Essential Human Rights Research Articles

Application of molybdenum sulfide-graphene aerogel for solar energy-driven interfacial evaporation

Water is one of the most essential human rights, and every human being has the right to drink pure water. Approximately 2.1 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water, and with a growing population, increasing global industrialization has intensified water stress in many parts of the world. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation, as a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology, transforms external solar energy into thermal energy through a photothermal evaporator to produce fresh water. In this paper, we prepared MoS2-rGO aerogels (MGA) from molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by one-step hydrothermal and vacuum freeze-drying methods. The prepared aerogels have vertical loose water transport channels and good mechanical properties, and the light absorption of MoS2-rGO aerogels in the solar spectrum (280–2500 nm) reached 86.3 %. The water evaporation rate under one solar radiation intensity condition reached 1.72 kg m−2 h−1 with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 86.5 %. What’s more, the MGA has good salt-resistant properties and cycling stability and always maintains a stable evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency in 15 evaporation cycle tests. In addition, the simplicity and low cost of our aerogel preparation process show a potential way to achieve water purification and desalination in daily life.

Artificial intelligence and socioeconomic forces: transforming the landscape of religion

This research examines the influences of artificial intelligence and socioeconomic factors on religious freedom across 20 countries from 2000 to 2022. Employing a detailed model that integrates both specific effects related to individual countries and annual changes, our study offers an extensive empirical analysis of how artificial intelligence relates to religious freedom. The results indicate a notable negative impact of artificial intelligence on religious freedom. Furthermore, the study sheds light on key factors that affect religious freedom, uncovering a positive correlation with elements such as economic growth, political stability, and education levels. However, it was also observed that increased digitalization correlates negatively with religious freedom. These conclusions are reinforced by findings from the system-generalized method of moment estimation, which strongly support our initial results. Consequently, this study establishes that the relationship between artificial intelligence and religious freedom is intricate and shaped by a variety of socioeconomic factors. Our findings emphasize the necessity for thoughtful consideration of the broader societal impacts of artificial intelligence, especially regarding essential human rights like religious freedom.

VANDHYATVA &VATA DOSHA- A SINGAL CASE STUDY

Infertility can negate the realisation of these essential human rights. Addressing infertility is, therefore, an im-portant part of realising the right of individuals and couples to find a family (1).Lifestyle factors such as smok-ing, excessive alcohol intake and obesity can affect fertility. In addition, exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can be directly toxic to gametes (eggs and sperm), resulting in decreased numbers and poor quality (2, 3). This health problem has existed since ancient times, and cases have increased with the changing lifestyle.Stress and working patterns, along with many other factors, affect the health of normal Doshas in the body and produce diseases. (4) A single case study of a 30-year-old female patient having primary infertility came to the hospital. Due to prominent Vata Dosha vitiations, with the help of a Shaman and Shodhan Chikitsa, conception happens. (5) In Ayurveda, this condition is managed by correcting Dhatu and Doshas with Balya, Vrishya, Bruhmana, Ra-sayana and Vajikara Dravyas.

The Constitutional Court’s Protection and Fulfilment of the Citizens’ Rights: Constitutional and Islamic Law Perspectives

This study aims to examine the degree to which the Constitutional Rights of Indonesian Citizens are maintained by the state, specifically focusing on democratic Public Elections (Pemilu) and Public Elections for Regional Heads (Pemilukada). This study centers on the advancement of the political democratic process, particularly concerning law enforcement and the safeguarding of human rights. This analysis focuses on the implementation of these features by the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi), which has the responsibility of handling post-conflict public election issues. This study utilizes empirical legal methodologies, employing a framework that combines the constitutional law and the Islamic law. The data was acquired through in-depth interviews and a meticulous examination of pertinent literature. The participants were experts in the domains of the constitutional law and the Islamic law. This paper argues that the state has successfully protected the legal rights of citizens by incorporating them into laws, so fulfilling their constitutional privileges. Constitutional rights refer to essential human rights, particularly the right to engage in the democratic process through voting or candidacy in public elections. In the Indonesian state administration system, citizens have the privilege to report any election matters to the appropriate authorities and have it lawfully resolved by the Constitutional Court Institution. The Islamic law supports the harmonization of law enforcement and the protection of citizens' rights within the context of human rights. In Aceh, a region that implements special autonomy and the Islamic law, there is no prejudice against the rights of individuals based on their gender or religion. Under the Islamic law, voting or running for office is regarded as a right rather than an obligation. However, participating in the act of voting is highly valued as it provides benefits and serves as a preventive measure against damage.

