Essential Oil Bearing Research Articles

Prospects of using and breeding perennial geraniums in Russia

In recent years, interest has been growing in winter-hardy geraniums as ornamental, essential oil bearing, medicinal and bee plants, thereby intensifying their breeding. Due to their introduction into commercial fl oriculture, winter-hardy varieties of Geranium L. enter the markets of countries in diff erent climatic zones, and every year they are more and more widely used in fl oral design of gardens, parks and street areas, which expands their raw material base. Th e paper considers the issues and prospects of using and breeding perennial winter-hardy geraniums in Russia on the basis of global achievements. Th e diversity of species and varieties of this genus in terms of leaf and fl ower coloring, habitus, fl owering time, adaptation to diff erent soil and climatic conditions expands the ways of their use as ornamental and environmentally-friendly plants. Th e paper demonstrates the prospects of using many geranium species and varieties in medicine and functional nutrition due to the high content of polyphenols in extracts of above-ground and underground parts, as well as the prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancer eff ect. Creation of representative fi eld collections of geraniums by ecological and geographical origin and economic and biological characteristics, as well as development of nursery breeding will contribute to the selection of geraniums in Russia for various uses. Th e possibilities of creating interspecifi c hybrids by spontaneous and artifi cial crosses on the basis of fi eld collections of winter-hardy geraniums have not been exhausted yet due to suffi ciently high interspecifi c compatibility of a number of species and varieties, especially among species and varieties of Geranium subgenus. Th is is confi rmed by the data on origin of the created varieties and some studies of genomes of geranium species and varieties. Further focus areas of breeding will be formed not only taking into account the demands of gardeners, but also specialists in the fi eld of biochemistry, medicine and other branches of national economy, where geraniums are and will be used.

Geraniol and Carvacrol in Essential Oil Bearing Thymus pulegioides: Distribution in Natural Habitats and Phytotoxic Effect.

Phenolic and non-phenolic chemotypes of Thymus pulegioides L. are common in Europe. Essential oils of these chemotypes, as various compositions of allelochemicals, can have different phytotoxic effects on neighboring plants in natural habitats. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution of carvacrol and geraniol in T. pulegioides, growing wild in Lithuania, and compare phytotoxity of essential oils of carvacrol and geraniol chemotypes on selected plant species. In investigating 131 T. pulegioides habitats, essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Phytotoxity of essential oils extracted from carvacrol and geraniol chemotypes transmitted through water and air to selected plants was determined under laboratory conditions. Pharmacologically valuable Hypericum perforatum L. and the important forage grass Phleum pratense L. were respectively selected for experimentation from among 35 medicinal plants and 10 feed Poaceae species, growing in T. pulegioides habitats. Field results showed that carvacrol is common throughout Lithuania’s territory, whereas the geraniol is predominantly located under the continental climatic conditions of the eastern region of the country. In the laboratory experiment, it was established that there was stronger inhibition of P. pratense seed germination by the essential oil of the geraniol chemotype than the carvacrol chemotype. None of the H. perforatum seeds germinated after exposure to the essential oil of the geraniol chemotype. In general, this study builds on previous studies by providing further evidence that different T. pulegioides chemotypes have contrasting phytotoxic effects on neighboring plants within their natural habitats.

Artemisinin Yield and Cyto/Genotoxic Properties of Naturally Grown Artemisia Annua L. in Uludag, Turkey

Artemisia annua L. known as sweet wormwood in ancient literature is an essential oil bearing and medicinal aromatic plant and belongs to Asteraceae family. It has been used for many years in traditional eastern medicine especially in the treatment of malaria and some parasitic diseases, and it gives successful results. Recently, it has been addressed with its potential effect against coronavirus. In this study, naturally growing Artemisia annua L. sample in Uludag, in Bursa province of Turkey, was used as raw drug. The aim of this study is to determine the yields of artemisinin in three different solvent phase extracts using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and examine cytotoxic/genotoxic effect of total ethanol extract on epithelial cells isolated from human bronchial epithelium. The highest amount of artemisinin was found as 0.19 mg/g in ethanol extract. As a result of cell toxicity assay, no cytotoxicity or genotoxicity effect was observed at doses less than 500 µg/mL.

