Establish Content Validity Research Articles

Exploring the influence of Thai private universities human resource management practices on employee retention and performance

The article examines employees' perceptions regarding human resource management practices in Thai private universities. It also analyses the effects of these practices on employee job satisfaction, quality service performance and retention within the context of Thai private universities. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research approach to ensure the inclusion of a representative sample from small and medium sized private universities within the population under investigation. The study includes 12,318 employees of the 38 Thai private universities: 6,458 from small sized private universities and 5,860 from medium size private universities. 20 private universities comprised of 14 (70%) small sized and 6 (30%) will form the sample of the study. From this sample distribution, 91 (72.8) academic staff from 14 small sized private universities and 34 (27.2%) from medium sized private universities making 125 academic staff and 20 HR managers as the sample size of the investigation. The study utilized a maximum variation deliberate (MVD) sampling method for the selection of 125 academic staff and 20 HR managers. Closed-ended questionnaires and semi-structured questionnaires were employed for the purpose of data collection. The validity of the instrument was assessed by a panel of experts to establish content validity, utilizing Lawshe's template with a ratio of 0.99. Furthermore, the homogeneity of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha resulting in a reliability index of .81. The data was collected primarily via an online survey. The data underwent analysis utilizing frequency counts and percentages, chi-square at a significance level of p.05. This was done to ascertain the statistical significance of HRMP on employee retention and performance. The findings demonstrate a conspicuous and uniform association between employee responses across the institutions under scrutiny, underscoring a statistically significant connection between human resource management practices and job satisfaction, quality service performance and retention of employees. Therefore, it is essential to acknowledge that the implementation of HRM practices holds significant importance for small and medium private universities. This is primarily due to its ability to effectively address the expenses incurred from employee turnover, which can arise because of insufficient job satisfaction leading to poor job performance and retention.

The validation and assessment of a curriculum based GAIT App used in teaching bachelor of physiotherapy students: a cross sectional study

IntroductionThere has been an advent in the use of Mobile Apps in the academic space. The pandemic hastened their usage, and forced us to rapidly innovate in order to meet the educational needs of our students. Also, Mobile Apps have been known to facilitate self-learning, make it enjoyable, and personalize the pace of learning of the individual. Given the level of skill-learning in Physiotherapy education, the use of Mobile Apps can pose a challenge, as well as offer an opportunity to explore its scope to enhance learning, and create innovative pedagogic strategies. There are a very few learning mobile apps that have been assessed in Physiotherapy education.AimTo develop, establish content validity and internal consistency of a curriculum based App on the kinesiology of normal Gait for bachelor of physiotherapy students, and to evaluate the App with regards to use, quality, engagement, and overall experience.Materials & methodsIn the first phase, a mobile app based on a bachelor of physiotherapy Gait curriculum was developed and validated using Delphi procedure, with 80% agreement criteria, by a group of experts. Subsequently, the App was rated by 200 users on: engagement, aesthetics, information, subjective quality.ResultsThe content validity index following 2 rounds of Delphi was found to be 0.88. Also, therapists found the App easy to use, and 80% gave it a rating of > 3 stars.ConclusionCreating, designing, implementing, and evaluating the efficacy of a Gait App as a means to teaching the GAIT component to physiotherapy students was found to be appealing and beneficial.

The The development and psychometric properties of the Chiang Mai Aphasia Screening Test for stroke

Background: The aphasia screening test detects language and speech impairments, clarifying individuals’ language and speech abilities before administering a standardized aphasia diagnosis test. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an aphasia screening test for suspected cerebrovascular accident (CVA) patients with communication difficulties. Materials and methods: The study underwent two phases: developing and assessing psychometric properties. Five experts established content validity across receptive language, expressive language, reading, and writing. The Chiang Mai Aphasia Screening Test (CMAST) was evaluated on 14 CVA patients with and 14 without aphasia. Results: The content validity showed item-objective congruence ranging from 0.80 to 1.00. Sensitivity and specificity were 96.30% and 69%, respectively, with a maximum Youden’s Index at 65.30% and a cut-off point of 43 points. Concurrent validity was high (phi coefficient =0.67), and significant score differences (p<0.001) in construct validity confirmed the tool’s ability to distinguish aphasic from non-aphasic patients. Inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.99) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha =0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.98) were observed. Conclusion: The CMAST, comprising 45 items, exhibits sufficient validity and reliability for screening individuals suspected of aphasia due to CVA.

