Essential L-amino Acids Research Articles

Hormonal indicator of effective mobilization of antitumor mechanisms in the experiment.

e15054 Background: Previously, the antitumor efficacy of low intensity complex impacts, including electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of the extremely high frequency range (EHF) in combination with factors of electromagnetic or biochemical nature, was shown. The questions about systemic antitumor mechanisms and the role of the thyroid system in them are opened. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the levels of thyroid hormones and their ratio in the blood in the cases of tumor regression under the influence of complex impacts including EMR EHF. Methods: The experiments were carried out on outbred male rats of young (8-9 months) and senile (24-26 months) age with subcutaneously transplanted sarcoma 45 (S-45). EMR EHF (42.2 GHz, 10 mW/cm2) with previously developed regime of modulation was applied on the head. In young males (21), the tumor was additionally exposed to the electric field with neuron-like impulses (SCENAR-97.1 device); in 20 old animals, complexes of essential L-amino acids were used per os 260 mg/kg/day. The impact course lasted for 3 weeks. After its completion, the levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood were assessed by radioimmunoassay and the T3/T4 ratio was calculated. The results were compared with the values in intact animals (n=9-10), control group rats (S-45, n=11-15) and animals of the main groups without tumor regression. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney criteria were used, and the coefficient of variation (cv) was determined. Results: The tumor growth was accompanied by a decrease in T3 by 1.7-2 times (p <0.05) without changes in T4. The studied impacts caused a complete regression of S-45 in 38% (8) of young males, as well as a regression by 75-100% in 25% (5) of old animals. Young rats with S-45 regression showed no decrease in T3, while in old animals the T3 decrease was 1.3 times less pronounced than in the control group (p <0.05). In young males without S-45 regression, a decrease in T3 at the tendency level was observed (p <0.1), and T3 in old rats did not differ from the control group. The level of T4 did not change. In all cases of S-45 regression, despite the variability of T3 and T4 separately (cv=31-68%), practically constant value of the T3/T4 ratio was noted (cv=2-4%). It was 16x10-5 in young animals and 13x10-5 in old ones. It differed by 12-94% from the T3/T4 in the comparison groups and in rats without tumor regression (p <0.05-0.01). In the latter cases, the T3/T4 ratio had significant variability (cv = 25-84%) and was outside the range of values in rats with tumor regression. Conclusions: The results indicate the participation of the thyroid gland in the effective mobilization of systemic antitumor mechanisms, the marker of which is the ratio of the thyroid hormone levels in the blood.

Influence of Paclobutrazol (PP333) and Sridiamin (Human hair-derived aminoacid mixture) on growth and quality of Tomato PKM-1

Tomato is one of the most popular vegetable in subtropics and tropics. Plant growth regulators have potential for manipulating growth of many agricultural crops. Among the plant growth retardants, paclobutrazol (PP333) has been reported to exert profound effects on improving the yield of certain vegetables. Aminoacids are essential prerequisite for plant growth. Sridiamin a natural blend of 17 essential L-aminoacids, fortified with vitamins ensuring better crop growth and higher productivity. Therefore the present study was designed with 5mg and 10 mg concentration of PP333 as soil drench and a foliar spray of sridiamin of 0.5% and 1% concentration as individual and as combined treatment improved the yield and quality of tomato PKM1. Various biometric parameters, along with chlorophyll, starch, aminoacid and protein content were analysed in the leaves. In fruit analysis like titrable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, lycopene, total sugars, macronutrients and micronutrients were analysed.