Variation in essential oil composition in rhizomes of natural populations of Hedychium spicatum in different environmental condition and habitats

ABSTRACT Hedychium spicatum Sm. is a perennial, rhizomatous, essential oil bearing, plant belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. In the present study, essential oil composition in rhizome part was analysed among 16 populations located in diverse habitat conditions in west Himalaya. A total of 39 compounds were identified accounting 89.59–98.51% of the volatile constituents. Among these, 1,8-cineole was recorded as a single major component (41.63%), followed by β-eudesmol (10.42%), α-elemol (8.08%), cadin-4-en-10-ol (7.90%), α-eudesmol (5.80%) and linalool (4.09%). Some essential oil components such as, 1,8-cineole, carissone, trans-pinocarveol, δ-terpineol, β-pinene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol and α-thujene exhibited significant (p < 0.05) negative relationship with altitude. Different habitat conditions also largely influenced the oil composition and therefore can be promoted as specific compound rich essential oil. The result of this study can be utilised for selection of specific compound rich group for its use in flavour, fragrance, cosmetic or medicines.

Essential Oil Composition and Antiproliferative Potential of the Aerial Parts of Majorana syriaca (L. Rafi): An Aromatic Essential Oil Bearing Ethnomedicinal Herb from Jordan

This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of essential oils of dried aerial parts of five different specimens of Majorana syriaca (L. Rafi) grown in Jordan obtained by hydrodistillation using GC-FID and GC/MS. Also, in vitro antiproliferative activity of plant extracts against MCF-7, Caco-2 and Panc-1 cancer cell lines in addition to normal fibrocytes cells was assessed using MTT assay. Thirty three components were identified in the oil hydrodistilled from the tested specimens of M. syriaca amounting for an average of 94.0 % of oil content. Oxygenated monoterpenes predominated the volatile fractions with carvacrol (0.6-88.2 %) and/or thymol (0.9-70.3 %) as the principal constituents, p-cymene (2.1-14.5 %) and γ-terpinene (2.6-15.4 %) as major constituents. M. syriaca essential oils exhibited excellent in vitro antiproliferative activity against all tested cells. While water extracts were ineffective; M. syriaca ethanol extract showed significant activity only against MCF-7 (IC50 value= 6.96 μg/mL). Moreover, all extracts were safe on normal human fibrocytes. Based on the obtained results, ethanol extract and EO of M. syriaca may be advocated as candidates for breast, colorectal and pancreatic cancers management.

Studying the Effects of Essential Oil Bearing Plants on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Vodka

Ancient vodka was an alcoholic tincture made of herbs and berries, where ethyl alcohol was modified by the many complex combinations of healthy substances. The ancient vodka makers preserved the preparation principle based on using an alcohol purified of harmful impurities in combination with herbal components; subsequent processing was what distinguished alcoholic drinks from medications. Thus, Russia finally invented and popularized aromatic vodkas, tinctures, liqueurs, and rataphias, which then became popular worldwide. Essential oil bearing plants have been known to human since long ago; they boast a high content of biologically active agents and minerals. They are broadly used in perfumery, cosmetics, confectionary, paint and liqueur production. When used in making alcohol, the beverage is infused with the biologically active components of such plants. Modern use of plants for vodka aromatization is mainly due to strong competition in the market, the producers’ marketing policy, or the need to achieve a desired taste or aroma. There are very few publications that describe the effects of biologically active agents on the human body, whereby drinking vodka has a hepatoprotective effect. In our quest for new vodka formulations, we added the total aromatic alcohol produced from essential oil bearing plants and found out that such vodka was less toxic while having unquestionable organoleptic advantages. It was found out that the use of aromatic alcohols based on aromatic plants did not cause any accumulation of harmful substances in special vodkas. We have developed new formulations for vodkas we named Zemlyanichnaya (Strawberry), Brusnichnaya (Cowberry), and Chernichnaya (Blueberry) based on total aromatic alcohols produced from aromatic plants growing in RNO-Alania; we found out that the use of aromatic alcohols based on aromatic plants did not cause any accumulation of harmful substances in special vodkas.

