Estate System Research Articles

Russia’s Autocratic Resilience and the Sources of Political Change: Lankina’s Estate Origins

In Estate Origins, Tomila Lankina sheds new light on the logic of persistence and resilience in the Russian social structure that shapes political possibilities in Russia to the present day. It is a wonderful and rewarding read on the historical origins of social requisites of democracy, such as greater civic activism and more pluralistic political competition. To understand variation in attitudinal and behavioral support for democracy in contemporary Russia, according to Lankina, we must go back to tsarist Russia’s estate institutions. A set of institutions that codified the rights and privileges of different social groups, the estates system created incentives for an eclectic and growing stratum of urban dwellers known as meshchane to invest in education while simultaneously fostering the creation of institutional “infrastructures”—professions, educational institutions, charitable, civic, and local governance bodies—that retained during the communist period a degree of autonomy vis-à-vis the state. This, Lankina argues, allowed the meshchane’s distinct value orientations to persist over time.

Blockchain for real estate provenance: an infrastructural step toward secure transactions in real estate E-Business

AbstractIn the rapidly evolving digital era, the growing trend of conducting real estate e-business transactions through online platforms has led to escalated challenges in ensuring transactional security and trust. These challenges underscore the importance of balancing transparency with data privacy and enhancing accountability in this field. As an extension of our previously published work (Abualhamayl AJ, Almalki MA, Al-Doghman F, Alyoubi AA, Hussain FK (2023) Towards fractional NFTs for joint ownership and provenance in real estate. In: 2023 IEEE international conference on e-business engineering (ICEBE), p. 143–8. 10.1109/ICEBE59045.2023.00022.), this paper introduces the Global Real Estate Platform (GREP), a novel hybrid blockchain system that utilizes real estate provenance to establish a secure and trustworthy environment for real estate e-business, specifically focusing on two key challenges: ensuring data authenticity and effectively managing access rights. Integral to GREP's design is the involvement of government entities, which is essential for maintaining the required balance between transparency, privacy, and high levels of accountability. This proposed framework is explained conceptually and demonstrated practically, offering an innovative perspective on the integration of hybrid blockchain technology in the real estate system. Furthermore, our research encompasses a detailed implementation, using various tools, and an in-depth examination of three use cases. This combined analysis effectively demonstrates GREP's efficacy in addressing the targeted challenges in the field. While acknowledging the system's limitations, including challenges in user adoption and performance variability under different network conditions, our findings open new avenues for further exploration, such as landlords' payment histories and utility bills, and using blockchain as a secondary user identifier. These features collectively highlight the transformative potential of blockchain technology in real estate e-business.

Airbnb como urbanismo de plataforma: aspectos gerais e caminhos para uma abordagem multiescalar

This article presents aspects highlighted in scientific studies on Airbnb as an expression of “platform urbanism” and indicates processes that can be observed in socio-spatial and economic dynamics stimulated by short-term rentals worldwide, aiming to formulate paths for a multi-scalar investigation. To achieve this, the article is divided into three parts. In the first part, we analyze studies on Airbnb encompassing the concept of platform urbanism and indicating the main aspects they point out. In the second part, events related to Airbnb activities in five countries (United States, Mexico, Canada, Japan, and China) are presented, gathered from newspaper news. And in the third part, four processes related to these events are listed: the complexification of the real estate system; new flows defined by digital nomadism; new arrangements in the private sector; and the expansion of vacation rental companies according to pre-existing political and economic logics.