Nutritional support for acute kidney injury

Treatment for acute kidney Injury (AKI) primarily relies on treating the underlying cause and maintaining the patient until kidney function has recovered. Enteral and parenteral nutrition are commonly used to treat nutritional disorders in AKI patients, however their efficacy in treating AKI are still debated. This review was first published in 2010. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nutritional support for patients with AKI. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Disc, VIP and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).Date of last search: 4 July 2012 All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported for AKI and nutrition were included. Authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or mean difference (MD). Eight studies (257 participants) were included. An overall pooled analysis was not performed due to the different interventions used and different outcomes measured. Selection bias was not reported (unclear) in six studies and was adequately reported (low) for random sequence generation in two studies. Participant/personnel blinding was adequately reported in one study and unclear in seven. Incomplete outcome reporting bias was low in six studies and high in two. Selective reporting was low in six studies, unclear in one study, and high in one study. No other biases were detected. There was a significant increase in recovery rate for AKI (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.70 to 2.79) and survival in dialysed patients (RR 3.56, 95% CI 0.97 to 13.08) for intravenous essential L-amino acids (EAA) compared to hypertonic glucose alone. Compared to lower calorie-total parenteral nutrition (TPN), higher calorie-TPN did not improve estimated nitrogen balance, protein catabolic rate, or urea generation rate; but increased serum triglycerides, glucose, insulin need and nutritional fluid administration. There was no difference between groups in estimated nitrogen balance, but there were differences between urea nitrogen appearance (MD 0.98, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.71) and net protein utilisation (MD 21.50%, 95% CI 0.39 to 42.61). Urea nitrogen appearance was lower in the low nitrogen intake group than in the high nitrogen intake group. There was no significant difference in death between EAA and general amino acids (GAA) (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.63 to 3.68). High dose amino acids did not improve cumulative water excretion, furosemide requirement, nitrogen balance or death compared to normal dose amino acids. Glucose+EAA+histidin had better nitrogen balance than glucose+GAA; glucose+nitrogen+fat significantly increased serum creatinine compared with glucose+GAA; glucose+EAA+histidin significantly improved nitrogen balance, U/P urea and serum creatinine, but increased plasma urea compared to glucose+nitrogen+fat. There was insufficient evidence found to support the effectiveness of nutritional support for AKI. Further high quality studies are required to provide reliable evidence of the effect and safety of nutritional support.

Efeitos do ácido L-glutâmico e da vitamina K na composição bioquímica parcial de fêmures de frangos de corte

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos da combinação de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) e vitamina K na composição bioquímica de fêmures (proteínas colagenosas; não-colagenosas e totais) de frangos de corte. O experimento, que teve 14 dias de duração, foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 2 × 4, com dois níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (6,25 e 12,5%) combinados com quatro níveis de vitamina K (0,02; 0,2; 2,0 e 20,0 mg/kg de ração), cada combinação com quatro repetições de dez animais. Foram utilizados pintos machos, Avian Farm, de 1 dia, criados em baterias aquecidas e alimentados à vontade com dieta básica contendo L-aminoácidos essenciais, minerais e vitaminas (exceto vitamina K) suplementada com ácido L-glutâmico e vitamina K. Ao término do experimento, os animais foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical e seus fêmures removidos, medidos, desengordurados e pesados. Não foi observada interação significativa entre ácido L-glutâmico e vitamina K para os parâmetros estudados. Os teores de proteínas não-colagenosas foram maiores e o de proteínas colagenosas, menores nos fêmures dos pintos alimentados com a ração com 6,25% de ácido L-glutâmico. Os teores de proteínas totais, no entanto, não foram afetados pelos níveis de ácido L-glutâmico e de vitamina K. Os níveis de vitamina K tiveram efeito quadrático decrescente nos teores de proteínas não-colagenosas e efeito crescente na composição de proteínas colagenosas dos fêmures. A composição em proteínas colagenosas e não-colagenosas pode ser utilizada como indicador bioquímico de anormalidades de pernas causadas por baixo nível de nitrogênio não-específico.

Numerous Isomers of Serine Octamer Ions Characterized by Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy

Numerous Isomers of Serine Octamer Ions Characterized by Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy

The modulating effect of amino acids on an organotypic culture of lymphoid tissue

The effect of 20 essential and nonessential L-amino acids on the dynamics of development of spleen explants from 1- and 21-day-old rats on an organotypic tissue culture was studied. The hydrophilic amino acids with a higher molecular mass (asparagine, lysine, arginine, and glutamic acid) induced an inhibitory effect on the growth zone of explants of immature tissue from 1-day-old animals and an opposite, stimulating effect on the mature spleen tissue of 21-day-old rats. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed a reciprocal correlation between the expression of the proapoptotic protein p53 and the cell proliferation upon the action of lysine, asparagine, and glutamic acid. The role of polar amino acids in the modulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in dependence on the period of ontogenesis was determined. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2006, vol. 32, no. 3; see also http://www.maik.ru.

Efeitos do Ácido L-Glutâmico da Dieta em Pintos de Corte

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) sobre as concentrações de proteínas colagenosas (PC), proteínas não-colagenosas (PNC), proteínas totais (PT), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), manganês (Mn), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) nos fêmures e tíbias, um experimento foi conduzido com pintos de um dia, machos, Hubbard, criados em baterias aquecidas com piso de tela elevado, alimentados com dieta básica purificada contendo todos os L-aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas e minerais em níveis requeridos e suplementada com 5; 7,5; 10; e 12,5% de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu), por um período de 14 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições de cinco aves cada. Os pintos alimentados com 7,5% de L-Glu apresentaram maior ganho de peso, melhor eficiência alimentar e maiores comprimentos de tíbias e fêmures. Foram necessários 12,5% de L-Glu para reduzir a um mínimo (19,92%) a incidência de deformações nas pernas, sem contudo eliminá-las. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de L-Glu no consumo (P>0,05). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre os teores de PC, PT, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Na e K nas tíbias e fêmures. Os teores de PNC das tíbias e fêmures foram significativamente maiores nos animais alimentados com 12,5% de L-Glu. Embora algumas diferenças tenham sido observadas na composição mineral dos ossos, os conteúdos se encontravam numa faixa fisiológica normal.