Homalomena pineodora, a Novel Essential Oil Bearing Plant and Its Antimicrobial Activity Against Diabetic Wound Pathogens

In present study, we evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil from a new tropical plant species, Homalomena pineodora on clinical microorganisms isolated from diabetic ulcers. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 14 compounds were identified representing 98.6 % of the essential oil. Based on the results, 2-octylcyclopentanone (53.8 %) was the major compound present. On disc diffusion assay, the essential oil exhibited significant inhibitory activity on 4 Gram positive bacteria, 5 Gram negative bacteria and 1 yeast with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 156.25 to 1250 μg/ml. The growth reduction assay showed that the essential oil exhibited 100 % growth reduction against 4 test microorganisms after 24 hours of incubation. In conclusion, H. pineodora essential oil showed potential pharmaceutical application as an antimicrobial finishing on wound dressing to treat wound infections.

In Vitro Propagation of Rhododendron tomentosum – an Endangered Essential Oil Bearing Plant from Peatland

AbstractRhododendron tomentosumHarmaja (formerlyLedum palustreL.) is a medicinal peat bog plant native to northern Europe, Asia and North America. This plant has a distinctive aroma thanks to the presence of essential oil, to which it also owes its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, in EuropeR. tomentosumis classified as an endangered species, mainly due to degradation of peatlands. In the present work, the micropropagation protocol forR. tomentosumwas established for the first time, providing both anex situconservation tool and a means of continuous production ofin vivoandin vitroplant material for further studies.R. tomentosummicroshoots were initiated from leaf explants and further multiplied using Schenk-Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 2iP and 1.00 μM TDZ. The shoots were elongated on the SH medium supplemented with 24.6 μM 2iP and subsequently rooted using the perlite substrate saturated with half-strength Woody Plant medium supplemented with 1.0% sucrose and 4.92 μM IBA. The regenerated plants were hardened on the phytohormone-free SH medium and acclimatized using 3:1:1 deacidified peat:perlite:gravel substrate. The identity of the mother plant was confirmed at morphological and molecular levels and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was implemented to assess the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. The essential oil content of the maternal plant,in vitroshoots and the regenerants was determined by steam-distillation, and the obtained volatile fractions were analyzed by GC/MS.

Improving Flower Yield of Two Essential Oil Bearing Rosa Species Through Pruning Severity

Improving Flower Yield of Two Essential Oil Bearing Rosa Species Through Pruning Severity

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil Bearing Plants from Vietnam

An Agilent Technologies HP 6890N Plus chromatograph was fitted with a fused silica capillary HP-5 MS column and interfaced with a mass spectrometer HP 5973 MSD (70 eV) for GC/MS analysis, under the same conditions as above. Compound identification was performed by comparison of retention indices (RI) and MS data with literature data [13, 14]. Table 1 present the compounds identified in the studied oil samples from Vietnam. The major constituents of G. multiovulatus were sesquiterpenes represented by -humulene (18.4%), germacrene D (14.4%), bicycloelemene (10.4%), and bicyclogermarene (10.2%). The oil of X. vielana consists mainly of -elemene (19.5%), germacrene D (12.7%), bicyclogermacrene (10.7%), and spathulenol (9.6%). E. lepta fruit afforded oil in which the main compounds were -caryophyllene (20.9%), limonene (15.9%), and germacrene D (12.5%). There are significant amounts of -pinene (6.6%), -elemene (6.3%), -humulene (6.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (5.5%). Contrary to a previous report on the stem [11], the content of -cadinene in the studied fruit oil was low. In addition, octadecyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, and neophytadiene were also absent in the present oil sample of E. lepta.

