Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil Research Articles

Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Physical Properties, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Chemical Composition of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils under Differential Water Stress Conditions.

This study investigated the effects of varying water stress levels on Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils (EO). Three samples (S1, S2, and S3) were cultivated under different stress levels (40, 60, and 80%). Increased water stress led to changes in primary and secondary metabolites, EO contents, and physical properties. Antioxidant activity varied, with S2 exhibiting the highest IC50 value. In terms of antidiabetic activity, S2 showed robust α-amylase inhibition, while S3 displayed a commendable influence. For α-galactosidase inhibition, S3 had a moderate effect, and S2 stood out with increased efficacy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed stress-induced changes in major compounds. The study enhances the understanding of plant responses to water stress, with potential applications in antioxidant therapy and diabetes management. The findings emphasize the importance of sustainable water management for optimizing the EO quality in its various uses.

The Changes in Chemical Ingredients of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oils Obtained Under Different Conditions and Chemometric Approach

The Changes in Chemical Ingredients of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oils Obtained Under Different Conditions and Chemometric Approach

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. against Botrytis cinerea Pers

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. against Botrytis cinerea Pers

Chemical variability and antioxidant activities of spontaneous and cultivated Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils according to the geographical origin of their exploited organs

ABSTRACT The present study described the variation of the chemical composition of different organ essential oils from cultivated and spontaneous Rosmarinus officinalis collected from some regions of Southern Tunisia at the flowering and the vegetative phases. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH• radical-scavenging activity and reducing power. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified representing from 88.7% to 99.3% of the total essential oils. Five chemotypes were assigned to different organ essential oils (camphor, camphor/borneol/α-terpineol/α-eudesmol, camphor/borneol/α-terpineol, camphor/borneol/bornyl acetate/α-eudesmol and camphor/borneol/α-terpineol/caryophyllene). Furthermore, the essential oils presented interesting antioxidant potential in DPPH• radical-scavenging (IC50 = 0.093–0.623 mg/ml) and Fe3+ reducing power (EC50 = 0.121–0.523 mg/ml) assays. Understanding the chemical composition of essential oils in relation to environmental factors and plant organs is a crucial quality criterion for their marketing and helps to maximize their potential application.

Nanoencapsulation of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil into Chitosan crosslinked to Tripolyphosphate nanoparticles and Alginate/Chitosan nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization, in vitro release study, and in vivo evaluation

This study delves into the intricate realm of nanoencapsulation, focusing on the application of chitosan crosslinked to TPP and alginate/chitosan-based nanoparticles to encapsulate Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil. The core objective was to unravel the potential pharmacological merits and controlled release dynamics underpinning this novel encapsulation technique. The experimental results painted a compelling portrait of rosemary oil, showcasing its multifaceted efficacy as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent. In the realm of nanotechnology, we were able to formulate nanoparticles under 100 nm, demonstrating exceptional stability. A pivotal aspect of this research revolved around encapsulation efficiency, determined via UV-vis spectroscopy. The results proved staggering, illustrating an encapsulation rate surpassing the 98% benchmark, ensuring minimal essential oil wastage. In vitro assays illuminated the controlled, sustained release attributes of the encapsulated essential oil, thereby further substantiating the potential of this encapsulation approach. FTIR analysis provided insights into the intricate interactions transpiring within these nanoparticles. Venturing into living organisms, our comprehensive in vivo assessments confirmed the significant analgesic activity of our nanoparticles encapsulating rosemary essential oil. This revelation opens exciting prospects for therapeutic applications. Microscopic observations into the SEM solidified the presence and even distribution of these nanoparticles. These compelling findings chart new avenues for the development of more potent, precisely targeted pharmaceutical interventions.
 Keywords: Rosemary essential oil, chitosan, sodium alginate, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoencapsulation

The JAK/STAT/NF-κB signaling pathway can be regulated by rosemary essential oil, thereby providing a potential treatment for DNCB-induced in mice

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism through which rosemary essential oil treats atopic dermatitis. MethodsA dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model was established and treated with low (1%), medium (2%), and high (4%) doses of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EORO). Serum levels of interleukin (IL)−6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in each group were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Skin tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. We used network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to verify the biological activity of essential proteins and their corresponding compounds in the pathway. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for metabolomics analysis and multivariate statistical analysis of mouse serum to screen differential metabolites and metabolic pathway analysis. Protein expression of p-JAK1, CD4+ cells, and IL-4 in the skin tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry analysis. Protein levels of STAT3, p-STAT3, P65, and p-P65 in damaged skin tissues were detected using western blotting. ResultThe skin of mice in the model group showed different degrees of erythema, dryness, scratches, epidermal erosion and shedding, and crusting. After treatment, the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in EORO group were significantly decreased, and the expression of p-JAK1,CD4 + cells, IL-4, p-P65 / P65 and p-STAT3 / STAT3 proteins in skin tissues were decreased. ConclusionEORO can effectively improve DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in mice by regulating the JAK/STAT/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of downstream arachidonic acid metabolites, inhibiting skin inflammation, and restoring epidermal barrier function.