Assessment of Journalism Principles in Media: An Evaluative Instrument

ABSTRACT The integration of emerging technologies in journalism raises concerns about their impact on journalistic principles. During these technologies’ early adoption stages, there is significant experimentation with platform affordances to apply these principles in new media contexts. Current evaluations struggle to be universally applicable due to their focus on specific media platforms and contexts. To address this gap, this article introduces the Assessment of Journalism Principles in Media (AJPM) rubric, a tool that operationalizes and empirically evaluates normative journalistic principles across media technologies. The tool offers a framework for examining and comparing how different media platforms’ affordances are aligning and impacting the implementation and perception of journalistic principles. Developed using the Questionnaire Appraisal System (QAS-99), the AJPM was refined through feedback from 17 news editors and journalists from the United States, who evaluated a tool that operationalizes 21 terms from the Oxford Dictionary of Journalism. This process established content validity of the AJPM. These evaluations are crucial in validating the AJPM's effectiveness for evolving journalistic forms such as immersive journalism and AI in journalism. Future research will establish the AJPM's face, criterion, and construct validity, thereby confirming its utility in assessing journalistic principles in diverse media forms, from traditional to emerging.

Designing Patient-Reported Measures of Fertility: Cognitive Interview Findings from Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

Purpose: Fertility concerns (FC) are central to the well-being of many adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors. Clinical conversations about FC and fertility preservation are suboptimal, increasing patient distress. The goal of this project was to establish content validity and comprehensibility of self-report questions on FCs for AYAs with cancer. Methods: Following best practices, we conducted: (1) item identification, refinement, and generation; (2) translatability and reading level review; and (3) cognitive interviews. Items were reviewed by five AYAs in each round of cognitive interviews. Results: A systematic search yielded 63 measures and 873 items. Fifty items were subsequently modified to enhance clarity and relevance, representing subdomains of psychological and social/relational FC. Flesch-Kincaid analysis found 31 items written above the 6th grade level, which were subsequently revised. Translatability review resulted in the modification of 3 items. During cognitive interviews, 76% of AYAs found items easy to answer with 52% describing them as "very easy" and 24% as "somewhat easy." Sixty percent of participants indicated the items captured their experiences. The majority of those who reported items only somewhat reflected or did not reflect their experiences suggested items were simply not applicable for their particular case. Conclusion: This study is a critical step toward the foundation for an FC measurement system that is reliable, flexible, developmentally appropriate, comprehensible, translatable, and interpretable. Subsequent steps include psychometric testing to examine the construct validity and reliability of the FC items and calibration to enable the application of computer-adaptive testing and short form development. The evaluation will include potential item response bias by age range, gender identity, and race/ethnicity.

Development and psychometric testing of the clinical adjustment scale for student nurses (CAS-SN): A scale for assessing student nurses' adaptation in clinical settings

BackgroundNurse education is critical for preparing student nurses for clinical practice, but the transition to clinical settings poses numerous challenges. A standardized scale to assess student nurses' adjustment in the clinical area is lacking in the Philippines. ObjectiveThis paper described the development and evaluation of the Clinical Adjustment Scale for Student Nurses (CAS-SN). DesignAn exploratory sequential research design. SettingsNursing schools in three government owned universities in the Philippines. MethodsExpert panels and field pretesting established content and face validity. Inter-item and inter-total correlations and Cronbach's α were used to assess the reliability of the scale. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Criterion validity was evaluated with established measures. ResultsThe CAS-SN comprises 15 items across three subscales: (1) Professional Growth and Interpersonal Engagement, (2) Clinical Competence and Confidence, and (3) Coping and Support StrategiesReliability was excellent and the validity was satisfactory, with significant correlations with academic adjustment, psychological distress, and dropout intention. ConclusionThe CAS-SN was found to be a valid and a reliable for assessing student nurses' clinical adjustment. Implications for nurse educationThe CAS-SN provides a structured framework to assess and monitor student nurses' clinical adaptation, enhancing our understanding of their competence, resilience, and professional identity development. Its integration into nurse education programs can significantly improve the assessment of clinical learning experiences and contribute to better student learning outcomes.