Sources and Mechanisms of Persisting Social Inequality in Russia: Attending to the Blind Spot

An original, empirically rich, and analytically multilayered and provocative statement by Tomila Lankina, The Estate Origins of Democracy in Russia (2022) is a meticulous work of sociology focused on the exploration and elaboration of social mechanisms of resilience in a transforming polity and society. It is also an attempt to link the past, the 19th-century reform of the estate system in Russia, to the present, Russia’s failed democratization, by arguing that the social basis for democracy in postcommunist Russia was associated with the thin stratum of the more privileged, educated, and politically engaged members of the middle class who were able to build on the intergenerational capital and became “the silent custodian of institutions and values that nurtured the democratic promise of post-communism” (391). As such, it is a passionate statement against Soviet historiography that has been influential in shaping the mainstream Western understanding about the socially transformative nature of communism. The book goes against the received wisdom about the degree to which the Soviet society has been modernized and transformed through communist experience: “the narratives of grand revolutionary rupture,” as Lankina phrases it (394). Excavating specific family histories, Lankina shines light “on the ‘tectonic’ layers of skills, values, and occupational complexity” that underlay wealth-supporting strategies along with the pursuit of better education and the acquisition of better-paid jobs in the Soviet Union. The already privileged social groups—the urban and rural meshchane—were better “connected, networked and engaged” and therefore better-equipped “with the skills, tools, and capital” (393). The Soviet regime reincorporated these privileged professional groups into an elite layer (prosloyka) of the Soviet society, commonly known as Soviet intelligentsia.

Most Orthodox Empire?


 
 
 This article explores a specific case of premodern social thought, the Middle Persian Zoroastrian system of estates, MP pēšagān, sg . pēšag, which originated in Sasanian Iran, and its link to the social position of priests in the empire. It is argued that Zoroastrian religious experts tried to impose a totalizing system of social organization and heuristic possibility in a situation characterized by competition for resources in a tributary society. Against a widely held belief, it will be shown that this system was only loosely based on an Avestan predecessor—an observation that should caution against broader attempts to project Middle Persian concepts onto the Avesta and vice versa. The findings also contribute to our understanding of the relationship between the Sasanians and the Zoroastrian tradition.
 
 

In Search of Harmony: The Idea of Social Harmony in the Writings of Early Socialists

The problems of the history of socialist ideas, their origin and possible role in nowadays became the subject of scholar interest again. The problem of the social arrangement becomes more acute today than ever. Descriptions and even attempts to construct a harmonious society appeared many centuries ago. Two revolutions The Great French Revolution and the industrial revolution annihilated the ideological basis of previous times pushing forward the class structure instead of medieval system of estates. The first ones who found out the signs of order, not complete chaos, were early socialists A. Saint-Simon, S. Fourier, and R. Owen. This research is devoted to the comparison of approaches to the idea of social harmony of Saint-Simonists and Owenists. The main research method used is political-textual analysis. The conclusion of present study confirms that Saint-Simon and Owen being on the same side, followed different ways leading to harmonious state. However, their projects were united by a common radical idea - the complete reorganization of society, first - the system of classes and estates.

The real estate time-stamping and registration system based on Ethereum blockchain

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in real estate investments that utilize blockchain technology. Traditional real estate investments usually involve third-party intermediaries for verifying and recording informal real estate transactions. This paper proposes a blockchain-based real estate investment model and presents a detailed description of the real estate register authentication aspect of the model. The model uses blockchain technology to create tamper-evident records of real estate transactions and provide secure authentication and verification for informal real estate transactions. Meanwhile, each real estate transaction is recorded in a block, and all transaction records are kept on the blockchain. This means that inventors can access these transaction records and verify their authenticity and validity. The system can also use smart contracts to automate the process of real estate transactions, which further improves transaction efficiency and reduces costs. Furthermore, the model's timestamp and authentication mechanism can eliminate third-party intermediaries and ensure the authenticity and validity of real estate transactions through distributed ledgers and verification mechanisms. Overall, blockchain-based real estate systems offer advantages of security, transparency, efficiency, and cost reduction. With ongoing blockchain advancements, these systems are expected to play a crucial role in future real estate investment transactions.

