Do Differences Emerge as Early as the Ninth Grade?

Background: High school athletes have been identified as a high-risk group for heavy drinking. Little is known, however, about the timing of when student athlete heavy drinking begins to diverge from that of non-athletes. Objectives: The aim of the current study is to examine differences in changes in heavy drinking among ninth grade student athletes and non-athletes across the academic year. We hypothesized that student athletes would report greater increases in heavy drinking compared to non-athletes from fall to spring semester. Methods: Ninth grade students (N = 217) aged 13 to 15 completed questionnaires on heavy drinking indices, quantity of peak drinking, frequency of binge drinking, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) during the fall and spring semesters. Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, student athletes reported significantly greater increases in heavy drinking compared to non-athletes from fall to spring semester. Additionally, there was a significant increase in all three indices of heavy drinking for student athletes, whereas there were no significant changes for non-athletes. Conclusions: Results demonstrate divergence in the quantity and frequency of heavy drinking between student athletes and non-athletes during the ninth grade. These findings indicate the optimal timing of preventive intervention programs may be different for student athletes and non-athletes. Results also suggest that preventive intervention program targeting heavy drinking should be implemented for high school student athletes as early as the fall semester of the ninth grade when students are transitioning to high school.

Naltrexone moderates the association of alcohol use and affect among adolescent drinkers in daily life.

Naltrexone is an efficacious medication for the treatment of alcohol use disorder in adults. As an opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone blocks activation of the endogenous opioid system, which is involved in the affectively reinforcing properties of substance use. Few studies, however, have examined the moderating effect of naltrexone on the association between affect and alcohol use. Additionally, most existing research on naltrexone has been with adults in the human laboratory. We conducted a secondary analysis of ecological momentary assessment data from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study that compared naltrexone (50mg/daily) and placebo in 26 adolescents (15 to 19years old) who exhibited problematic drinking patterns. Multilevel models tested whether naltrexone moderated associations of alcohol use with both positive and negative affect (PA, NA). Results indicated that, during naltrexone treatment, greater estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) levels were associated with greater NA further into drinking episodes. In turn, greater NA after the first drink of an episode was associated with reduced subsequent eBAC values during naltrexone treatment. Low PA was also associated with lower subsequent eBAC levels in the naltrexone condition after the first drink. These findings support the idea that naltrexone can disrupt the association between affect and alcohol use, effects that emerge later in drinking episodes. Greater attention to the effects of naltrexone on affect and reinforcement may help to tailor psychotherapy to maximize the benefits of naltrexone. However, in the present study, as most drink reports were in the first 2h of the drinking episode and participants reported affect only at the first three end-drink reports of a drinking episode (limiting the number of drinks reported), we had reduced power to detect effects in the continuation phase. Thus, replication of the findings is needed using a design that assesses the impact of naltrexone across the entire episode.

Co-use of medication and alcohol: The influence on subjective effects of intoxication and affect.

Co-use of alcohol and medication can have serious negative health effects (e.g., overdose risk, liver damage). Research has primarily focused on older adults or the pharmacokinetics of specific medication-alcohol combinations. Little work has focused on the subjective experience of persons who take alcohol-interactive (AI) medications and also drink alcohol, particularly in psychiatric samples at high risk for problematic alcohol use and high rates of prescription medication use, such as individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Data from a larger ecological momentary assessment study of alcohol use in 52 persons diagnosed with BPD (83% women; Mage = 26 years) were used to examine the influence of alcohol intoxication (i.e., estimated blood alcohol concentration [eBAC]) and medication co-use on momentary subjective experience while drinking. Participants reported AI medication use at baseline and completed multiple ecological momentary assessment reports per day over 21 days, which included reports of alcohol use, subjective effects of alcohol (e.g., pleasure, feeling worse), and negative and positive affect. AI medications significantly moderated the association between eBAC and pleasurable effects of alcohol, such that at higher levels of eBAC, those taking AI medications experienced blunted subjective pleasure compared with those not taking AI medications. AI medications did not moderate the associations between eBAC and subjective relief, feeling worse, positive affect, or negative affect. Attenuated pleasure during drinking could lead to increased drinking in an attempt to achieve a desirable state among individuals who co-use psychiatric medications and alcohol, and therefore may represent a useful target for prevention and intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

How Are All Drinking Occasions, Intoxication Occasions, and All Alcohol Consumed Distributed Across Different Drinking Occasion Types? A Typology of Drinking Occasions in Finland

To understand the contexts and characteristics of drinking occasions, we typologized drinking occasions and examined how different aspects of drinking vary in them and what part of population-level drinking and intoxication occasions each covers. A Finnish general population survey in 2016 (n = 2,285) with event-level data on drinking occasions (n = 6,697) was used. Occasion types were identified by latent class analysis. The characteristics of the drinking occasions were location, purpose, company, timing, duration, the amounts and beverages drunk, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). Eight drinking occasion classes were identified. The three most common ones were all light drinking occasions at home, with the company varying. Five of the eight types were about socializing with people beyond the family. The heaviest drinking occasion type, "big party nights," had an average eBAC of .12%, which seemed to be connected to the long duration of these occasions. The most important contributors to total population-level intoxication occasions were "big party nights" and "at home with the family" occasions (accounting for 30% and 20%, respectively). In terms of contributions to the population's total alcohol consumption, the order of these classes was reversed (19% and 26%, respectively). Drinking at home with no visitors covered 40% of all the alcohol drunk in Finland. Different types of occasions varied little in beverage type composition. For acute harm, "big party nights" are important to consider because of the prevalence of intoxication, whereas for chronic harm, drinking at home without visitors is even more important to consider.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the eCHECKUP to GO for High School Seniors across the Academic Year

Background Among high school students, seniors report the highest levels of alcohol use and hazardous drinking. Technology-based interventions are a promising approach for reducing alcohol use among this age group. Objectives: This randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of the eCHECKUP TO GO, an online personalized feedback intervention, on reducing alcohol use among high school seniors across the academic year (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03613818). Drinker risk status, with students classified as high- or low-risk drinkers based on baseline reports binge drinking, was examined as a moderator of intervention effects. Method: Participants (N = 311) were recruited from two high schools. Class periods were randomized to the intervention condition or an assessment-only control condition. Participants completed online surveys at baseline, 30-day, and 6-month assessments. Results: Intervention effects were moderated by drinker risk status. Among high-risk drinkers, those in the intervention condition reported a significant reduction in weekly drinking quantity and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) at the 30-day follow-up relative to students in the control condition. By 6 months, reductions in alcohol outcomes among high-risk students in the intervention condition were sustained, but high-risk students in the control condition also reported reductions in weekly drinking. In contrast, for eBAC, intervention effects were significantly greater among students in the intervention condition relative to the control condition at 6 months. Conclusions: Results support the efficacy of the eCHECKUP TO GO for decreasing short-term alcohol use among seniors who are high-risk drinkers and provide preliminary evidence that reductions are sustained across the academic year.