Essential Amino Acids and Other Essential Components for Development of Angiostrongylus costaricensis from Third-Stage Larvae to Young Adults

Third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were cultured to the young adult stage in Waymouth's chemically defined medium MB 752/1, which contained 18 amino acids, 11 vitamins, glutathione, hypoxanthine, and glucose in a balanced salt solution. Nutritional requirements were examined by deletion of single components from Waymouth's medium. Ten amino acids, namely L-arginine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, and L-valine, were shown to be essential for the parasite's development. L-Aspartic acid, L-cysteine, L-cystine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-proline, and L-tyrosine were not essential. Among the 11 vitamins, only choline chloride was essential for the development. The deletion of pyridoxine from the medium adversely affected parasite development. Glucose was also required by the worms, but glutathione and hypoxanthine were not required for their development. When the 10 essential L-amino acids were replaced individually by D-isomers of the same amino acids, none supported larval development in the manner of the L-amino acids.

The presence of free D-aspartic acid in rodents and man

Free D-aspartic acid is present in appreciable quantities in the brain and other tissues of rodents and in human blood. In the newborn rat, the highest concentration of D-aspartic acid was found in cerebral hemispheres, where, at 164 nmol/g (8.4% of the total aspartic acid), the level of D-aspartic acid exceeds that of many essential L-amino acids. The highest ratio of D- to total aspartic acid (38%) occurred in neonatal blood cells. In the adult rat, the highest concentration was present in the pituitary gland (127 nmol/g, 3.8%). Within the central nervous system marked regional differences are present and characteristic changes with development take place. In general, the levels of D-aspartic acid fall rapidly with increasing age. In cerebral hemispheres adult values (13 nmol/g, 0.43%) are approached within one week. D-aspartic acid concentrations may also be higher in young humans since fetal blood, taken from placental cord, contains 2.6 nmol/g (4.9%) of D-aspartic acid, a value five times that of adult human blood. These distributional patterns and developmental changes may be the result of differences in the ability of various tissues to dispose of an extraneous metabolite, or, reflect alterations in a specific functional requirement for D-aspartic acid.

Total plasma clearance of intravenous essential amino acids: evidence of abnormal metabolism of amino acids in chronic renal failure.

The total plasma clearance of essential amino acids was studied in 9 non-dialyzed patients with stabile chronic renal failure and 20 healthy young adult volunteers after a bolus infusion of 0.28 g amino acids per kg of body weight in a solution containing essential L-amino acids in the proportions suggested by Rose and supplemented by L-histidine. After the infusion, the plasma concentrations of amino acids were observed for 6 hr. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by a polyexponential parameter estimate computer program, capable of analyzing up to five-compartment models. Wide individual variation in the capability to clear the given amino acid load from the plasma was observed. Expressed as a fraction of the sum of the total plasma clearances of the infused amino acids, the total plasma clearance of valine and phenylalanine had decreased in renal failure while that of histidine had increased. These alterations reflect the complex disorder of the protein metabolism and the observations may be of help in designing optimal nutritional regimens in renal failure.

Acute renal failure: biochemical evaluation of total parenteral nutrition with essential l-amino acids

Plasma amino acid patterns were studied in three groups: one of 10 healthy subjects used as control, one of five patients in acute renal failure treated by haemodialysis plus a standard high-calorie non-protein diet, and one of five patients with the same clinical condition and treated in the same way except that the total parenteral nutrition consisted of a mixture of carbohydrate and essential L-amino acids. Our results indicate that haemodialysis seems to be responsible for some part of the depletion of amino acids and that their administration reduces this effect both for the essential and for the non-essential amino acids.

Insulin resistance in uremia: amino acid metabolism.

After infusion of 250 ml of essential L-amino acids, plasma levels of alpha-amino nitrogen (alpha-AN2) in six chronic renal failure (CRF) patients were not different from those in six carefully matched control (CON) subjects. Plasma insulin increments increased significantly within both groups but were higher in the CRF group (p less than 0.05 at 40 min, p less than 0.005 at 55 min). Growth hormone levels were also higher in the CRF group. Previous studies have shown delayed clearance of plasma alpha-AN2 after casein hydrolysate infusion, despite similarly increased insulin and growth hormone levels in CRF patients. We conclude that essential amino acids are probably more easily metabolized than casein hydrolysate in uremic subjects, but that normal metabolism occurs at the expense of higher plasma levels of insulin and growth hormone.

