Establishment Of Diagnostic Reference Levels Research Articles

Techniques and Strategies to Minimize Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT) Abdominal Examinations: A Review.

As children are more vulnerable to radiation-induced cancers and have longer life expectancies, it is essential to implement strict radiation protection measures in pediatric imaging. This study aimed to review radiation dose-minimizing measures in pediatric abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations. A systematic search across various databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, yielded a total of 7,314 articles. The search used keywords that aligned with the objectives of the study. This study included 77 publications after applying the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. We carefully reviewed these selected articles for compliance with the inclusion criteria and excluded them if they did not meet the specified criteria. Only 12 articles fulfilled the strict criteria. An in-depth review of 12 selected articles demonstrated the radiation dose reduction techniques and strategies, which include prefiltering and post-processing algorithms, careful adjustment of exposure parameters such as tube voltage (kVp) and current (mAs), and the establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRL). Reduction of radiation exposure in pediatric CT imaging demands multifaceted approaches. To reduce the ionizing radiation dose while still obtaining high-quality diagnostic images, healthcare practitioners should adhere to DRL, adjust exposure factors, implement prefiltration, employ AI, and use post-processing algorithms.

Evaluation of patients' radiation doses and establishment of institutional diagnostic reference levels in nuclear medicine in Oman.

This study aimed to develop diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) imaging for the most frequent SPECT/CT and PET/CT examinations performed at our institution. A total of 1134 adult patients, who have undergone SPECT/CT and PET/CT scanning over a period of 4years (2018-2021), were included. The scans consisted of 401 PET/CT and 733 SPECT/CT scans. The CT dosimetry data [CT-dose-index (CTDIvol), dose-length-product (DLP)] and administered activities were collected. The DRLs were calculated for CTDIvol, DLP and administrated activity. The estimated DRLs are given as [median CTDIvol (mGy):median DLP (mGy.cm):median administrated activity (MBq)]: whole body PET/CT: 1.88:175:259; brain PET/CT: 12.9:300:239; cardiac PET/CT: 1.34:32:368; bone SPECT/CT: 2.68:116:763; MPI SPECT/CT (stress-rest): 1.49:52:751-721; parathyroid SPECT/CT: 3.1:126:779; thyroid uptake SPECT: 3.52:147:195; thyroid post-ablation SPECT/CT: 3.85:160:NA. The derived DRLs have allowed careful monitoring of doses delivered to patients and could act as a trigger to investigate doses that systematically exceeds the derived DRLs.

Establishment of diagnostic reference level for routine CT scan examination in Sokoto state, Nigeria

Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are embedded into the optimization procedure to regulate CT dose and diagnostic quality. The purpose of this research was to establish the local DRLs and radiation dose exposure for CT scans at the Sokoto State Advanced Medical Diagnostic Center, Nigeria. 190 patients who had CT head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis scans were collected and evaluated for this study. It was established that the DRLs for CTDIvol for the head, thorax, and abdomen-pelvis were 48.2, 9.44, and 8.02, respectively with DLP DRLs in mGy.cm were 1044, 372, and 646. When comparing head CTs, our CTDIvol DRL is lower than many international standards, yet our DLP DRL is also below those of other nations. The chest CT DRL from Sokoto state is comparable to the DLP standards of some nations, although its CTDIvol is higher. The abdomen-pelvis CTDIvol DRLs are lower than those of the UK and US, thus necessitating the implementation of a controlled and optimized protocol in order to guarantee patient safety while maintaining image quality.

Towards the establishment of national diagnostic reference levels for abdomen, KUB, and lumbar spine x-ray examinations in Sri Lanka: a multi-centric study