A System for Non-destructive Quantitative Characterization of Aroma in Fresh Herbs and Essential Oil Bearing Plants

A system for quantitative characterization of aroma of fresh herbs and essential-oil bearing plants was developed. The system comprised a glass chamber supplied with a holder for plant material attached to a timer-controlled vibration mechanism and a port for solid-phase microextraction device. For demonstration of the system performance, shoots of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. and of perennial African Blue basil (O. kilimandscharicum × O. basilicum) were subjected to 3-s vibration and the released volatile compounds were sampled from the headspace using the solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For the first time, a detailed report of the aroma composition of the African Blue basil is presented. Vibration was essential for the headspace enrichment with aroma volatiles. The amount of aroma compounds in the headspace stabilized 20-25 minutes after ending the vibration presumably due to the even distribution of the volatiles throughout the chamber volume. The amount and ratio of volatile compounds emitted by sweet basil leaves depended on their location on the shoot. The young leaves located close to the shoot top emitted the highest amount of volatile compounds, predominantly linalool. Total amount of volatiles emitted and the share of linalool declined in older leaves located lower on the shoot. The system can serve a helpful tool for objective, reproducible and non-destructive measurement and investigation of aroma compounds produced by various fresh herbs, essential-oil bearing plants and flowers.

Constituents of Some Essential Oil Bearing Plants from Vietnam

Essential oils obtained from hydrodistillation of three medicinal plants grown in Vietnam were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The monoterpene hydrocarbons, α-pinene (50.2%), β-pinene (23.6%) and limonene (5.3%) were the most abundant constituents of the rhizome oil of Zingiber collinsii Mood & Theilade (Zingiberaceae). The main compounds of the stem oil of Croton kongensis Gagnep., (Euphorbiaceae) were benzyl benzoate (12.7%), β-selinene (9.8%), bulnesol (8.0%) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline (7.4%). The leaf oil of Goniothalamus albiflous Ban., consisted mainly of α-pinene (26.2%), caryophyllene oxide (10.6%) and 1,8-cineole (9.7%). The composition of the oils of Zingiber collinsii and Croton kongensis was being reported for the first time.

Effect of Chromium Rich Tannery Effluent on Soil Quality Vis-àVis Growth of Essential Oil Bearing Plant Indian Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Effect of Chromium Rich Tannery Effluent on Soil Quality Vis-àVis Growth of Essential Oil Bearing Plant Indian Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Structural changes in secretory canals associated with fruit development in Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague)

Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) fruits (Apiaceae) accumulate essential oil in compartments referred to as canals (vittae). T.ammi is one of the most important herbs used in Ayurveda (1). Iranian traditional herbal medicine recommends the use of Ajowan fruits also as digestive stimulant. A high proportion of thymol has been selectively demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the essential oil of mature Ajowan fruits (2). It has also been reported that different harvest stages affect the number of oil components in Ajowan fruits (3). The present research has focused on the relationship between the secretion process and reproductive development in T.ammi. Flowers and fruits were collected from wild growing plants at 6 ontogenic stages. Samples were fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in resin. Semithin sections were stained with toluidine blue. Six canals were distinguishable in the ovary wall of the partly open flowers. A single layer of orderly arranged cells reperesented the schizogenous cavity. The cytoplasm of these cells increased in density, and reached the highest level in flowers at full bloom. The immature fruit exhibited the features of the most active secretory phase, i.e., higher amount of the secreted material lining the cavity and maximum width of the canal. The cells underwent post-secretory phase throughout the fruit maturation. They were compressed, with a degenerative protoplasm in dry mature pericarp. Results of the present histological study confirm previous analytical data (3) and recommend the use of immature stage for the best efficiency of Ajowan.