Development and validation of a brief diabetic foot risk screening scale for diabetic patients

ObjectiveTo develop a concise screening tool for diabetic foot risk assessment in patients with diabetes, and rigorously evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods390 adults diagnosed with diabetes were selected for a study in Changsha, China. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, initial items were developed by amalgamating existing diabetic foot risk screening tools and group discussions. Additionally, diabetic foot experts established content validity during this phase. In the second phase, the validity and reliability of the developed items were evaluated through various methods such as item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, ROC curve and AUC. ResultsThe Brief Diabetic Foot Risk Screening Scale consists of 6 dimensions and 19 items. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the scale, revealing six principal factors that accounted for 74.139 % of the total variance. The I-CVI was greater than 0.8, indicating good content validity, while the S-CVI was 0.737. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit well. The scale's Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.770, indicating good internal consistency, and its test-retest reliability was 0.958. The AUC suggests that the Brief Diabetic Foot Risk Screening Scale is an effective measure for identifying diabetic foot. ConclusionThe Scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing foot risk.

Collaboration cognizance: Development of a self-assessment tool to measure intra-professional collaborative practices (IPCP) in postgraduate medical residents at tertiary care hospitals

BackgroundThe ever-evolving healthcare system of today demands physicians who steer their roles as treatment providers, managers and collaborators. Professionals are highly interdependent due to increased complexity of health problems and risk of errors increases with transitions in care. In hospitals, the main workforce is postgraduate residents; therefore, intraprofessional collaboration amongst residents is essential. Several instruments are available to evaluate interprofessional collaboration amongst physicians, nurses and hospital teams but none specifically assessed intra-professional collaborative practices amongst residents working in tertiary care hospitals in multi-disciplinary teams. This study intends to develop and validate an instrument to self-assess intraprofessional collaborative practices in postgraduate residents undergoing residency in multiple specialties at tertiary care hospitals.ApproachThis study on Instrument Development employed mixed method study design executed in two phases. In phase 1, six domains of intraprofessional collaborative practices were identified from literature and 35 items were developed. Fifteen experts participated in qualitative content validation and provided comments. To establish content validity in phase 2, content validity index (CVI) and content clarity average (CCA) were assessed by seventeen experts. Response process validity was established by cognitive interviewing of 5 postgraduate residents. Pilot testing was done on a sample of 407 residents. Cronbach’s alpha was determined, and confirmatory factor analysis established construct validity.ResultsDuring phase 1, items were modified based on qualitative feedback from 15 experts. In round 2, CVI and CCA were determined based on responses of 17 experts. The items having an I-CVI greater than 0.90 were accepted and six items underwent modifications as their I-CVI fell between 0.78 and 0.90. Similarly, four items with a CCA of less than 2.4 were modified to increase clarity. Cognitive interviews of participants on 30 items resulted in the deletion of 1 item and changes in 5 items. The final instrument had 29 items categorized under six constructs. All items had good factor loadings during CFA, so none was deleted. Cronbach’s Alpha α was 0.937.ConclusionIntraprofessional collaborative practices in residents is a valid and reliable self-assessment tool comprising 29 items measuring six constructs. It may be used by residents to assess their collaborative practices and incorporated in curricula to help develop collaborative practices and their assessment during training of postgraduate residents.

Developing a Scale for Measuring Attitudes of Secondary School Teachers toward Sex Education

Pre-service training and attitudinal background both are important to teach ‘sex education’ well in classroom. But lack of proper instruments to determine teachers’ attitudes toward sex education in Bangladesh paved way for the researcher to develop such scale. To develop the scale, initially 58 items were formulated using the deductive approach based on the five-point Likert’s scale method, of which 41 retained after a tryout and 36 items for the finalized scale. By using the convenience sampling method a pool of 130 samples was selected for the final data collection. After rigorous analyses, the scale’s average item-total correlation and Chronbach’s Alpha values were calculated as 0.465 and 0.773 respectively, which ensured its reliability. The items were developed as such they cover most topics of sex education in perspective of Bangladesh, thus establishing content validity. Finally, the Stanine scores or grades, ranging from 1 to 9, were calculated and assigned to the raw scores that were obtained by the samples, to interpret the findings in an understandable way. Based on the Stanine scores, the secondary teachers’ attitudes toward sex education were categorized in five categories as ‘very negative’, ‘negative’, ‘moderate’, ‘positive’ and ‘very positive’. Teacher’s World: Journal of Education and Research, 49 (2),53-74