Development of Essential Oil-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules as Skin Delivery Systems: Biophysical Parameters and Dermatokinetics Ex Vivo Evaluation.

Essential oils (EOs) are natural antioxidant alternatives that reduce skin damage. However, EOs are highly volatile; therefore, their nanoencapsulation represents a feasible alternative to increase their stability and favor their residence time on the skin to guarantee their effect. In this study, EOs of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula dentata were nanoencapsulated and evaluated as skin delivery systems with potential antioxidant activity. The EOs were characterized and incorporated into polymeric nanocapsules (NC-EOs) using nanoprecipitation. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ferric thiocyanate method. The ex vivo effects on pig skin were evaluated based on biophysical parameters using bioengineering techniques. An ex vivo dermatokinetic evaluation on pig skin was performed using modified Franz cells and the tape-stripping technique. The results showed that the EOs had good antioxidant activity (>65%), which was maintained after nanoencapsulation and purification. The nanoencapsulation of the EOs favored its deposition in the stratum corneum compared to free EOs; the highest deposition rate was obtained for 1,8-cineole, a major component of L. dentata, at 1 h contact time, compared to R. officinalis with a major deposition of the camphor component. In conclusion, NC-EOs can be used as an alternative antioxidant for skin care.

Molecular docking studies of principal components and in vitro inhibitory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor indicus

BackgroundEssential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis (REO) is endowed with innumerable pharmacological biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and immunostimulant hence used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. This study aimed at molecular docking studies of principal components and in vitro inhibitory activities of REO against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor indicus. MethodsThis was followed by molecular docking of major bioactive compounds from REO against fungal enzymes involved in riboflavin synthesis pathway and cell wall synthesis as pertinent sites for drug designing against spp of the Aspergillus and Mucor genera. Finally, in vitro confirmation was conducted to determine the antifungal potential of REO using food poisoning technique. ResultsDrug-likeness and toxicity profile of REO components were also calculated. GC-FID analyses revealed the presence of diverse phytocomponents including cis-3-hexanol (18 %), vertocitral C (16 %), camphene (9 %), α-pinene (8 %), humulene oxide (7.6 %), α-caryophyllene (6.6 %), cumenol (4.4 %), 1,8-cineole (4.1 %), β-caryophyllene (3.8 %) as major components in REO, hence used for docking analysis. For the most predominating phytochemicals present in the REO molecular docking analysis revealed active binding of all bioactive compounds to all targets involved in riboflavin synthesis pathway and cell wall synthesis fungal enzymes. All the ligands obeyed the LIPINSKY rule and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet-lab confirmation was achieved against three fungal strains Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor indicus. Wet lab results indicated that REO were able to inhibit fungal growth of these fungal spp, thus indicating its role as effective antifungal drug. ConclusionsThese results support the fungicidal abilities of REO essential oil as potential substitutes for artificial antifungals.

Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil Increases Hair Length and Follicle Diameter of Ultraviolet B-exposed Mice Through VEGF

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UVB) radiation induces hair photoaging by triggering oxidative stress, causing alterations in hair diameter and length, which contribute to the development of senile alopecia. Development of alternative anti-photoaging agents to prevent hair loss from various materials, including natural products, is currently being explored. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (ROEO) has been known to have antioxidant and vasodilation properties. However, the effect and mechanism of ROEO on UVB-exposed hair are still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ROEO on the hair length and follicle diameter in UVB-exposed mice as well as the skin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level.METHODS: Thirty male Swiss mice were treated topically with/without paraffin oil, 2% minoxidil, or various concentrations of ROEO, every day for 21 days. Meanwhile, UVB exposure was performed 3×/week. On day 21, the hair length was measured, the skin tissue was collected for hair follicle diameter and VEGF measurements.RESULTS: ROEO contained phenolic, including flavonoids and tannins, as well as non-phenolic antioxidants, including 1.8-cineole, α-pinene, and camphor. The IC50 value of ROEO was 15.977 ppm. Significant higher hair length, follicle diameter, and VEGF level of 10% ROEO+UVB-treated mice were observed, compared with the ones of mice exposed with UVB merely (LSD test, p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Since 10% ROEO could significantly increase hair length, follicle diameter and VEGF level, and contained antioxidant compounds, it can be suggested that ROEO might increase hair length, follicle diameter, and VEGF level through its antioxidant component.KEYWORDS: Rosmarinus officinalis, hair follicle diameter, hair length, VEGF, ultraviolet B, antioxidant

