Esterification Of Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Bio Diesel as the Next Generation Sustainable Fuel-an Overview

Demand of petroleum based fuels is increasing and contrary to that the fossil fuels are depleting. India being a developing country, with multi fold increase in population needs more energy resources. The vegetable oils, edible and non edible, have promised an opportunity to utilize them as an alternative source as a fuel in place of diesel.Edible oil being costly, researchers have given more emphasis on non-edible oils and investigation was done after proper experimentation in IC engines. Major problems associated with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, chocking of nozzles, engine compatibility, higher engine wear and high price of bio diesel, cold start problem, lower energy content, higher copper strip corrosion etc. Esterification of vegetable oils and their conversion to bio-diesels have opened a new opportunity to experiment and know the performance in the existing CI engines with no modifications.

Selectivity of the New Catalyst ZnO-MCM-48-CaO in Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil

The synthesis of MCM-48 containing surfactants (CTAB and Triton X-100), ZnO, and CaO aimed to find a potential heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum oil to biodiesel. This research is important in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils with more than 2% free fatty acids (FFA), such as Calophyllum inophyllum oil using heterogeneous catalysts. Synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts, MCM-48 and ZnO-MCM-48-CaO (ZMC), using the hydrothermal method at various calcination temperatures was conducted to find the optimum calcination temperature for the reaction. The activity of the catalyst in the reaction was determined using acid-base titration methods and GC-MS. The MCM-48 catalyst calcined at 650 °C (MCM-48/650) had a catalytic activity of 35.74% and was selective for converting linoleic acid in Calophyllum inophyllum oil to biodiesel. In addition, this catalyst was also capable of cracking the compounds contained in Calophyllum inophyllum oil into suitable hydrocarbons for biodiesel. In the esterification of vegetable oils, four heterogeneous catalysts (MCM-48/550, ZMC/550, ZMC/650, and ZMC/750) had the potential to replace conventional catalysts (H2SO4), particularly in the generation of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil.

Production of Biodegradable Sulfonated Methyl Ester by a Falling Film Reactor for ASP Flooding in EOR

Petroleum production can be improved through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods such as chemical injection. This study focused on sulfonation of methyl ester using SO3 dissolved in oleum compounds (H2SO4.SO3) in a mini-pilot falling film reactor at 70 °C and its application for chemical EOR with ASP flooding. The reactor was equipped with cooling water to facilitate heat transfer in view of the highly exothermic reaction. Biodegradable methyl ester sulfonate, a biosurfactant, was produced from esterification of vegetable oils, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil. The MES products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared testing, which showed S=O and -OH groups peaks, indicating that sulfonation had occurred. The IFT test data showed that the MES from CNO produced the lowest IFT values for light oil and heavy oil, equal to 11.4 mN/m and 10.3 mN/m, respectively. The effect of the MES concentration on the phase behavior was an increase of the IFT value before being applied in ASP flooding, and a decrease after reaching the optimum condition. The EOR core flooding test with the formulated ASP resulted in original oil in place (OOIP) percentages in the range of 12 to 23.5%. The highest acquisition was 23.53% OOIP for an ASP composition of 200 ppm, 0.5%wt, 2800 ppm, respectively.

Performance and emission analysis of high purity biodiesel blends in diesel engine

Biodiesel, a biodegradable, highly oxygenated and renewable energy resource, is produced by esterification of vegetable oils. This work focuses on using electrolytic separation and emulsification to produce purer biodiesel having high cetane index of 61.4. Vegetable oil mixture is used as feedstock. Maximum production yield is 84%. The decrease in engine peak torque was minimum for B5 at 1.94% while maximum decrease was for B20. B5 show a slight increase in power while B20 and B50 show significant drop. For all test speeds, B50 shows higher efficiency than all test fuels however the BSFC was significantly higher than diesel until 88.8% of the maximum engine speed. The maximum increase in brake thermal efficiency for B5 is found to be 2.09% which is 7.9% more than diesel at 2000 rpm. A significant increase of maximum 3.719% in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is observed. Maximum reduction in CO emissions is 53.3% for B50 at 2250 rpm accompanied with a maximum average drop in HCs of 74.4%. The variation in the NOx is insignificant. B5 is found to be the most effective blend for both maintaining the engine performance and improving the engine emissions.