Influence of Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure on the Adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning at The Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Organizational capabilities are critical sources of creating and building long-term competitive advantage. Organizations that can develop and deploy unique, inimitable, and valuable capabilities will gain sustainable competitive advantage. There is a dearth of information on the role of organizational capabilities in the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning. Thus, this research analyzed the influence of Information and Communication Technology infrastructure on the adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning at the Kenya Medical Research Institute. This research was premised on the resource-based view theory, technology acceptance model, and dynamic capabilities theory. A descriptive survey design was utilized in the study. Semi-structured questionnaires will be administered for the data-gathering process. A census approach was used to select 52 employees of Kenya Medical Research Institute. The researcher personally issued the questionnaire to the subjects. The drop-and-pick method was adopted later in cases where participants might be unable to complete and return the questionnaires at the time of their administration. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was utilized for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Regression and correlation analyses were performed to unearth the associations among variables. All ethical conducts were duly followed. Prose discussion was used to display the data collection’s findings and the validity of the questionnaire was conducted by the use of expert opinions that assisted to establish content validity and the supervisor reviewing the items suggested while reliability was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha test. The findings indicated a positive influence of Information and Communication Technology infrastructure on the adoption of ERP. The study concludes that a robust IT infrastructure is essential for supporting the scalability requirements of an ERP system. Senior management support helps in securing necessary resources for the ERP implementation, including budget allocation, staffing, and technology infrastructure. The study recommends that KEMRI should upgrade hardware and software by investing in new servers, storage devices, and networking equipment can help ensure that the IT infrastructure can support the demands of the ERP system.

Perceptions of Academic Grief in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs: An Instrument Development Study.

Background and Purpose: Nursing students and graduates experience grief when not achieving curricular benchmarks or passing the NCLEX-RN. This study developed the perceptions of academic grief (PAG) instrument for baccalaureate nursing program completers experiencing academic failure. Methods: Content analysis methods generated items and achieved face validity. Focus group interview and experts' judgment of item relevance established content validity. A purposeful sample of registered nurses (RNs) and nursing students (N = 70) completed the pilot test on the 40-item instrument. Results: The highest ranked items included being disappointed, trying again to prove they could become a nurse, life investment in nursing school, and fear of failing again. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .94. Conclusions: The instrument was developed to measure nursing students' and RNs' academic grief. The PAG showed beginning reliability and validity and needs additional testing.

Development and validation of home-based psychosocial self-management interventions in schizophrenia and related disorders in low-resource settings: A mixed methods approach.

Psychosocial interventions, crucial for recovery in patients with schizophrenia, have often been developed and tested in high income countries. We aimed at developing and validating home-based a booklet based psycho-social intervention with inputs from stakeholders: patients, families, and mental health professionals (MHP) for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders in low resource settings. We developed a preliminary version of psychosocial intervention booklets based on six themes derived from focus group discussions conducted with patients, families, and MHP. Initially, quantitative assessment of content validity was done by MHP on overall and Content Validity Index of individual items of the specific booklets, followed by in-depth interviews about their views. The booklets were modified based on their inputs. Further, pilot testing of manuals was done on the users - nine pairs of patients and caregivers followed by development of a final version of psycho-social intervention. The percentage content validity of individual modules and overall booklets was ≥78.5% indicating good validity. Most MHP reported that the manuals were relevant and easy to use but were text-heavy, and lengthy. On pilot testing of modified manuals with patients and their family caregivers, majority (77.8%) of them found booklets useful and suggested that there should be separate booklets for both patients and caregivers for providing information and entering separate response for the activities, integrating helpful tips. Language should be simple. Finally, two sets of booklets ("info book" and "workbook") named 'Saksham' (meaning empowered) were created with specific modules (viz., 'Medicine adherence', 'Daily routine', 'Eating right', 'Physical activity', 'Physical health monitoring', 'Self-reliance', and 'Psychoeducation') for patients and caregivers each, in two languages (Hindi and English). Booklets with modules for psychosocial interventions for patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers were developed after establishing content validity and pilot testing.