Real Estate Management System

The Aim of this project is to develop a real estate web application using JAVA and SQL. The real estate system give the functionality for buyers, allowing them to search for houses by features or address. It provides functionality for the seller, authorize them to log into the system and add new advertisements or delete existing ones. For this each user is provided a login account with login ID and password. It describes the design and implementation of a real estate management system that aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of managing real estate properties. The system is designed to automate various tasks such as property listings, tenant screening, lease management, maintenance tracking, and financial reporting. The system is built on a architecture to enable easy access and scalability. KeyWord: Spatial Database, Information Visualization, Real Estate Information.

Coping with uncertainties: challenges for decision makers in healthcare

Purpose Health care organizations’ decision-making for the future relies on anticipating changes. Reliable predictions are becoming increasingly difficult, creating anxiety and requires long-term adaptive planning to cope with unforeseen circumstances. The purpose of this study is to gain insights into the awareness of uncertainties that decision makers in healthcare have, particularly when making long-term investments. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study with an explorative purpose. The data were collected through semi-structured and open interviews with board members of long-term care organizations. Findings The study revealed that respondents are most uncertain about the future financing of their real estate system. Another concern revealed is about the shortage of care professionals combined with an increasing demand for future care. Despite most decision makers do recognize uncertainties during the decision-making process, decision makers hardly address the level of these uncertainties. Although this study did find that some decision makers are aware of deep uncertainties, in terms of “unknown unknowns,” they have no actual approaches for dealing with such situations. Originality/value Decision makers at healthcare organizations are uncertain as to their ability to anticipate technological, economic, social and political developments, as well as predict future healthcare system transformations. Some decision makers are aware of deep uncertainties, in terms of “unknown unknowns” and “unidentified unknowns,” but they lack an actual approach to deal with such situations. This study examines how strategies adapt to unforeseen developments or how to deal with deep uncertainties in healthcare as complex adaptive system.

Synergistic evolution of resilience and efficiency in the real estate industry: evidence from 35 large and medium-sized cities in China

ABSTRACT This study measures the resilience and efficiency of the real estate industry in 35 large and medium-sized cities in China through the core variable method and the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency. The Haken model identifies the advantages of synergistic evolutionary states between systems and describes the synergistic evolution of resilience and efficiency in the real estate industry. The results show that (1) the evolution of the synergy in the real estate industry can be divided into three major cycles caused by the alternating effects of resilience and efficiency; (2) there are significant spatial and temporal differences in the evolution of the synergy between real estate resilience and efficiency, with the distribution of the synergy values being highly polarized; and (3) policy regulations tend to have short-term direct effects on the resilience of the real estate system, while for efficiency, the effects tend to be long-term and result in cross-cycle adjustments. This study enriches the literature on the robust and sustainable development of the real estate industry.

Decentralized Web Application for Real Estate Property Transaction using Blockchain and Smart Contract Technology

Real Estate is a wide area consisting of a physical piece of land and the developments on it such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructures. Real Estate can be classified based on the purpose of usage of the property i.e. Residential, Commercial, or Industrial. Since longtime real estate is considered the most secure investment for good returns. But several issues arise in the field of property transactions which are based on the trust that the buyer or seller has in a third-party middleman/broker as well as frauds, inaccurate market statistics, time-consuming processes as well as high processing fees charged by the middlemen/broker. To provide a solution problem a decentralized web application for real estate transactions is proposed in the project. To attain the solution, in this project we propose to design and develop a decentralized web application using blockchain and smart contract technology that avails property buyers and sellers to interact with the help of a private Ethereum network and deploy smart contracts which create a precise and transparent digital property transaction process. This results in the advantages over traditional real estate systems by neglecting the requirement of non-trusted third-party entities, reducing transaction processes as well as transaction costs.