ДЕЯКІ МІРКУВАННЯ ПРО НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ЗАХИСТ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИХ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ

The doctrinal and normative legal definitions of the concept of human civil rights, as well as national guarantees for the provision of civil rights, their types and possible ways of improvement are considered in the article. The authors analyze the concept, legal and philosophical basis of the implementation of human rights in the international and national aspect, relying on the texts of international documents, as well as the scientific research of foreign and Ukrainian scientists in the fields of the theory of the state and law, international law and constitutional law. The authors believe that the concept of human rights and, in particular, human civil rights, has not been unchanged throughout its history, and if at the first stages of its development it was connected with a person's belonging to the state ("citizenship"), it gradually almost lost this connection . An analysis of the modern meaning of the concept of "civil rights" shows that the modern Ukrainian translation of the title of the 1966 Covenant: "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" is misleading, ambiguous and does not reflect the essence of the concept of "civil human rights" in international context. There is a possibility that Ukrainian legal science will find another equivalent of the term "civil rights" in the sense of basic human rights. As a possible option, a fairly meaningful replacement option is offered - "fundamental (essential) human rights and freedoms according to P.M. Rabinovych. The authors draw attention to the fact that the concept of national guarantees of ensuring civil rights is not always given by scientists. To them in the broad sense should be attributed state, that is, which belong to this country and concern its people, reflect its character, features and social activity, positively acting conditions and means that ensure their actual implementation. Since the natural rights of a person and a citizen, enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, are not exhaustive, an important guarantee of the protection of these rights should become a modern understanding of spiritual values. Keywords: civil rights, natural rights, basic civil rights, fundamental (essential) human rights and freedoms, national guarantees of ensuring civil rights.

“Navigating the Ethical Landscape: Right to Privacy in the Age of AI”

The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the growth of the personality of every individual to preserve human dignity and liberty, such are freedom of speech, expression movement, residence, trade and occupation protected by the State because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual. Right to life guaranteed under Fundamental Rights article 21 of the Constitution of India, is not merely a fundamental right, it includes right to life and personal liberty which are most precious, sacrosanct inalienable and fundamental of all the fundamental rights of citizens which also assure, right to privacy. Right to privacy which are the most essential and basic human rights in a democratic form of government. In our increasingly digitized world, the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and the right to privacy has become a paramount concern. The right to privacy, a fundamental human right, faces unprecedented challenges in the wake of AI advancements, like personal data, questions about consent, transparency, and individuals’ privacy. This research paper seeks to unravel the intricate relationship among all these realms, exploring the ethical dimensions that arise as AI technologies permeate various aspects of our lives. Furthermore, our discussion will extend to the ethical responsibilities of AI developers, policymakers, and users, will gain insights into designing AI systems that prioritize privacy, emphasizing the need for ethical considerations throughout the development life cycle. A responsible and privacy-centric approach to AI deployment. This seminar paper seeks to unravel the intricate relationship among all these realms, exploring the ethical dimensions that arise as AI technologies permeate various aspects of our lives. The right to privacy, a fundamental human right, faces unprecedented challenges in the wake of AI advancements, like personal data, questions about consent, transparency, and individuals’ privacy. The methodology of the study is the descriptive analysis of doctrinal research and based on secondary sources like book, journal. articles and case laws

The Need for LGBTIQ+ Movement in the Society of Nepal

A range of terminologies is used by LGBTIQ+ individuals to express themselves and their community. Equality and discrimination-free treatment are essential human rights that apply to all people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. In most societies, LGBTIQ+ people are persecuted, marginalized, or at risk. The LGBTIQ+ movement is simply a social movement advocating gender equality and acceptance of all genders. In Nepal, this movement is extremely necessary as sexual minorities are sometimes not treated as humans and they face discrimination, oppression, violence, abuse, and biasness. This article is written to introduce sexual minorities as an important section of society and highlight the importance of LGBTIQ+ acceptance for a better society. The objective of this study is to explore the existing laws and create a sense of better awareness among the readers. Explorative, qualitative, and descriptive designs and secondary data have been used to satisfy the objectives of this research. This article composes of a short description of the role of laws, state policies, and mechanisms of the legal courtroom in assuring LGBTIQ+ rights in Nepal. The resume of this research is to conclude that every society should cherish and respect every gender, and the legislation should act likewise.