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) provide guidance to optimise radiation doses for patients undergoing medical imaging procedures. This multi-centre study aimed to compare institutional DRLs (IDRLs) across hospitals, propose ADs and multi-centric DRLs (MCDRLs) for four common x-ray examinations in Sri Lanka, and assess the potential for dose reduction. A prospective cross-sectional study of 894 adult patients referred for abdomen anteroposterior (AP), kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) AP, lumbar spine AP, and lumbar spine lateral (LAT) x-ray examinations was conducted. Patient demographic information (age, sex, weight, BMI) and exposure parameters (tube voltage, tube current-exposure time product) were collected. Patient dose indicators were measured in terms of kerma-area product (PKA) using a PKA meter. IDRLs, ADs, and MCDRLs were calculated following the International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines, with ADs and MCDRLs defined as the 50th and 75th percentiles of the median PKA distributions, respectively. IDRL ranges varied considerably across hospitals: 1.42–2.42 Gy cm2 for abdomen AP, 1.51–2.86 Gy cm2 for KUB AP, 0.83–1.65 Gy cm2 for lumbar spine AP, and 1.76–4.10 Gy cm2 for lumbar spine LAT. The proposed ADs were 1.82 Gy cm2 (abdomen AP), 2.03 Gy cm2 (KUB AP), 1.27 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine AP), and 2.21 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine LAT). MCDRLs were 2.24 Gy cm2 (abdomen AP), 2.40 Gy cm2 (KUB AP), 1.43 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine AP), and 2.38 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine LAT). Substantial intra- and inter-hospital variations in PKA were observed for all four examinations. Although ADs and MCDRLs in Sri Lanka were comparable to those in the existing literature, the identified intra- and inter-hospital variations underscore the need for dose reduction without compromising diagnostic information. Hospitals with high IDRLs are recommended to review and optimise their practices. These MCDRLs serve as preliminary national DRLs, guiding dose optimisation efforts by medical professionals and policymakers.

Establishment and utilisation of national diagnostic reference level for adult computed tomography examinations in Ghana.

The International Atomic Energy Agency, as part of the new regional project (RAF/9/059), recommend the establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in Africa. In response to this recommendation, this project was designed to establish and utilise national DRLs of routine computed tomography (CT) examinations. These were done by estimating CT dose index and dose length product (DLP) from a minimum of 20 patient dose report of the most frequently used procedures using 75th percentile distribution of the median values. In all, 22 centres that formed 54% of all CT equipment in the country took part in this study. Additionally, a total of 2156 adult patients dose report were randomly selected, with a percentage distribution of 60, 12, 21 and 7% for head, chest, abdomen-pelvis and lumber spine, respectively. The established DRL for volume CT dose index were 60.0, 15.7, 20.5 and 23.8mGy for head, chest, abdomen-pelvis and lumber spine, respectively. While the established DRL for DLP were 962.9, 1102.8, 1393.5 and 824.6mGy-cm for head, chest, abdomen-pelvis, and lumber spine, respectively. These preliminary results were comparable with data from 16 other African countries, European Commission and the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Hence, this study would serve as a baseline for the establishment of a more generalised regional and national adult DRLs for Africa and other developing countries.

Towards the establishment of national diagnostic reference levels for chest x-ray examinations in Sri Lanka: a multi-centric study

The establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) is an effective tool for optimising radiation doses delivered to patients during medical imaging procedures. This study aimed to compare the institutional DRLs (IDRLs) and propose a multi-centric diagnostic reference level (MCDRL) for chest x-ray examinations in adult patients in Sri Lanka. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 1091 adult patients across six major tertiary care hospitals. Data on patient characteristics, such as age, sex, weight, and body mass index, and exposure parameters, such as tube voltage (kVp) and the product of tube current and exposure time (mAs), were collected. Patient doses were measured in terms of kerma-area product (PKA) using a PKA meter mounted on the collimator of the x-ray tube. IDRLs were computed for each hospital according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines, and the 75th percentile PKA was used to propose the MCDRL. The relationship between patient weight and exposure parameters was examined using Spearman’s rank correlation to investigate the radiographic practice among hospitals. Results showed that IDRLs varied from 0.10 to 0.26 Gy cm2. The proposed MCDRL was 0.23 Gy cm2, substantially higher than the recently published DRLs from other countries. The median kVp ranged from 95 to 104, while mAs ranged from 2.5 to 5.6. Large variations in the PKA and exposure parameters were observed within and among hospitals. The elevated PKA values observed in this study were mostly due to the use of high mAs in clinical practice. The weak correlation observed between patient weight and exposure parameters suggests the need to standardise examination protocols concerning patient size. The observed dose variations demonstrate the need for the establishment of national DRLs. Until then, the proposed MCDRL can be considered as the benchmark dose level for chest x-ray examinations in Sri Lanka.

A retrospective survey to establish institutional diagnostic reference levels for CT urography examinations based on clinical indications: preliminary results.