Regéci uradalom irányítása a 17. században

Veres, Tünde: The management of the Regéc estate in the 17th century We can consider the 17th century as the period of development of the allodium and large estate system. This was the result of a long process that meant change in the life of an estate not only in economic sense, but it brought along the necessary change of the administrative system and its modernization too. While the economic role of the castles had been significant in the previous centuries, this indicates which role had mainly meant the leading of manorial yield. This system has come to an end gradually and a separation can be observed between the military and economic management by the 17th century. This decentralization and the gradual extension of the large estate system demanded a more divided, thus more professional economic apparatus. We can be faced with similar changes in the case of an estate in Regéc. The case of this demesne is interesting and the reason for this is that three eras can be distinguished during the time of the Rákóczi family’s possession – 1646–1685: date of the Rákóczi family’s possession; 1686–1691: the period of the Chamber of Szepes’s management, Kollonich’s and Klobusiczky’s guardianship, 1692–1711: Francis II Rákóczi is the owner –, and these three eras left an impression, and were based on each other. The most significant period is the second one, when Francis Klobusiczky kept an eye on the untroubled functioning of the Rákóczis’ whole estate-complex, but the provisor was the one who carried out the direct economic leading on the level of single estates. However, it would be an inaccurate and sim plified statement emphasizing only the role of provisor from this point of view, as the management of an estate was carried out within a government system built in ahierarchical way. In this complex system the duty of the employees, working on different levels, was the operation and maintenance of the former Rákóczi demesne. The aim of the study is to explore the government system and its working mechanism in the estate of Regéc based on the assignment and duty of the officials at the end of the 17th century. Since those persons who work in that employment have a significant position in the estate of Regéc, it is essential to study those kinds of conventions and accounts that are in connection with them. Therefore, the research of these mentioned documents constitutes the other focal point of this study.

Despotism or Enlightened Absolutism? Towards the Image of Russia in the Work of Abbé Raynal “Histoire des Deux Indes”

The article reveals the image of Russia in the work of Abbé Raynal “Histoire des deux Indes”. The subject of this study based on the imperial theory thesis in the Enlightened France recorded in the parts of the “Histoire des deux Indes” devoted to Russia. French philosophers criticized the empires activities destroyed indigenous peoples and sold people into slavery. When they discovered Russia, they began to compare it with the already studied and familiar models: prevailed in Russia estate system with the colonial one, and the serf peasant with the slaves exploited in the colonies, i.e. they operated with categories familiar to them. The article was written within the framework of the new imperial history. We will look at the image of Russia in of Abbé Raynal’s work based on such categories of analysis as state policy, population, trade and suggestions for improvement. We will argue that the image of Russia was similar to the eastern despotic states, as well as that there no need for the Russian state to export foreign state models.

Austrianvineyards.com – the world’s first nationwide information and presentation system of all wine estates

Abstract. The origin of wine is of crucial importance in the wine industry. It is an essential part of quality and is generally closely associated with the terroir of a wine. The smaller/specific the origin, the higher the attributed quality. Austria is the first country to summarise all its wine origins from the national level down to the vineyard level in a uniform way and make them available.Austrianvineyards.com is a project that is conceptually designed and developed by the University of Vienna, Department of Geography and Regional Research in cooperation with the plan+land agency. As part of an applied research and development project commissioned by the Austrian Wine Marketing Board (ÖWM), the data on all Austrian wine estates were standardised and then cartographically visualised.The project has a high scientific development component. In the sense of a scientifically qualitative and sustainable implementation of the project goals, research focal points were defined within the framework of the project. These included topics of efficient data management of wine-relevant (geo) information, development of adapted cartographic visualisation methods as well as concepts for user-oriented communication and presentation of the contents.The implementation should do justice to the "image of excellence" of the Austrian wine industry and be considered "state of the art" worldwide. Austrianvineyards.com is the first platform to offer digital (geo) information on nationwide vineyards based on legal cadastral data.Austrianvineyards.com builds on the three pillars of geo-design, geo-standardisation and geo-communication, aiming at an intuitive and comparable presentation through user-optimised and aesthetically pleasing map representations in the field of UI and UX design. In addition to the digital format, new printed vineyard maps of all Austrian wine-growing regions were cartographically designed and implemented.