A quantitative analysis of human rights-related attitude changes towards people with mental health conditions and psychosocial, intellectual, or cognitive disabilities following completion of the WHO QualityRights e-training in Ghana

BackgroundDespite growing recognition of essential human rights, people with mental health conditions and psychosocial, intellectual, or cognitive disabilities’ rights are known to be frequently violated in mental healthcare worldwide, with common use of coercive practices and limited recognition of people’s right to exercise their legal capacity and make decisions for themselves on treatment and other issues affecting them. To tackle this issue, Ghana adopted the WHO QualityRights Initiative in 2019. This aims to introduce a right-based, person-centred recovery approach within the mental health care system, protecting and promoting the rights of people with mental health conditions, psychosocial, cognitive, and intellectual disabilities in the healthcare context and community.MethodsE-training (capacity-building) was provided in Ghana across a broad array of stakeholder groups including healthcare professionals, carers, and people with lived experience. The training covered legal capacity, coercion, community inclusion, recovery approach, service environment, and the negative attitudes commonly held by stakeholder groups; it was completed by 17,000 people in Ghana as of December 2021. We assessed the impact of the e-training on attitudes through comparing trainees’ pre- and post-questionnaire responses on 17 items, each measured on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree), such that higher scores indicated negative attitudes towards persons with mental health conditions and psychosocial disabilities as rights holders. Analyses were conducted on two main groups: matched pairs (417 pairs of baseline and follow-up questionnaire responses matched to a high degree of certainty), and the unmatched group (4299 individual completed questionnaire responses).ResultsWe assessed the impact of the WHO QualityRights e-training on attitudes: training resulted in highly significant attitude changes towards alignment with human rights, with scores changing by approximately 40% between baseline and follow-up. In particular, attitude changes were seen in items representing treatment choice, legal capacity, and coercion. This change was not affected by age, gender, or background experience.ConclusionsThe QualityRights e-training programme is effective in changing people’s (especially healthcare professionals’) attitudes towards people with mental health conditions and psychosocial, intellectual, or cognitive disabilities: this is a step towards mental healthcare being more with human rights-based worldwide.

Unleashing the Power of Action: Solving Poverty Through Group Donations

To assure a brighter future for mankind in a world where poverty remains a pervasive and complicated problem, finding practical solutions is essential. To solve poverty on a larger scale, Unleashing the Power of Action: Solving Poverty Through Group Donations explores the transformative possibilities of collective giving. The importance of group donations and their potential to reduce poverty are highlighted in this abstract. The study begins by examining the complex nature of poverty, acknowledging that it includes not just material suffering but also restricted access to essential human rights, healthcare, and education. It proves that combating poverty necessitates a comprehensive and team effort, and here is where collective donations excel. The investigation of effective global initiatives for communal giving that have significantly improved areas plagued by poverty forms the basis of the study. These programs have demonstrated that combining the resources of many people or groups may provide better outcomes than solo efforts. Together, we can raise more money and build a feeling of community, empathy, and shared responsibility for others who are less fortunate. Finally, Unleashing the Power of Action: Solving Poverty Through Group Donations makes a strong argument for the effectiveness of group donations in combating poverty. It promotes a cooperative strategy that combines resources, knowledge, and compassionate action to bring about long-lasting transformation in underprivileged areas. Society may make substantial progress toward a more just and prosperous future for all by utilizing the power of group donations.