Objective. To establish institutional diagnostic reference levels (IDRLs) based on clinical indications (CIs) for three- and four-phase computed tomography urography (CTU).Methods. Volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), patients' demographics, selected CIs like lithiasis, cancer, and other diseases, and protocols' parameters were retrospectively recorded for 198 CTUs conducted on a Toshiba Aquilion Prime 80 scanner. Patients were categorised based on CIs and number of phases. These groups' 75th percentiles of CTDIvoland DLP were proposed as IDRLs. The mean, median and IDRLs were compared with previously published values.Results. For the three-phase protocol, the CTDIvol(mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm) were 22.7/992 for the whole group, 23.4/992 for lithiasis, 22.8/1037 for cancer, and 21.2/981 for other diseases. The corresponding CTDIvol(mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm) values for the four-phase protocol were 28.6/1172, 30.6/1203, 27.3/1077, and 28.7/1252, respectively. A significant difference was found in CTDIvoland DLP between the two protocols, among the phases of three-phase (except cancer) and four-phase protocols (except DLP for other diseases), and in DLP between the second and third phases (except for cancer group). The results are comparable or lower than most studies published in the last decade.Conclusions. The CT technologist must be aware of the critical dose dependence on the scan length and the applied exposure parameters for each phase, according to the patient's clinical background and the corresponding imaging anatomy, which must have been properly targeted by the competent radiologist. When clinically feasible, restricting the number of phases to three instead of four could remarkably reduce the patient's radiation dose. CI-based IDRLs will serve as a baseline for comparison with CTU practice in other hospitals and could contribute to national DRL establishment. The awareness and knowledge of dose levels during CTU will prompt optimisation strategies in CT facilities.

Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography in two large hospitals in Oman.

This study aimed to estimate diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the most frequent computed tomography (CT) imaging examinations to monitor and better control radiation doses delivered to patients. Seven CT imaging examinations: Head, Chest, Chest High Resolution (CHR), Abdomen Pelvis (AP), Chest Abdomen Pelvis (CAP), Kidneys Ureters Bladder (KUB) and Cardiac, were considered. CT dosimetric quantities and patient demographics were collected from data storage systems. Local typical values for DRLs were calculated for CTDIvol (mGy), dose length product (DLP) (mGy·cm) and effective doses (mSv) were estimated for each examination. The calculated DRLs were given as (median CTDIvol (mGy):median DLP (mGy·cm)): Head: 39:657; Chest: 13:451; CHR: 6:228; AP: 12:578; CAP: 20:807; KUB: 7:315, and Cardiac: 2:31. Estimated effective doses for Head, Chest, CHR, AP, CAP, KUB and Cardiac were 1.3, 12.7, 6.3, 12.5, 18.1, 5.8 and 0.8mSv, respectively. The estimated DRLs will act as guidance doses to prevent systematic excess of patient doses.

Proposed Institutional Diagnostic Reference Levels in Computed and Direct Digital Radiography Examinations in Two Teaching Hospitals

Background: The detectors of both computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR) have a wide dynamic range that could tolerate high values of exposure factors without an adverse effect on image quality. Therefore, this study aims to assess patient radiation dose and proposes institutional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for two teaching hospitals in Ghana.Materials and Methods: CR and DR systems were utilized in this study from two teaching hospitals. The CR system was manufactured by Philips Medical Systems DMC GmbH, while the DR system was manufactured by General Electric. The entrance skin doses (ESDs) were calculated using the standard equation and the tube output measurements. Free-in-air kerma (μGy) was measured using a calibrated radiation dosimeter. The proposed institutional DRLs were estimated using 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles values of the estimated ESDs for nine radiographic projections.Results and Discussion: The calculated DRLs were 0.4, 1.6, 3.4, 0.5, 0.4, 1.1, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.7 mGy for chest posteroanterior (PA), lumbar spine anteroposterior (AP), lumbar spine lateral (LAT), cervical spine AP, cervical spine LAT, skull PA, pelvis AP, and abdomen AP, respectively in CR system. In the DR system, the values were 0.3, 1.6, 3.1, 0.4, 0.3, 0.7, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.3 for chest PA, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT, cervical spine AP, cervical spine LAT, skull PA, pelvis AP, and abdomen AP, respectively.Conclusion: Institutional DRLs in nine radiographic projections have been proposed for two teaching hospitals in Ghana for the first time. The proposed DRLs will serve as baseline data for establishing local DRLs in the hospitals and will be a valuable tool in optimizing patient doses.