Nephrology: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature

Nephrology: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature

Editorial: Renal failure after ruptured aneurysm.

The high mortality of acute renal failure associated with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm continues to plague surgeons. In spite of encouraging reports of increased survival of acute renal failure associated with other clinical situations, the failure to improve survival in this group of patients is disappointing. Abbott and co-workers (see page 1110) describe yet another attempt to improve survival in this dismal group of patients, unfortunately without apparent success. In a group of 32 patients who developed renal failure following ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm the survival was only 12.5%. The present authors were encouraged to attempt more aggressive nutritional therapy following the report of Abel concerning improved survival from acute renal failure after intravenous treatment with essential L-amino acids and glucose. Although their total group of patients had a significantly greater survival with the improved nutritional therapy, the subgroup of patients who developed renal failure following ruptured aortic aneurysms showed

Essential L-amino acids for hyperalimentation in patients with disordered nitrogen metabolism

One hundred thirty-nine patients with disordered nitrogen metabolism received an intravenous solution of essential L-amino acids and hypertonic dextrose to provide parenteral nutrition in the presence of either acute renal failure, “hepatorenal syndrome,” chronic hepatic insufficiency without renal failure, or azotemia resulting from a variety of other causes. Infusions were managed by routine hyperalimentation technics, modified somewhat to avert potential metabolic side effects. Clinical and metabolic results attributable to the therapy included improved nutritional status and salutary serum electrolyte changes. Complications of therapy were few in number; notable was hyperglycemia which was easily managed in most instances. The capacity to safely deliver intravenous nutrients to patients even with marked disturbances in hepatic or renal function is clearly established.

Intravenous essential L-amino acids and hypertonic dextrose in patients with acute renal failure: Effects on serum potassium, phosphate, and magnesium

An intravenous diet of essential L-amino acids with a high carbohydrate source was administered to seventeen critically ill patients in acute renal failure. No serious untoward side effects associated with therapy occurred in any patient. Positive nutritional effects including weight gain and improved wound healing were attended by a blood urea nitrogen-stabilizing effect. Unanticipated salutary metabolic effects also occurred, consisting of lower serum concentrations of magnesium, phosphate, and potassium. An hypothesis to explain the presumed ionic shifts intracellularly is discussed.

The use of parenteral alimentation in renal failure: The effect of an intravenous fat emulsion and essential amino acids on dogs undergoing bilateral nephrectomy

Ten adult dogs underwent bilateral nephrectomy to determine the effectiveness of parenteral feeding on abating uremia. Five animals received only intravenous dextrose in water, whereas the other five animals were treated with an intravenous fat emulsion and a solution of essential l-amino acids. The control group survived longer than the treated animals and there were no statistical differences between the two groups in BUN, serum creatinine, serum potassium, and serum chloride The data from this study suggest that intravenous feeding with fat and essential amino acids may not be effective in reducing the azotemia of acute renal failure, especially in the early postoperative period.

Treatment of acute renal insufficiency after aortoiliac surgery.

A modified diet using the Giordano-Giovannetti-Maggiore principle of essential L-amino acids with a high carbohydrate source was administered intravenously to ten patients in renal failure following rupture of aortic aneurysms. No serious side effects associated with therapy occurred. Nutritional benefits were attended by a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) stabilizing effect associated with treatment. Unanticipated salutory effects on metabolic status of patients, consisting of lowering of serum concentrations of magnesium, phosphate, and potassium, also occurred. Such therapy eliminated the necessity for treatment of patients for the effects of toxic concentrations of these ions and delayed or eliminated the need for dialysis in all patients. It is suggested that intracellular requirements for such ions during induced anabolism and the utilization of BUN for protein synthesis is responsible for the beneficial effects of therapy.

Parenteral nutrition for the surgical patient. A review of indications and current practice.

Parenteral nutrition for the surgical patient. A review of indications and current practice.

Maintenance of Nitrogen Balance in a Young Woman by Substitution of α-Ketoisovaleric Acid for Valine

Negative nitrogen balance was induced in a young female by removing valine from a diet containing 10.3 g of nitrogen composed of glycine, diammonium citrate and the eight essential L-amino acids in the proportion present in egg protein. Addition of a-ketoisovaleric acid decreased negative nitro gen balance and reverted it to equilibrium when an amount equivalent to three times that of valine was administered. Negative nitrogen balance returned when o-keto acid supplement was withdrawn. J. Nutr. 101: 1165-1168, 1971.