Eco-friendly management strategies of insect pests: long-term performance of rosemary essential oil encapsulated into chitosan and gum Arabic

ABSTRACT This study focused on encapsulation of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EO) on chitosan and gum Arabic matrix in various ratios and with varying essential oil concentrations. Additionally, UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to determine cumulative-release profiles. The insecticidal activity was tested against Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, both pests of stored products. In terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and loading capacity (LC%), capsules had EE at 45.8% and LC at 2.31%. Furthermore, many minor compounds were lost after encapsulation, until identifying only 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, and camphor after 60 d of storage. The fumigant tests demonstrated that encapsulated EO exhibited an effective control against insect pest during storage periods, namely, 30, 45, and 60 d with 99, 66, and 46% mortality for T. castaneum and 100, 84, 82% mortality for O. surinamensis.

Insecticidal potential of Ag-loaded 4A-zeolite and its formulations with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica

Insecticidal potential of Ag-loaded 4A-zeolite and its formulations with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica

Control of Listeria monocytogenes in a fresh cheese using aromatic and medicinal plants and enterocin: a comparative study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of essential oils (EOs) or crude extracts (CEs) of eight aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs) and its association with enterocin OS1 on Listeria monocytogenes and food spoilage bacteria in Moroccan fresh cheese. The cheese batches were treated with EO of Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Syzygium aromaticum, Laurus nobilis, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus globulus, or CE of Crocus sativus and Carthamus tinctorius, and/or enterocin OS1, and stored for 15 days at 8°C. The data were subjected to correlations analysis, variance analysis, and principal components analysis. Results clearly showed a positive correlation between L. monocytogenes reduction and storage time. Moreover, reduction on Listeria counts induced by Allium-EO and Eucalyptus-EO reached 2.68 and 1.93 Log CFU/g with respect to untreated samples after 15 days, respectively. Similarly, enterocin OS1 alone has significantly reduced the L. monocytogenes population with 1.46 Log CFU/g. The most promising result was the synergy observed between many AMPs and enterocin. Indeed, treatments with Eucalyptus-EO+OS1 and Crocus-CE+OS1 decreased the Listeria population to undetectable after only 2 days and throughout the storage period. These findings suggest a promising application/use of this natural combination, which preserves the safety and long-lasting conservation of fresh cheese.

Activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis - Family: Lamiaceae) essential oil compared to peracetic acid in Listeria monocytogenes biofilms

The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EO) compared to peracetic acid (PA) regarding formation and elimination of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polystyrene surface. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to standard protocol. Isolates were inoculated according to MIC standards polystyrene plate wells, which were then incubated at 37°C/96 hours for evaluation of biofilm formation. Regarding the evaluation of biofilm elimination, the biofilms were treated under MIC for 10 minutes. The MIC obtained were 2.0 and 3.0 mg mL-1 for EO and 0,015% for PA. Therefore, the results showed a reduction in the formation of biofilm with the presence of EO and PA, EO being more efficient (p < 0.05). Both compounds had a good capacity of eliminating biofilms, however the EO reduced the biofilm formation when compared to PA, highlighting its potential as an antibacterial agent and antibiofilm.

Evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves Essential Oils Activity Against Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) Isolated from Baghdad Hospital Patients

Rosemary is a well-known aromatic and medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. This study evaluated Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil for its phytochemical and antibacterial properties. The essential oil was analysed by using a gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) that revealed the common chemicals containing verbenone 36.20% and 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol) 12.14%. Extracted essential oils were tested for antibacterial activity against vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), a strain of bacteria obtained locally from bacteremia patients. Three isolates were found to be VISA positive using the E-test (strips) and the population analysis profile method (PAP). VISA showed lower resistance to the essential oils (MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 1.5 mg/ml). Overall, the genetic influence of VISA was evaluated by looking at the hld gene expression after being isolated from blood samples and RNA extraction for qRT-PCR to determine hld gene expression. R. officinalis gene expression was analysed and calculated by using real-time PCR of RNA which revealed that it had decreased.