A multiphase, multicentre development and validation of two maturity tools assessing the implementation of the FlaQuM co-creation roadmap.

As part of the new Flanders Quality Model (FlaQuM) towards sustainable quality management systems, a co-creation roadmap with 6 primary drivers and 19 building blocks that guides healthcare organizations has been developed. Currently, no assessment tool is available to monitor hospitals' quality management systems implementation according to this co-creation roadmap. Therefore, we aimed to measure the maturity of the implementation of the FlaQuM co-creation roadmap in hospitals. A three-phase approach in co-design with 19 hospitals started with defining the scope, followed by establishing content validity through a literature review, involvement of content experts (n = 47), 20 focus groups with content experts (n = 79), and a Delphi round with healthcare quality managers (n = 19) to test the content validity index. Construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses and convergent validity by Spearman's ρ correlation coefficients. Based on 17 included existing maturity instruments and subcomponents of content experts, two maturity tools were developed according to the implementation of the FlaQuM co-creation roadmap: (i) a maturity matrix with 52 subcomponents and (ii) a co-creation scan with 19 statements. The overall scale-content validity index varied between 93.3% and 90.0% in terms of relevance and clarity, respectively. In a sample of 119 healthcare professionals, factor analyses revealed a six-factor structure and 16 (84.2%) of the 19 hypothesis for testing convergent validity between both maturity tools were statistically significant. Measuring the implementation of the FlaQuM co-creation roadmap and monitoring its maturity over time should be feasible by using these comprehensive maturity tools in hospitals. Results of both tools should be able to describe the current state of hospitals' implementation of the co-creation roadmap as basis for strategic improvement plans and next steps.

Content validity of the electronic faces thermometer scale for pain in children: is a picture worth more than a thousand words?

Early recognition of pain in children is crucial, and their self-report is the primary source of information. However, communication about pain in healthcare settings can be challenging. For non-verbal communication regarding different symptoms, children prefer digital tools. The electronic Faces Thermometer Scale (eFTS) utilizes a universal design with colors, face emojis, and numbers on an 11-point scale (0-10) for pain assessment. The aim of this study was to establish content validity of the eFTS for pain assessments in children. A mixed methods design was used. The study took place at a university hospital in eastern Sweden, involving 102 children aged 8-17 years who visited outpatient clinics. Participants were presented with 17 pictures representing varying pain levels and asked to assess hypothetical pain using the eFTS. A think-aloud approach was employed, prompting children to verbalize their thoughts about assessments and the eFTS. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, together with a qualitative approach for analysis of think-aloud conversations. A total of 1,734 assessments of hypothetical pain using the eFTS were conducted. The eFTS differentiated between no pain (level 0-1) and pain (level 2-10). However, no clear agreement was found in the differentiation between hypothetical pain intensity levels (level 2-10). The analysis revealed that children utilized the entire scale, ranging from no pain to high pain, incorporating numbers, colors, and face emojis in their assessments. The variability in assessments was influenced by prior experiences, which had an impact on the statistical outcome in our study. However, employing the think-aloud method enhances our understanding of how children utilize the scale and perceive its design, including the incorporation of emotion-laden anchors. Children express a preference for using the eFTS to assess their pain during hospital visits.

Development of a validated assessment tool for medical students using simulated patients: an 8-year panel survey