Effect of Variation of Catalyst Concentration in the Producing of Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil using Induction Heater

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines produced by transesterification and esterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with short-chain alcohols such as methanol. The reaction requires a catalyst, which is generally a strong base, thus producing a new chemical compound called methyl ester. One of the most common sources of biodiesel feedstock is CPO (Crude Palm Oil). CPO production in Indonesia is very high at 30.2 million tons in 2016, but CPO prices are low. Biodiesel can be produced using conventional methods, this method is less efficient because of its very slow and inefficient heating resulting from the transfer of energy to materials that depend on the convection currents and the thermal conductivity of the reaction mixture) which causes researchers to use new methods of producing Biodiesel, that is by using induction heating method. An induction heater is a technology that has been applied both in industry and households. The weight of the catalyst used uses variations of 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 %. The analysis showed that for optimal catalyst weight of 1.4%, yield biodiesel of 83.94%, density of 0.875 gr/cm3, the viscosity of 5.78 cSt, and flash point >100 oC. The use of 1.4% catalyst concentration produced biodiesel product that has a high yield and according to SNI 7128: 2015

Technical and economic analysis of using biomass energy

In the first part of the article were presented the technical possibilities of obtaining solid biomass, biogas, landfill gas, a biogas from wastewater treatment plants, bioethanol and biodiesel. Then processes was described, allowing use of energy from biomass. As first was discussed the incineration which includes drying and degassing of the wood materials, wood gas burning at 1200°C, post-combustion gas and heat transfer in the heat exchanger. Then had been described gasification, or thermochemical conversion process, occurring at high temperature. It is two-stage process. In the first chamber at deficiency of air and at relatively low temperatures (450–800°C), the fuel is being degasified, resulting in creating combustible gas and a mineral residue (charcoal). In the second stage, secondary combustion chamber and at a temperature of about 1000–1200°C and in the presence of excess of oxygen resultant gas is burned. A further process is pyrolysis. It consists of the steps of drying fuel to a moisture level below 10%, milling the biomass into very small particles, the pyrolysis reaction, separation of solid products, cooling and collecting bio-oil. Then discusses co-generation, which is combined production of heat and electricity. In this situation where the biomass contains too much water it can be used for energy purposes through biochemical processes. The alcoholic fermentation results in decomposition of carbohydrates taking place under anaerobic conditions, and the product is bioethanol. Another biochemical process used for the production of liquid biofuels is esterification of vegetable oils. Methane fermentation in turn causes a decomposition of macromolecular organic substances with limited oxygen available. As a result, we obtain alcohols, lower organic acids, methane, carbon dioxide and water. There was analysis of economic increasing of solid biomass energy, biogas and liquid biofuels in the following article.

Studies on carcinogenic PAHs emission generated by vehicles and its correlation to fuel and engine types

Abstract The objective of this study was to find major PAHs produced in ambient air from the automobile exhaust as a function of fuels (diesel, petrol, and biodiesel) and engine type qualitatively and quantitatively. The recovery range was found between 30% and 70%. The study was carried out on two, three, and four wheelers. Biodiesel samples tested in the study were synthesized indigenously from different starting raw materials and analyzed for PAHs concentration in the exhaust on a Honda genset (EBK 2000AC Model). Biodiesel samples were blended with diesel in different ratio (25:75, 35:65 and 45:55) to investigate the exhaust behavior. Biodiesel was blended with Diesel the concentration of almost all PAHs reduces in comparison to pure Diesel exhaust. B(a)A and B(a) P was the common PAH found in higher concentration in almost all fuels. FTIR results indicate esterification of vegetable oil and NMR results indicate a complete conversion of oils into biodiesel.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK NANOKOMPOSIT ZNO/Fe2O3 YANG DIBUAT MENGGUNAKAN FLAME SPRAY PYROLISIS DENGAN VARIASI LAJU ALIR GAS PEMBAWA

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Biodiesel is a very potential alternative energy resources. Producing of Biodiesel was much carried out using homogeneous catalytic esterification of vegetable oil and alcohol. These proces had many disanvantages. ZnO as a transesterification catalyst has given high yield. To improve the catalytic performance, the surface area per mas of catalyst must be increased by decreasing the size of particle. To ease the separation between product and catalyst, the magnetic behaviour should be added to the catalyst. The aim of the research were to obtain nanocomposite ZnO/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and determine physical characteristic as well as catalytic and separation performance. Nanocomposite ZnO/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis method. Assisted by carrier air precursor solution of Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> was nebulized and flowed to the inner tube of the burner. Nebulasation was carried out by varying carrier gas flow rate but at constant rateof nebulization. LPG gas dan oxidant air were flowed to the inner annulus and outer annulus, respectively. The solid produced was separated from gas by particle filter. The solid particle was then examined by XRD , FE-SEM and BET as wel as catalytic performance. The result showed that the crystalinity of samples decreased by increasing the carrier gas flow rate. The particle size was not influenced by carrier gas flow rate and the size were dominantly between 50-100 nm. A part of particle was flowerlike particle. The specific surface area of particle was not inflenced by carrier gas flow rate and its value was 50.5 m<sup>2</sup>/gram.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em> : Tran-esterification, nanocomposite ZnO/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, flame spray pyrolysis, carrier gas, particle size, particle morphology, specific surface area </em></p>