“The Grace of God and Virtue of Obedience”: The Archaeology of Slavery and the Jesuit Hacienda Systems of Nasca, Peru, 1619–1767

Abstract Multi-scalar archaeological exploration offers new insights for understanding Jesuit estate systems and the slavery they depended on for agroindustrial production. Since 2009, ethnohistorical and archaeological research on two haciendas, San Joseph and San Francisco Xavier de la Nasca, in south coastal Peru’s Ingenio Valley, has illuminated the Jesuit institutions of slavery and the hacienda in colonial Peru. Belonging to two distinct Jesuit institutions, the estates supported schools in Cuzco and Lima, respectively. Since acquiring their first properties in Nasca in 1619, both colleges grew their haciendas by absorbing neighboring fields and noncontiguous lands throughout the region, becoming the largest, most profitable vineyards in the viceroyalty by the time of the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Spanish empire in 1767. Both hacienda administrations took similar approaches to property management and the large enslaved population that worked them, negotiating the cosmopolitanism of the communities and balancing obligations for evangelization and Christian discipline with the demands for agroindustrial production.

Representatives in a Changing World : Characteristics of Urban Advocacy at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The Kingdom of Hungary had a strong system of estates within the Habsburg Monarchy, and this exerted a significant influence on the positions of free royal cities. The free royal cities enjoyed a large degree of internal autonomy until roughly the end of the seventeenth century, with little oversight or interference by the larger state. Since 1526, the cities had been members of the estates which had taken part in the Diets (the parliaments which could be regarded as the early modern form of the Hungarian), though they had played a minor role in comparison to the counties. In the last third of the seventeenth century, the system of estates underwent significant changes. The royal state came to exert more control, and in the free royal cities, the central administration began to play a stronger role as a force for oversight. The interests of the state administration now played an important role in the selection of the city’s leaders. The delegates who represented the cities in the Diets were also chosen according to these considerations. The local bodies of state administration were given major say in the selection of the representatives. As a consequence of this, delegates began to be chosen who were from different social backgrounds, including people who had different places within the system of the estates. While earlier, the individuals who had been sent to take part in the Diets had been members of the Lutheran bourgeois elite, from roughly the late seventeenth century onwards, members of the nobility living in the cities began to play an increasingly influential role. Many of the delegates from the city of Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) who will be discussed in the analysis below came from families of non-noble origins which, however, had been granted nobility as a reward for the services they had performed in the chamber administration. The career paths for members of these families led either to administrative bodies in the city or back into state administration.

Переформатирование геополитического пространства и институциональные трансформации (на примере Балтийского региона)

This article adopts the historical neo-institutional approach to analyse the dissolution of the Livonian Confederation and the ensuing reshaping of the Baltic region in the 16th-19th centuries. These historical events are employed to describe the post-bifurcation incorporation of a society in a different social system. Several inclusion models are identified. The centralised model suggests that the incorporated society reproduces the institutions of the incorporating society. Modified institutions are transplanted to the incorporated society within the quasi-centralised model, whilst only selected modified institutions are transferred within the autonomist one. The author analyses the mechanisms playing a part in state mergers and emphasises their dependence on the institutional environment of the incorporating society. For instance, a part of Livonia was incorporated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC) through transplanting PLC institutions, primarily political ones, to the newly acquired territories. To this end, a mechanism was developed to encourage cooperation from the nobility without further stratification. Sweden, however, acted on the autonomist model when incorporating Estland and Livland. Economic, political, and socio-cultural institutions, many of which were of hybrid type, were transplanted, whilst socialisation mechanisms and incentives applied to a wider section of the population. The Russian approach, which had at its core security considerations, combined autonomist elements (establishment of hybrid institutions in the new territories) and centralised components (propagation of Russian imperial institutions). The merger mechanisms included the creation of an Ostsee estate system and incentives for the higher estates coupled with repressions against commoners. Overall, the nature of state mergers and institutional transplantations depends on whether the incorporated territories have had a history of statehood, another significant factor being the degree of similarity between the institutions of the acquired territories and the metropole.