BackgroundThe use of simulated patients (SPs) to assess medical students’ clinical performance is gaining prominence, underscored by patient safety perspective. However, few reports have investigated the validity of such assessment. Here, we examined the validity and reliability of an assessment tool that serves as a standardized tool for SPs to assess medical students’ medical interview.MethodsThis longitudinal survey was conducted at Keio University School of Medicine in Japan from 2014 to 2021. To establish content validity, the simulated patient assessment tool (SPAT) was developed by several medical education specialists from 2008 to 2013. A cohort of 36 SPs assessed the performance of 831 medical students in clinical practice medical interview sessions from April 2014 to December 2021. The assessment’s internal structure was analyzed using descriptive statistics (maximum, minimum, median, mean, and standard deviation) for the SPAT’s 13 item total scores. Structural validity was examined with exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. The mean SPAT total scores across different SPs and scenarios were compared using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Convergent validity was determined by correlating SPAT with the post-clinical clerkship obstructive structured clinical examination (post-CC OSCE) total scores using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.ResultsOf the 831 assessment sheets, 36 with missing values were excluded, leaving 795 for analysis. Thirty-five SPs, excluding one SP who quit in 2014, completed 795 assessments, for a response rate of 95.6%. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors, communication and physician performance. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.929. Significant differences in SPAT total scores were observed across SPs and scenarios via one-way ANOVA. A moderate correlation (r =.212, p <.05) was found between SPAT and post-CC OSCE total scores, indicating convergent validity.ConclusionsEvidence for the validity of SPAT was examined. These findings may be useful in the standardization of SP assessment of the scenario-based clinical performance of medical students.

An e-Delphi study to evaluate content validity of the Teacher Food and Nutrition-Questionnaire

Teacher food and nutrition (FN) related factors include diet quality, health perceptions and FN attitudes. These factors are associated with both personal health and wellbeing, and teacher classroom FN practices. With Australian schoolteachers currently experiencing high levels of stress, anxiety and burnout, measuring and understanding the status of teacher FN-related health and wellbeing is needed. However, first there needs to be a comprehensive and validated tool to collect these data. This study aims to evaluate content validity of a new tool, the Teacher Food and Nutrition Questionnaire (TFNQ), to measure FN-related health and wellbeing of Australian schoolteachers. The TFNQ was developed following an extensive literature review of FN data collection methods previously used in schoolteacher populations internationally. It initially included 16 FN-related constructs alongside six constructs of wellbeing and mental health, and seven lifestyle covariates identified from the literature review. A two-round e-Delphi methodology was implemented using a mix of structured, rank-order and qualitative questions administered to an international, multidisciplinary group of experts via an online survey1. Descriptive statistics were used to derive a consensus vote (set at 75%) of constructs and covariates to be prioritised for inclusion. Qualitative feedback was analysed to identify areas of potential change. Twenty-three experts participated in round-one from Australia (n = 15), Switzerland (n = 3), The United Kingdom (n = 2), Canada (n = 1), The United States of America (n = 1) and New Zealand (n = 1). Of the 29 constructs and covariates evaluated in round-one of the e-Delphi, all achieved above 75% consensus, yet qualitative feedback indicated potential to reduce and streamline the number of constructs. Rank order questions and qualitative feedback resulted in the removal of four FN and two wellbeing constructs along with four lifestyle covariates. Round-two included 19 (83%) experts from round-one, with 83% (n = 15) in agreement regarding question order. Final feedback indicated only minor adjustments to question item phrasing. The e-Delphi process modified the TNFQ and established content validity. Further construct validity and reliability testing is required to produce a robust tool for measuring FN-related health and wellbeing of contemporary Australian schoolteachers.

Assessing the Performance of Teachers of Students With Significant Disabilities: Establishing Content Validity for the TRAIT-SD

This study was conducted to collect validity evidence to support the use of an observation instrument to evaluate the performance of special education teachers (SETs) of students with significant disabilities (SWSD). In the study, a purposive sample of 49 SETs of SWSD, who were appropriately credentialed and experienced, evaluated the content of the Teacher Rating and Assessment Instrument for Teachers of Students with Significant Disabilities (TRAIT-SD) to determine each item’s importance for teaching SWSD. To do this, the participants were presented with the 37 items on the current version of the TRAIT-SD and asked to rate the importance of each using a 5-point Likert-type scale that ranged from very important to not important. They were also requested to provide narrative statements about the items and to recommend any relevant changes to the items, or recommend any new items they deemed to be missing from the current instrument. The results of the study showed that all participants, regardless of degree level, experience, or geographical location, rated all items between important and very important, resulting in all items being retained on the instrument. Additional comments resulted in a small number of items being reworded for clarity, and one new item being recommended for a subsequent version of the instrument.

A new method to identify key match-play behaviours of young soccer players: Development of the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool.