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils’ eradication of beta-lactamase and multidrug resistant clinical bacterial pathogens from hospital settings

Antibiotics have become increasingly ineffective in the face of bacterial resistance, particularly in hospitals. Interestingly, there is high demand for bioprospecting of secondary metabolites, particularly for treating multidrug-resistant clinical diseases. In fact, Rosemary has been used for its antiseptic properties dating back to antiquity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial pathogens. Results showed promising antibacterial activity against seven bacteria: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia odorifera, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Aeromonas hydrophila with MIC values of 35.7, 17.85, 71.4, 8.9, 17.8, 285.7, 35.7 µg/ml respectively and MBC values of 142.8, 71.4, 285.7, 35.7, 71.4, 571.5,71.4 µg/ml respectively. This study suggests that Rosmarinus essential oil can be used as a therapeutic agent in the fight against a wide range of multi-resistant bacteria.

The Combined effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L essential oil and Bacteriocin BacLP01 from Lactobacillus plantarum against Bacillus subtilis ATCC11778

Combining bacterial metabolites and natural products of plants is one proposed alternative to antibiotic usage. Reports on such combinations are starting to emerge. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial potential of bacteriocin (BacLP01) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum and the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L (ROEO) alone and their combination. Each antibacterial agent was tested against food-borne pathogens: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial agents were evaluated from their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the test organisms. The checkerboard technique was performed to assess the resulting combination to determine the nature of the sum effects between antibacterial agents against B. subtilis ATCC11778. BacLP01 achieved the highest activity against B. subtilis, equivalent to 6400 AU/mL. ROEO showed an inhibition zone ranging from 10.23 ± 1.92 to 14.52 ± 0.83mm. S. aureus expressed the highest sensitivity to ROEO (14.52 ± 0.83 mm), and B. subilis presented low susceptibility with a 10.23± 1.92 mm diameter inhibition zone. Likewise, the synergistic effect of their combination on B. subilis ATCC11778 follows the same trend. The MICs for bacteriocin (BacLP01) and ROEO were 5 and 6.25 μL/mL, respectively. The result from FICI for the combination of BacLP01 and ROEO was 0.49, suggesting a synergistic interaction effect against B. subtilis. The study concluded that a combination of BacLP01 and ROEO could be an efficient means to control the presence of pathogenic bacteria in food.

Encapsulation of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and of its main components in cyclodextrin: application to the control of the date moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Pyralidae).

Synthetic insecticides are the most useful tools for preventing losses caused by insect pest's infestation during storage. However, the use of pesticides should be limited because of the development of insect resistance and their adverse effects on human health and environment. In the last decades, natural insecticidal products, principally essential oils (EOs) and their active components, exhibited potential alternatives for pest control. Nevertheless, due to their volatile nature, encapsulation could be considered as the most appropriate solution. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the fumigant ability of inclusion complexes of Rosmarinus officinalis EO and its major constituents (1,8-cineole, α-pinene and camphor) with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) against Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Pyralidae) larvae. The encapsulation within HP-β-CD reduced greatly the release rate of the encapsulated molecules. Therefore, free compounds were more toxic than those encapsulated. Moreover, results revealed that encapsulated volatiles exhibited interesting insecticidal toxicity towards E. ceratoniae larvae. In fact, after 30 days mortality rates were 53.85, 94.23, 3.85 and 42.31% for α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor and EO, respectively, encapsulated within HP-β-CD. In addition, results showed also that 1,8-cineole free and encapsulated was more effective toward E. ceratoniae larvae than the other tested volatiles. Additionally, the HP-β-CD/volatiles complexes exhibited best persistence compared to the volatiles components. The half-life of the encapsulated α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor and EO (7.83, 8.75, 6.87 and 11.20 days) was significantly longer than that of the free ones (3.46, 5.02, 3.38 and 5.58 days). These results sustain the utility of R. officinalis EO and its main components encapsulated in CDs as treatment to stored-date commodities. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combined Effects of Domestication and Extraction Technique on Essential Oil Yield, Chemical Profiling, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