Establishment of institutional diagnostic reference level for Computed Tomography dose on 160 slicer Computed Tomography scan at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar.

To set institutional diagnostic reference level for computed tomography of multiple anatomical regions using dose length product as dosimeter parameter and to compare results with international diagnostic reference level. The retrospective study was conducted at the Radiology Unit of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised dose data of patients who underwent computed tomography from June 1 to August 31, 2018. The mean, 25th, 50th and 75th percentile of dose distribution of common computed tomography examinations was calculated and compared with other established diagnostic reference levels. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 1001 scans, 143(14.2%) related to brain, 275(27.5%) abdomen-pelvis, 133(13.3%) kidney-ureter-bladder, 186(18.58%) thorax, 85(8.49%) triphasic, 126(12.58%) musculoskeletal, and 53(5.29%) cardiac. Institutional diagnostic reference levels for the computed tomography unit was established as 50th percentile of dose length product for different regions brain 339, abdomen-pelvis 298, thorax 165, kidney-ureter-bladder 302, triphasic 633, musculoskeletal 366 and cardiac 403. Both 50th and 75th percentile values of dose length product for each individual body region was lower than international Diagnostic reference levels. The diagnostic reference level will be used in routine computed tomography practice at the institution, and will act as the baseline for developing the national diagnostic reference levels.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE PROCEDURE VOLUME AND ESTIMATION OF COLLECTIVE EFFECTIVE DOSE IN TAMIL NADU TOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL.

With an objective to establish adult diagnostic reference levels in the practice of nuclear medicine (NM) in the state of Tamil Nadu (TN), data on the predominant NM procedures carried out in the state are analyzed. In this study, data on total NM diagnostic procedures during the years 2015-19 along with patient-specific diagnostic NM procedure data for the period April-June 2021 from all centers in Tamil Nadu are collected and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Nine predominant types of NM scans are analyzed. Collective effective dose from NM scans and per capita dose for the TN population are estimated. The 75th percentile of the distribution and average administered activity (AAA) has been derived and local reference levels are reported. Based on the statistical analysis, it is observed that the whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), renal diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) scan, bone methylene diphosphonate (MDP) scan, iodine-131 whole body scan, thyroid studies using Technetium per technetate, renal dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), myocardial perfusion methoxyisobutyl isonitrile sestamibi (MIBI), mebrofenin, Galium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are the most common procedure covering >90% of the practices carried out. The collective effective dose is 410 man-Sv in the year 2019, leading to a mean effective dose of 0.006mSv per capita of the TN state population. The 75th percentile of the distribution of AA is slightly higher than diagnostic reference level (DRL) as compared with Australian DRL (310MBq). It is also observed that F-18 PET procedures are primarily responsible for most of the collective effective dose, local DRL is 316MBq and it is important to establish national DRLs for NM diagnostic scans to optimize the NM examinations.

Attributable patient risk in nuclear medicine procedures and establishment of diagnostic reference levels.

The assessment of risk related to medical exposures as a justification tool to assist decision-making of the medical team is not available in clinical routine. The determination of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for nuclear medicine (NM) procedures has been proposed as an optimization tool, but this tool has still been aimed at a standard adult individual. It is known that the activity administered, and the consequent absorbed doses in critical organs, represents the risk of a procedure being cancer induction the greatest concern, especially for young patients. Thus, the adjustment of administered activity and procedure risk to promote risk-benefit assessment is a promising tool for routine clinical use. This work aims to present a tool for determining DRLs in the administered activity related to the patient's characteristics-age group, sex, and body mass index (BMI), in order to assist the medical decision regarding the risk-benefit ratio. Thus, it is possible to assess the risk of carcinogenesis in groups of patients, considering absorbed doses in organs, cancer incidence, and mortality rates in our country. NIREA is an IT tool developed in PHP language for web environment as a friendly software. It allows the establishment of DRL and risk of cancer induced by radiation assessment through the estimation of absorbed doses in specific organs and based on the risk methodology of BEIR VII. The absorbed and effective doses were estimated based on the dose conversion factors of the radiopharmaceuticals published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection adjusted for the patient groups. Based on data from 2256 patients who underwent diagnostic procedures at National Cancer Institute between 2017 and 2019, the program was used, resulting in important information for conducting the clinical routine extracted as DRL, absorbed doses, and risk assessments, considering patient-specific data such as age, sex, and BMI. The methodology developed in this work allows NM services to keep their data available and updated regarding local DRLs, in addition to allowing the nuclear physician to know the risk of each procedure performed, extracted by individual characteristics of the patient. The affirmative is significant because the data could be used by the regulatory body of practices with ionizing radiation in Brazil to establish a reference level in Activity that has not yet existed in the country.