The aim of this research was to assess the validity and reliability of a newly developed scoring tool, designed for monitoring youth soccer players during match-play performance to support coaches/scouts with the talent identification process. The method used to design the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool comprised of a five-stage process of (i) conducting an initial literature review to establish content validity (ii) gaining content validity through a cross sectional online survey (iii) establishing face validity via expert coach feedback (iv) conducting inter-rater reliability tests and (v) intra-rater reliability tests. In stage two, twenty-two soccer academy practitioners completed an online survey, which revealed that player behaviours such as resilience, competitiveness, and decision making were all valued as the most important behavioural characteristics by practitioners (90.9%), whilst X-factor was valued as least important by a significant amount (27.2%). Stages three to five of the testing procedure included a sample of four academy coaches not involved in the preceding stage. Twenty male collegiate soccer players (under-16 to under-18) involved in the study took part in four versus four small-sided games (SSG) in a 'round-robin' tournament across three weeks which accumulated 14 SSG's, 100-140 minutes of playing time and 70-98 individual player grades. Two of the four academy coaches watched the SSG's and used the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool to assess live evidence of desirable player behaviours, which was subsequently followed by retrospective video analysis for intra-rater reliability testing. The remaining two academy coaches watched the same SSG retrospective video footage to test for inter-rater reliability. Reliability results revealed an acceptable level of agreement with scores between 81.25%-89.9% for inter-rater whilst intra-rater provided scores between 80.35%-99.4%. Preliminary evidence here suggests that the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool is both a valid and reliable method to assess desirable player behaviours during talent identification processes. Thus, youth soccer practitioners and researchers should seek to test and further validate the tool in order to confirm its utility as a means of measuring behavioural characteristics of youth soccer players.

Critical Comments by Food and Drug Administration Reviewers on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Food and Drug Administration Regulatory Submissions (2018-2021)

ObjectivesThis article examined the inclusion of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data in new drug applications (NDAs) submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and approved from 2018 to 2021. The importance of assessing PROs, which capture patients’ perspectives on the disease and treatment experience, has been underscored by many stakeholders, including regulatory authorities. Despite the increasing inclusion of PRO assessments in registration trials, inclusion of language related to PRO results in approved product labeling varies widely. MethodsThis study examined FDA submission packages for NDAs approved by the FDA from 2018 to 2021 to identify critical reviewer comments related to PROs. Comments were identified and categorized by the type of criticism. Reviewers considered both oncology and nononcology indications. ResultsAssessment of PROs was included in 66.2% of the 210 submissions reviewed. Critical comments were identified in 45.3% of these applications; comments most commonly related to statistical analysis considerations, fit for purpose, and study design. Other categories of critical comment included data quality, lack of treatment benefit, administrative considerations, and miscellaneous issues. Differences were observed between oncology and nononcology NDAs with regard to the number and type of comments included in each of these categories. The findings highlight the importance of planning statistical analyses, establishing content validity, carefully considering study design, maximizing data quality, and demonstrating treatment benefit, among other issues. ConclusionsOverall, this study offers insight into the landscape of PRO data included in recently approved NDAs, along with recommendations for improving the quality and reporting of PROs in clinical trials.

Development and Validation of a Reliable and Valid Assessment Tool for Measuring Innovative Thinking in Vocational Students

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;The objective of this study was to develop a measure that possesses both reliability and validity in order to evaluate innovative thinking within the realm of education. To achieve this, the instrument's validity and reliability were evaluated through quantitative methods in two distinct phases. A team of educational experts conducted the process of establishing content validity and ensuring that the items on the instrument accurately reflected the intended constructs of creative thinking. Following that, the assessment of concept validity was conducted using confirmatory factor analyses. The aforementioned investigations resulted in the discovery of a five-factor solution consisting of 25 elements, all of which demonstrated scores beyond the crucial threshold. This successful outcome confirmed the presence of distinct factors representing different dimensions of innovative thinking. The study enrolled 1250 students from vocational education institutions as participants. The data obtained from the participants was subjected to principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, leading to the development of a model that exhibited a good match with the empirical data. This indicated the effectiveness of the developed instrument in measuring innovative thinking capacity. In conclusion, the research effectively developed an accurate and dependable tool for evaluating innovative thinking in the realm of education. The gathering of positive data from the participants and meticulous quantitative analyses were responsible for this.&lt;/p&gt;