The Influence of the Estate System and Power Relations in the Late Feudal Parliament Seating Plan

“We shape our buildings and then they shape us,” Winston Churchill said when the question of rebuilding Westminster and modifying the interior of the House of Commons came up and he expressed his support for preserving the former system. Thus, according to the prime minister, a seating plan both expresses and determines the character and operation of parliamentarism. In light of this interconnection, in this essay I examine the formal characteristics of the late feudal Diet in Hungary between 1790 and 1848, as well as the power relations of the estates and strivings as they found expression within this system.

Modeling of Real Estate Income Tax: System Dynamics Approach

This study aims to design a model to realize estate income in Tabriz city with due attention to the process. According to the related literature, the variables of tax payment, real estate, tax evasion, investment incentive, rent and estate speculation, and in collection are considered as key variables, affecting the conceptual model of estate system. According to the dynamic systems method, the interaction and relationships between variables are shown by state-flow diagrams based on the literature and experts' opinions. These relationships are finally simulated by Vensim software. The results show that advertisement has a significant effect on the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. Tax transparency has also reduced rents for taxpayers and ultimately reduced evasion and timely in the estimated budget of estate resources and single-occupancy jobs. Scenarios show that lowering the rate in the trading and business market and large corporations and businesses' rental income are strongly influenced by revenues.

Estates and Freedom of Entrepreneurship in Russia in the Late XIX – early XX centuries (on the Example of Industrial Entrepreneurship of the Peasants of the Middle Volga)

Introduction. In the late XIX – early XX centuries Russian business is getting rid of a number of restrictions, due to which the business environment is becoming more and more democratic. The estate determination of entrepreneurial rights and opportunities gradually receded into the past, paving the way for business to the lowest social and legal classes. In this work, an attempt will be made to study the entrepreneurial activity of the Russian peasantry in the late XIX – early XX centuries, which gradually went to new frontiers, overcoming the level of small-scale production and integrating into large business. The main aspect of the study of the selected object of study is associated with the identification of the influence of the remaining class restrictions on the implementation of entrepreneurial aspirations of peasants in the provinces of the Middle Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk and Penza). Methods. To solve the problems posed, elements of several techniques were used, thanks to which the object of study was studied from the perspective of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. In the work, the historical-legal method has been applied, which allowed peasant entrepreneurship to be examined through the prism of the evolution of legislation related to the determination of the socio-economic format of the life of the population in the conditions of the remaining estate system. The use of modernization theory made it possible to integrate the processes under study into the trend of industrial modernization, considering peasant entrepreneurship as its subprocess. Results. The solution of the tasks was carried out on the basis of specific forms of entrepreneurial activity of peasants in the so-called. “Qualifying” industry, which included only enterprises supervised by factory inspections and having reached a certain level of industrial “maturity”. To obtain the actual material, which became the basis for theoretical generalizations, the forms and results of entrepreneurship of peasants in the indicated industry segment in a sectoral context were studied. In addition, a brief analysis of the socio-legal foundations of the development of Russian entrepreneurship was carried out in the prospect of overcoming the class restrictions of peasants in the implementation of their commercial and business aspirations. Discussion and Conclusion. The above examples convincingly show that the peasantry almost on an equal footing with other classes participated in industrial production, which allows us to talk about the transition of the process of establishing freedom of enterprise in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century not only to the plane of legal declarations (de jure), but also to the plane their practical implementation (“de facto”). An analysis of the social composition of the Middle Volga industrialists at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, where the peasantry played a more significant role, shows that business success was already to a much lesser extent related to class privilege. Achieving very significant results in the industrial business, representatives of the rural class no longer showed such decisive aspirations in raising their social status. The process of erasing the class-legal differences in business is indirectly confirmed by the fact that industrial statistics of the beginning of the 20th century are increasingly starting to ignore the factor of class ownership of industrial enterprises.