Low Temperature Extraction of Essential Oil Bearing Plants by Liquefied Gases. 6. Barks from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees)

The chemical composition of extract from the barks of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees) produced by extraction with 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The main compounds (concentration higher than 3 %) of extract were: cinnamal (77.3 %) and coumarin (4.3 %). The studied extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms from clinical and food isolates belonging to species Sta-phylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella abony, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The extract was inactive against some of the most resistible bacteria belonging to genus Pseudomonas. The produced cinnamon extract demonstrated higher antioxidant activity against DPPH radical in comparison with other plant extracts produced by low temperature extraction with tetrafluorethane.

Establishment of Some Viruses—Polyphagues on Economically Important Essential Oil—Bearing and Medicinal Plants in Bulgaria

ABSTRACTViruses-polyphagues such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), broad bean wilt virus I (BBWV I) and potato virus Y (PVY) were established on some of the following cultures: coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench), sage (Salvia sclarea L.), catmint or catnip (Nepeta cataria L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and lovage (Levisticum officinalis L.). The studies were carried out by serological ELISA method (double antibody sandwich ELISA—DAS ELISA). The indicator method was used for identification of isolates belonging to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) for future investigations. A comparison between CMV isolates from essential oil-bearing and medicinal cultures and an isolate of CMV from cucumber was done on indicators plants.

Constituents of Some Essential Oil Bearing Plants from Nigeria

The essential oils isolated from the air-dried leaves of four Nigerian plants of Commiphora kerstingii Engl (Burseraceae), Mangifera indica L., (Anacardiaceae), Callitris glauca R. Br. ex R.T. Baker. et H.G. Smith (Cupressaceae) and Ficus mucosa Welw. ex Ficalho (Moraceae), were analyzed for their constituents by GC and GC/MS. The volatile oil of Com. kerstingii contained (Z)-α-bisabolene (34.9%), β-bisabolene (9.3%), linalool (8.7%) and trans-α-bergamotene (7.9%) as the major constituents. On the other hand, the leaf oil of M. indica possessed a considerable proportion of α-gurjunene (23.6%), β-selinene (20.6%), β-caryophyllene (11.2%) and α-humulene (10.8%), while C. glauca had an abundance of α-pinene (19.6%) and limonene (13.1%). In addition, β-caryophyllene (37.0%), ethyl octanoate (14.9%) and methyl octanoate (8.3%) were the compounds occurring in higher percentages in the leaf oil of F. mucosa.

Two Distinct Essential Oil Bearing Races of Tanacetum nubigenum Wallich ex DC from Kumaon Himalaya

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Tanacetum nubigenum Wallich ex DC collected from the Milam glacier moraine showed the presence of 73 compounds, of which 69, representing 87.9% of the total oil, have been identified, with bornyl acetate (39.7%), borneol (10.6%), ( E)-β-farnesene (6.6%) and 1,8-cineole (5.8%) as major constituents, while the oil from the plant material from the Pindari glacier area contained a total of 81 compounds, of which 77 have been identified. This oil was characterized by the presence of (3 R, 6 R)-linalool oxide acetate (69.4%), β-eudesmol (3.2%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (3.2%) and (3.2% and 1.2%, respectively) for compounds ( E) and ( Z)-2-(2,4-hexadiynylidene)-1,6-dioxospiro [4,4] non-3-ene, respectively. The major constituents of the essential oils from the aerial parts were separated and characterized by GC, GC/MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The chemical differences between the two essential oils place them as distinct chemical races or chemotypes.

Aromatic Productions of Morocco

(2006). Aromatic Productions of Morocco. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 204-210.

Chemical Screening of Essential Oil Bearing Flora of Siberia V. Composition of the Essential Oil of Chaerophyllum prescottii DC Tops from Altai Region

Distillation of the fresh fowering tops of Chaerophyllum prescottii DC collected from Altai region of Siberia yielded 0.22% mobile colorless oil. Analysis of the oil by GC, GC/MS for the frst time has revealed the presence of 18 substances with the major components consisting of (E)-β-ocimene (35.6%), (Z)-β-ocimene (19.4%), γ-terpinene (18.8%), myrcene (10.6%) and terpinolene (4.6%), representing 89.0% of the total oil, while 11.0% of the oil comprised other minor components.