We aimed at comparing the effects of domestication and extraction technique on the chemical profiling and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (ROEO). This was isolated from wild (WR) and cultivated rosemary (CR) using microwave-assisted extraction (ME) and Clevenger hydrodistillation (CH). Domestication was the main variability source in ROEO constituents, while yield was equally determined by domestication and extraction techniques. Our results revealed important variations, owing to domestication and isolation technique, in terms of ROEO yield (1.10–2.85%), major compounds: α-pinene (14.07–42.03%), camphene (2.26–8.19%), β-pinene (0.35–3.76%), α-terpinene (0.55–2.92%), p-cymene (1.22–4.18%), limonene (0.64–2.79%), 1,8-cineole (31.73–40.72%), β-myrcene (2.09–3.2%), linalool (0.22–1.94%), camphor (12.12–19.66%), borneol (0.53–1.67%), and α-terpineol (1.46–7.45%) as well as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, 6.17–15.50 μg/mL), and antioxidant activity (IC50, 2.61–8.58 mg/mL). WR performed better in terms of yield, limonene, cineole, camphor, MIC, and IC50, while the remaining compounds were better expressed in CR. ME displayed high records of ROEO traits except for limonene, camphor, and verbenone (better expressed in CH). Principal component analysis confirmed the obtained findings via the separation of WR, CR, and techniques through the first two components (over 93% of data variability). In conclusion, R. officinalis domestication results in differentiated effects on ROEO traits, fostering a better accumulation of some compounds but reducing yield of other compounds and therefore antioxidant along with antimicrobial activity. ME could be recommended as a green method for ROEO isolation since it was more efficient in terms of the investigated ROEO traits.

Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus globulus Cultivated in the Mountainous Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): Chemical Profile and Antileishmanial Activity

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,297-306.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.032Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Rogéria Cristina Zauli, Tarcísio Martins Santos, Alberto Wisniewski Jr, Patrícia Xander, and Aislan Cristina Rheder Fagundes Pascoal Author(s) affiliations:Rogéria Cristina Zauli1, 2, 3, Tarcísio Martins Santos4, Alberto Wisniewski Jr4, Patrícia Xander1, 3, Aislan Cristina Rheder Fagundes Pascoal5,* 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungi and Protozoa, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, BRAZIL. 2Technical Support Center for Teaching, Research and Extension (NATEPE), Federal University of São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, BRAZIL. 3Biology-Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, BRAZIL. 4Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, São Cristóvão, SE, BRAZIL 5Department of Basic Sciences, Multi-user Biomedical Research Laboratory, Fluminense Federal University (ISNF-UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL. Abstract:The present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis (EORo) and Eucalyptus globulus (EOEg) cultivated in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to verify the leishmanicidal potential, as well as to determine the cytotoxicity in vitro in mammalian cells. EORo had α-Pinene (37.99%), Cineol (21.48%), D-Verbenone (5.78%) and Limonene (3.28%) as major constituents. The EOEg had as major components Cineol (75.52%), Limonene (8.82%) and o-Cymeno (7.81%). The EOEg had a lower IC50 value of 14.03 ± 2.08 μg/mL, while EORo had an IC50 value of 31.12 ± 4.6 μg/mL, both during the 24-hr exposure period. In the 48-hr period, the IC50 value was almost twice as high with rosemary oil, while in eucalyptus oil there was no significant difference when exposed in this period. The selectivity of EOs was demonstrated in murine cells, showing almost 30 times less toxic to the cell than to the parasite. It can be concluded that this is a pioneering study on the potential of these essential oils against the leishmania parasite. Furthermore, the low toxicity effect on the host cell encourages future studies and in vivo applications. Keywords:cytotoxicity, E. globulus, Essential oil, Leishmanicidal, R. officinalisView:PDF (359.76 KB)

Infrared‐assisted hydrodistillation as an efficient, promising approach to the extraction of essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis

SummaryHerbs and raw plant materials usually contain essential oils that are extractable by a variety of methods. The quality and quantity of essential oils are largely influenced by the method of extraction, some of which have remained unexplored. Demands for environmentally‐friendly extractions are increasingly becoming common. The present study used infrared‐assisted hydrodistillation (IAHD) as a new extraction method that performs faster than the classical hydrodistillation (HD) method. Here, the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (common rosemary) was extracted from the leaves by each of the two methods separately. The essential oils were evaluated in terms of extraction kinetics, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition. Compared with the HD (2.15 ± 0.01 mL/100 g, 210 min), the IAHD generated higher yields (2.17 ± 0.02–2.51 ± 0.04 mL/100 g) over shorter periods (60–120 min), depending on the power of radiation (150–375 W). The IAHD method offered important advantages over HD, such as better maintenance of antioxidant activity in the oil and higher oil quality, e.g. enhanced levels of oxygenated compounds. Thus, it can be introduced as a promising method because of its higher extraction output and simple extraction procedure. Infrared radiation extraction can be used as a valuable substitute for classical hydrodistillation when aiming to extract essential oil from R. officinalis and other aromatic plants.