Evaluation of patient doses for routine digital radiography procedures toward establishing an institutional diagnostic reference levels: A case study in Sri Lanka.

The present study was conducted as part of a comprehensive work to establish National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs) in Sri Lanka for the first time. DRLs can be used as an effective optimization tool for identifying unusually high or low patient doses during X-ray examinations. This study aims to propose institutional DRLs (IDRLs) by measuring the kerma-area product (KAP) of adult patients undergoing routine projection X-ray examinations. The median and the 75th percentile KAP values obtained were compared with that of the single institution KAP values reported from India and Greece. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital in Uva province, Sri Lanka, with 400 adult patients aged 18-87 years and weighing 58±20kg. The patient-specific information (age, sex, weight, and height) and corresponding exposure parameters (tube voltage and current-exposure time product) were obtained. The KAP values were measured, and descriptive statistics were utilized for data analysis. The median KAP values obtained were proposed as IDRLs. The IDRLs in Gy.cm2 were 0.23 for cervical spine anterior-posterior (AP), 0.19 for cervical spine lateral (LAT), 0.10 for chest posterior-anterior (PA), 0.06 for knee joint AP, 0.05 for knee joint LAT, 1.47 for KUB AP, 0.85 for lumbar spine AP, 1.97 for lumbar spine LAT, 0.29 for shoulder joint AP, 0.61 for skull PA, and 0.60 for skull LAT examinations. The maximum to minimum ratio of KAP values ranged from 2.4 for KUB AP to 6.3 for the cervical spine AP examinations. The median and the 75th percentile of most of the examinations were comparable to corresponding KAP values reported by the countries mentioned above, except for the skull PA and LAT examinations. Accordingly, interquartile ranges of exposure parameters are recommended for skull examinations to improve the optimization of patient doses.

Radiation Dose Optimization Based on Saudi National Diagnostic Reference Levels and Effective Dose Calculation for Computed Tomography Imaging: A Unicentral Cohort Study

Few studies have reviewed the reduction of doses in Computed tomography (CT), while various diagnostic procedures use ionizing radiation to explore the optimal dose estimate using multiple exposure quantities, including milliampere-seconds, kilovoltage peak, and pitch factors while controlling the CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP). Therefore, we considered optimizing CT protocols to reduce radiation and organ doses during head, chest, abdominal, and pelvic CT examinations. For establishing institutional diagnostic reference levels as a benchmark to correlate with national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) in KSA conforming to international guidelines for radiation exposure, 3000 adult-patients underwent imaging of organs. Dose parameters were obtained using Monte Carlo software and adjusted using the Siemens Teamplay™ software. CTDIvol, DLP, and effective dose were 40.67 ± 3.8, 757 ± 63.2, and 1.74 ± 0.19, for head; 14.9 ± 1.38, 547 ± 42.9, and 7.27 ± 0.95 for chest; and 16.84 ± 1.45, 658 ± 53.4, and 10.2 ± 0.66 for abdomen/pelvis, respectively. The NDRL post-optimization comparison showed adequate CT exposure. Head CT parameters required additional optimization to match the NDRL. Therefore, calculations were repeated to assess radiation doses. In conclusion, doses could be substantially minimized by selecting parameters per clinical indication of the study, patient size, and examined body region. Additional dose reduction to superficial organs requires a shielding material.