Women's Reproductive Rights: a Way to Gender Justice

For generations, women have been battling for reproductive rights. Because of moral, ethical, and religious reasons, these rights have always been a contentious issue. Do reproductive rights simply imply the ability to reproduce? Is the issue, on the other hand, intrinsically tied to the myriad questions surrounding women's reproductive freedom? The ability to reproduce appears to be what distinguishes women from men. Do women, however, have control over their own reproduction? Do women have the right to decide whether, when, and how many children they want? Do women have access to safe methods of birth control? Do women have the right to an abortion that is safe? Is it possible to separate sexuality from reproduction? A resounding 'NO' in response to many similar inquiries sparked the birth of the women's health movement in several regions of the world in the early 1970s. It began with modest 'consciousness raising' groups that disseminated knowledge among women about the functioning of their bodies and gradually expanded into multi-faceted campaigns that have profoundly influenced health policies in many nations. Human Rights are those rights that should be available to every individual without any form of discrimination. The foundation of freedom is recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family. The most essential human right is the right to life. It is the highest human right, from which no exceptions are authorised. It cannot be taken away. The arbitrary deprivation of life is prohibited by Article 6(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. However, there are several contentious concerns surrounding this greatest privilege. One such issue is the matter of abortion rights. Among other women's rights, it is thought that every mother has a universal right to abortion. But the rights of the mother are to be balanced with the rights of the unborn. Previously, abortion was not permitted and was vehemently opposed by society. Terminating a pregnancy was considered a murder of the foetus. However, because to changes in time and technology, most governments now recognise this right, following the historic Roe v. Wade decision by the US Supreme Court. However, opponents remain, and many individuals believe that it should be made illegal.

Challenges of international migration in Georgia

In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.

Invoking International Human Rights Law To Prevent Statelessness Of International Refugee Children Born In Indonesia

The right to a nationality is an essential human right. The importance of having a nationality lies in the fact that it is a necessary condition for the protection and enjoyment of certain basic human rights. Consequently, the failure to fulfil the right of a child to get citizenship will have an impact on the fulfillment of their basic rights. This study explores the urgency of granting citizenship status for the statelessness of international refugee children born in Indonesia, and Indonesia’s responsibility to fulfill the right to a nationality for International Refugee children born in Indonesia under International Human Rights Law. This type of research is normative research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of this study indicate that, under international human rights law, everyone has the right to have citizenship and be recognized by their nationality from birth, including children born to refugees. Citizenship status in a person has become a practical prerequisite to be able to obtain respect, protection, and optimal fulfillment of human rights. Indonesian laws and regulations provide two approaches to obtaining citizenship status for refugee children born in Indonesia. The first solution is to prevent citizenship through positive law, and the second solution is to provide citizenship through naturalization. It is hoped that the Indonesian government will be proactive in fulfilling its obligation to provide Indonesian citizenship rights in refugee children’s best interests, and the Indonesian government is expected to ratify the 1954 and 1961 Refugee Conventions.

Obstacles to Co-Education in Pakistan and Their Impact on Girl’s Education A Critical Analysis of Literature

Education is an essential human right. In countries where women and men have equal educational opportunities, are successful in all areas of society today. The focus of this research is the governmental, social, and cultural barriers to bringing harmony in Pakistani culture. To do this, the research critically examined the adaptive political, religious, and social components of Pakistani society. The study's major results were reached after a thorough review of the literature. The study identified a number of socioeconomic and ethical hurdles to co-education in Pakistani culture through literature review. Male dominance, conservatism, rigid customs and traditions, stereotype social codes, acute and chronic poverty, male insularity toward women's roles, complex social structure, religious misconceptions, gender differences, feminine discrimination, home issues, and a lack of women's political liberation are just a few of the barriers to co-education mentioned in the study. The data analysis in this study leads to the conclusion that removing these barriers will aid girls' educational development.

Motivações e migração venezuelana: análise a partir da bioética da intervenção

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to analyze from the perspective of intervention bioethics, the motivations for migration in Venezuelans residing in the city of Medellín-Colombia. Twenty people were interviewed, being 9 men and 11 women. The collected data was processed through the IRAMUTEQ software. The thematic axes that resulted from the analysis of the interviews; the first thematic axis, access to health services in Venezuela and Colombia; the second thematic axis, access to medicines and food; the third and last axis, the migratory process for Colombia, it served as references that dialogue with the selected bioethical perspective. In conclusion, food and health have a preponderant role in the lives of people, as essential human rights, the role of States is reinforced in promoting policies that guarantee civil, economic, social and cultures rigths of migrants.

What about access to birth control and emergency contraception now that abortion rights are overturned?

What about access to birth control and emergency contraception now that abortion rights are overturned?