Suggested Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for Possible Pediatric X-Ray Optimization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Early childhood radiation exposure carries an enhanced radiation risk of about two to three times as high as in adults. The objective of this study was to determine local diagnostic reference levels for the most frequent pediatric x-ray examinations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 18 public and private hospitals/clinics in Addis Ababa. A total of 864 pediatric patients, undergoing eight types of routine x-ray examinations with 13 projections were evaluated from December 18/2017 to March 17 /2018. All pediatrics were categorized under four age groups. Anthropometric and radiographic parameters of each patient were recorded .The minimum, maximum, mean and third quartile values of entrance surface dose were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Finally, the suggested local diagnostic reference levels were compared with national and international reference dose values. Of the 864 pediatric patients, chest (AP/PA), lower and upper extremity (AP/PA) accounted for 501(58%), 110 (13%) and 103 (12%) respectively, accounting to 714(83%) of the total pediatric x-ray examinations. The suggested local diagnostic reference levels of chest X-ray (AP/PA) examinations in mGy were: (0.09,0.13,0.17,0.17) for age group (0-<1,1-<5 ,5-<10, and 10-<15), respectively. Similarly, for same age group (0-<1,1-<5 ,5-<10, and 10-<15) the suggested local diagnostic reference levels of lower and upper extremities in mGy were: (0.06,0.08,0.09,0.09) and (0.04,0.05,0.05,0.06), respectively. The suggested local diagnostic reference levels were slightly higher than the national and international guidance levels, indicating the need for establishment of diagnostic reference levels in the country.

Radiation dose aspects and establishment of diagnostic reference levels for 90Y radioembolisation during angiographic procedure

90Y radioembolisation (RE) is an angiographic procedure used in patients with both primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. Local tumour control can be achieved by short range tumour irradiation by the regional intra-arterial administration of glass or resin microspheres loaded with 90yttrium that accumulate in the tumorous tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiation exposure of RE and to establish a local diagnostic reference level (DRL). In this retrospective study, dose data from 397 procedures in 306 patients (mean age 67.4 ± 10.6 years, 82 female) who underwent RE between 06/2017 and 01/2022 using one of two different angiography systems were analysed. DRL was set as the 75th percentile of the dose distribution. In the overall population, dose area product (DAP) (median (interquartile range, IQR)) was 26 Gy cm2 (IQR 12–50) with a median fluoroscopy time (FT) of 4.5 min (IQR 2.9–8.0). FT and DAP increased significantly with the number of infusion positions (median, IQR): one position 23 Gy cm2 (12–46), two positions 33 Gy cm2 (14–60), three positions 50 Gy cm2 (24–82) (p < 0.0001). Local DRL is 47 Gy cm2 for RE and 111 Gy cm2 for RE with additional embolisation. Radiation exposure and FT are significantly higher with increasing number of infusion positions as well as additional embolisation. Our established DRLs for RE may serve as a benchmark for dose optimisation.

Establishment of institutional diagnostic reference levels for 6 adult computed tomography examinations: Results from preliminary data collection

Computed tomography (CT) is the leading source of the cumulative effective doses to the general populace from medicinal and artificial sources. With the increased use of CT examinations comes the concern regarding the health effects of unnecessary radiation exposure and the need to optimize the doses that patients receive. The current study evaluates the patients' doses during specific CT procedures and establishes institutional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the frequent CT scans performed. 8156 CT scan examinations were performed during three years from 2015 to 2018 using a single CT scan machine at our institution. Data from the six most common examinations were analyzed. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy)) and dose length product (DLP) distribution's median and 75th percentile values were computed. The results were descriptively compared with DRLs from different countries and regions. The six most common examinations constituted 5815 studies. We established our DRLs as the median value of CTDIvol (mGy)| and DLP (mGy × cm) as follows: CT of the brain: 35.0 mGy and 839 mGy× cm, respectively; chest with contrast: 4 mGy and 148 mGy-cm, respectively; chest without contrast: 5 mGy and 190 mGy-cm, respectively; abdomen and pelvis with contrast: 8 mGy and 636 mGy-cm, respectively; abdomen and pelvis without contrast 8 mGy and 568 mGy-cm, in that order; abdomen, pelvis, and kidneys: 11 mGy and 458 mGy× cm, respectively. Our values for brain and chest CTs were lower than the international DRLs, while those for abdominal imaging were higher. The established DRLs offer an opportunity for us to optimize the dose delivered to patients and compare them to the national benchmarks when they are issued. The study revealed that CT dose showed wide discrepancies for the same procedures at the department levels suggesting that the practice was neither optimized nor harmonized. Therefore, DRL should be reassessed after the operators' training and awareness to reduce the patients' dose and related radiogenic risk to its minimal value.