Extrajudicial bodies for labor conflicts resolution

The article studies the legal status of extrajudicial bodies for the resolution of labor conflicts as well as the procedure of labor conflicts resolution. It also analyses domestic and foreign extrajudicial bodies experience in resolving labor disputes. The resolution of labor disputes is traditionally associated with the judiciary. However, due to the overload of the latter, the length of the judicial procedure of considering and resolving conflicts and the high level of court costs, the search for alternative extrajudicial solutions to labor disputes is highly in demand. On the other hand, alternative extrajudicial methods of resolving labor disputes will significantly reduce the workload of judicial bodies and the social tension among the participants in the process of resolving labor disputes. The comradely courts were endowed with the trust of the staff, acted as its willpower and were accountable to it. These courts turned into a kind of public courts which were created to consider and resolve minor legal conflicts that did not affect essential human rights. The main purpose of the newly created comradely courts was to educate people through persuasion and social influence. Their activity was based on such principles as production-territorial principle, that of expediency, election and accountability of judges. In addition, the comradely courts, as a body of justice, operated on the same principles as courts of general jurisdiction, in particular, election and independence of judges, open and oral character of court proceedings.

ANALYSIS OF WORKERS' RIGHTS IN THE ON-DEMAND ECONOMY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VERTICAL INEQUALITY

The rapid development of digitalisation has tremendously changed the way business operates. In recent years, the on-demand economy or gig economy model has received positive acceptance worldwide due to its convenience and flexibility, both to business owners and consumers. More importantly, the on-demand economy offers a variety of job prospects to workers via digital platforms. These workers are known as 'virtual workers' or 'crowd workers’ are classified as 'self-employed' or 'independent contractors'. This new employment model has received much attention from the legal and human rights perspectives. The classical employer-employee relationship that is not transparent in the on-demand economy has resulted in the exclusion of liability and responsibility of platform companies to respect fundamental human rights protections of the workers. Digital platform companies are criticised for taking advantage of the weakened labour standards and protections, such as lack of collective bargaining power, inadequate social security protection, unlimited working hours, and inadequate safety and health policies at the workplace. In addition, the workers at these platforms reportedly experienced irregular payment schemes. This led to vertical inequality and discrimination between these two groups of workers. Hence, this paper seeks to explore and examine human rights protection concerning workers in the on-demand economy. Additionally, this paper will present a specific discussion on vertical inequality between the two groups of workers and thereafter recommend the need for determination of employment status for the platform workers and also the need to ensure essential human rights protections for all workers irrespective of their employment status.

International Human Rights Requirements in the Workplace and its Reception in Malaysia

This article highlights the core international instruments on human rights promulgated by the United Nations and International Labour Organisation. It also briefly explains the doctrine of obligations erga omnes and postulates the essential human rights requirements recommended for observance amongst the international community. An analysis is also provided on all the essential elements of these international human rights concerns and the extend of its reception in Malaysia with an overview of its observance in the plantation industry.

HUMAN RIGHTS ABOVE ALL? – THOUGHTS ON NECESSARY RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING THE FREEDOM OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION

The freedom of thought, conscience and religion is one of the most essential human rights promulgated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen during the French Revolution. However, a freedom without any limit can also hold unthinkable dangers to the society. That is the reason why the modern international human right documents and the constitutions of the countries acknowledge the possibility of restriction. Concerning this fundamental right, we are able to distinguish several elements, but only one of them – the freedom to believe – shall be unristricted. In particular cases, the practice of one’s religion can lead to the violation of public order or other fundamental rights. There are minority religions which do not respect the order of law and tend to commit certain delicts. Against these movements, the tools of penal law shall be applicable.

Wearing religious symbols at work in the ECtHR’s judgments

Freedom of speech and freedom of conscience and religion are essential human rights which are protected, among others, by the ECHR. The number of the European Court of Human Rights’ decisions on wearing religious symbols (in a form of a Christian cross, a Muslim veil or a headscarf) at work remains small. Nevertheless, some interpretation guidelines can be identified in particular on how to ensure that an interference with Article 9 of the 1950 Convention has to be proportionate and “necessary in a democratic society”. Owing to a lack of European-wide consensus on states’ approach to religion, a state exercises a wide margin of appreciation. Nevertheless, a state always has to take into account rights of the others, in particular those who are dependent on (e.g. patience at hospital) employees or are prone to an impact of employees (e.g. pupils and students). Thus, dress codes confirming a secular nature and religious neutrality of a State not always violates Article 9 of the ECHR. Rules apply mainly to public bodies, but a state liability may also be found to private company’s cases. Details of each employment contract and of the employee’s conduct have to be always analysed. The dress code rules applied to man and women and irrespective to their religion, so the Court has not declared it to be discriminatory because of sex or religion of employees.