Establishment of diagnostic reference level and radiation dose variation in head &amp; neck and pelvis treatment planning in radiation therapy computed tomography

Background: This observational study aims to establish a discrepancy in the radiation dose distributed for head &amp; neck and pelvis localization in Computed Tomography (CT) imaging in radiation therapy. The objective and need of the current study are to establish Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) for head &amp; neck and pelvic CT protocols in Radiation Therapy planning and compare them with other regional, national and international DRL. The established DRL will be used to find further optimized DRL for Radiation Therapy Computed Tomography (RTCT). Methods: A total of 120 patients with Head &amp; Neck cancers and 90 patients with pelvic cancers to be treated with radiotherapy prescribed for the RTCT with ages above 18 years old and above were included in the current study. The advanced Philips 16 slice big bore CT acquired all the CT simulation images. Results: Third quartile standards of Dose Length Product and effective dose for Head &amp; Neck, and pelvis were 790.65mGy.cm, 2.45179 mSv, and 999.7 mGy.cm, 15.48mSv respectively. The third quartile CTDIvol value for the same order of procedure is 17.6 mGy. Tube voltage of 120kVp and 300mAs and used for radiotherapy planning. Conclusion: The first regional Radiation therapy Computed tomography simulation Diagnostic reference levels have been projected and deliver a platform for dose evaluation and optimization due to the limited number of papers on radiation therapy, computed tomography, and diagnostic reference levels. Comparison with previously available RT CT diagnostic reference levels indicated some radiation dose variation, so exposure parameters should be revised and improved.

Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in low-dose renal computed tomography.

Increased radiation doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations is well known with proven risks of inducing cancers for effective dose >100 mSv (according to some studies >50 mSvs). To establish the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for low-dose renal CT examinations in the evaluation of renal stones. Patient demographics, CT parameters, and dosimetric indices (CTDIvol and dose length product [DLP]) were collected from 12 tertiary hospitals that routinely perform renal CT in the detection and evaluation of renal stones over a period of 12 weeks. Data obtained from 1418 average-sized patients in each category were recorded. The median values of dosimetric indices for each site were calculated. The DRL values were defined as the 75th percentile of the distribution of the median values of CTDIvol and DLP. There were no significant differences between patient demographics. Mean kVp and mAs for protocols were 121.67 ± 11.56 and 226.91 ± 78.44, respectively. The CTDIvol values were in the range of 2-36.2 mGy, while the DLP values were in the range of 43-1942 mGy.cm. The DRL for the CTDIvol was 16.15 mGy and for the DLP 851.77 mGy.cm. The local median values of CDTIvol and DLP are higher than DRL in two hospitals. Comparison of local median values of CDTIvol and DLP with DRL suggests the needs of an optimization strategy in some hospitals.

Establishment of diagnostic reference level and radiation dose variation in head &amp; neck and pelvis treatment planning in radiation therapy computed tomography

Background: This observational study aims to establish a discrepancy in the radiation dose distributed for head &amp; neck and pelvis localization in Computed Tomography (CT) imaging in radiation therapy. The objective and need of the current study are to establish Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) for head &amp; neck and pelvic CT protocols in Radiation Therapy planning and compare them with other regional, national and international DRL. The established DRL will be used to find further optimized DRL for Radiation Therapy Computed Tomography (RTCT). Methods: A total of 120 patients with Head &amp; Neck cancers and 90 patients with pelvic cancers to be treated with radiotherapy prescribed for the RTCT with ages above 18 years old and above were included in the current study. The advanced Philips 16 slice big bore CT acquired all the CT simulation images. Results: Third quartile standards of Dose Length Product and effective dose for Head &amp; Neck, and pelvis were 790.65mGy.cm, 2.45179 mSv, and 999.7 mGy.cm, 15.48mSv respectively. The third quartile CTDIvol value for the same order of procedure is 17.6 mGy. Tube voltage of 120kVp and 300mAs and used for radiotherapy planning. Conclusion: The first regional Radiation therapy Computed tomography simulation Diagnostic reference levels have been projected and deliver a platform for dose evaluation and optimization due to the limited number of papers on radiation therapy, computed tomography, and diagnostic reference levels. Comparison with previously available RT CT diagnostic reference levels indicated some radiation dose variation, so exposure parameters should be revised and improved.