Essential Extension Research Articles

Detection of malicious nodes based on consortium blockchain.

With the development of technology, more and more devices are connected to the Internet. According to statistics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices have reached tens of billions of units, which forms a massive Internet of Things system. Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is an essential extension of the IoT system. Because of the heterogeneity present in the SIoT system and the limited resources available, it is facing increasing security issues, which hinders the interaction of SIoT information. Consortium chain combined with the trust problem in SIoT systems has gradually become an important goal to improve the security of SIoT data interaction. Detection of malicious nodes is one of the key points to solve the trust problem. In this article, we focus on the consortium chain network. According to the information characteristics of nodes on the consortium chain, it can be analyzed that the SIoT malicious node detection combined with the consortium chain network should have the privacy protection, subjectivity, uncertainty, lightweight, dynamic timeliness and so on. In response to the features above and the concerns of existing malicious node detection methods, we propose an algorithm based on inter-block delay. We employ unsupervised clustering algorithms, including K-means and DBSCAN, to analyze and compare the data set intercepted from the consortium chain. The results indicate that DBSCAN exhibits the best clustering performance. Finally, we transmit the acquired data onto the chain. We conclude that the proposed algorithm is highly effective in detecting malicious nodes on the combination of SIoT and consortium chain networks.

Eco-Innovative Military Procurement: An Alternative Futures Approach

Abstract Military organizations must develop their capabilities to be innovative and achieve eco-innovative goals. A literature review was used as the research method to understand better how this can be done. Our approach combines existing literature from various sources to uncover new insights for military leaders. This study examines specific military literature to explore the different aspects of eco-innovation capability development within the Army. The findings can help military organizations enhance their command and supply capabilities and achieve success in their respective operational fields. We applied an alternative futures analysis to the hierarchy process to thoroughly examine the eco-innovation issue. This tool proved instrumental in formulating an initial scenario to enhance the considered capability. The resulting scenarios are critically evaluated to provide conclusive insights and address the research queries. The critical aspects synthesized for eco-leadership implementation in a military organization will be an essential extension for enabling future iterations of eco-innovation capability development processes.

A construction of the assembly of a frame

We offer here a particularly simple and direct construction of the congruence frame of a given frame, aka its assembly, from the bounded meet semilattice of differences of frame elements. The construction enables economical proofs of two of the assembly’s known attributes, namely ultranormality and ultraparacompactness, as well as a proof that the assembly is an essential extension of the frame with the same essential closure as the frame. The major new result is that the assembly is free over its meet semilattice of differences.

Essential Extensions and Injective Hulls of Fuzzy Modules

In this paper, we introduce the notion of essential extensions of fuzzy modules. We use these concepts to introduce the notion of injective hulls of fuzzy modules. It is known that every [Formula: see text]-module has an injective hull, where [Formula: see text] is a ring. We show that these corresponding results do not hold for fuzzy [Formula: see text]-modules, i.e. there exists a fuzzy [Formula: see text]-module that does not have an injective hull. Sufficient conditions are given for a fuzzy [Formula: see text]-module to have an injective hull.

BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL STRUCTURE RAILWAY BRIDGE UNDER DYNAMIC LOADINGS

Most old steel structure railway bridges in Indonesia have deteriorated throughout their service life since they were constructed almost a century ago. However, those bridges' performance must be maintained to have essential safety issues and live extension of the railway bridge structure. Therefore, inspecting and evaluating those steel railway bridges is necessary to maintain the service requirement. Vertical deformation of the steel railway bridge caused by dynamic loadings needs to be observed. The objective of the study is to assess the old steel railway bridge by evaluating the strength characteristics of the structures against the working forces, particularly the moving, wind, and seismic loads. In order to understand the phenomena impacted by the dynamic loadings, the steel structure railway bridge was instrumented using deformation sensors, strain gages, accelerometers, and passive infrared. The steel railway bridge was analyzed using a 3D finite element model. This study discussed the influence of dynamic loadings on the steel structure railway bridge. This paper elaborates and provides suggestions to solve problems and recommended action in practice for future study. This paper may be useful for researchers and practicing engineers.

Development of an integrated and project-based laboratory course in upper-level biochemistry and molecular biology.

An integrated and projected-based laboratory course was described, integrating interconnected knowledge points and biochemistry and molecular biology techniques on a research project-based system. The program, which served as an essential extension of theoretical courses to practice, was conducted with a sophomore of basic medical science who had completed the course in medical biochemistry and molecular biology. This course engaged students in learning "genetic manipulation" and "recombinant DNA technology" to understand the target gene's role in disease mechanics, thus altering evaluation and treatment for clinical disease. Students could master applied and advanced techniques, such as cell culture, transfection, inducing exogenous fusion protein expression, purifying protein and its concentration assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western bot analysis. This laboratory exercise links laboratory practices with the methods of current basic research. Students need to complete the experimental design report and laboratory report, which could be advantageous for improving their ability to write lab summaries and scientific papers in the future. The reliability and validity analyses were conducted on the questionnaire, and we examined students' satisfaction with the course and their gains from the course. The student feedback was generally positive, indicating that the exercise helped consolidate theoretical knowledge, increase scientific research enthusiasm, and provide a powerful tool to be a better person and make informed decisions.

The digital transformation of vocational education: Experience and reflections of Shenzhen Polytechnic University

Promoting digital transformation is a vital change to achieve the high-quality development of vocational education and help build China into a leading country in education. Shenzhen Polytechnic University (SZPU) promotes digital transformation from the perspectives of critical layout, operational order, and infrastructure development. SZPU emphasizes the leading role of “humans” in digital transformation by strengthening the digital empowerment of administrators, teachers, and students and highlights the central position of digital teaching transformation from aspects such as teaching concepts and models, curricula and resources, teaching methods and means, and teaching management and evaluation. Engaged in the research and development (R & D) of digital technology, digital technology applications, and digital social services, SZPU is devoted to mutual facilitation between R & D services and digital transformation. Building platforms, promoting the “going global” of vocational education, and creating digital practical teaching brands make international exchanges and cooperation an essential extension of the digital transformation of vocational education. The digital transformation of vocational education is a “progressive transformation” from educational empowerment to educational reconstruction, a “creative transformation” from focusing on technology to highlighting thinking, a “human-oriented transformation” from emphasizing design to highlighting experience, a “participatory transformation” from technological application to technological R & D, and a “collaborative transformation” from focusing on a single perspective to benefiting the whole. Digital transformation is a fundamental process to achieve digital governance of vocational education, deepen education and teaching reforms, and modernize vocational education in the era of the digital economy, with important implications for improving the quality of education and teaching and promoting economic and social development.

ON UNIFORMLY STRONGLY PRIME Γ-SEMIHYPERRING

The Γ-semihyperring is a generalization of the concepts of a semiring, a semihyperring and a Γ-semiring. The concepts of uniformly strongly (weak) prime Γ-semihyperring and essential extension for the Γ-semihyperring are introduced and studied some important properties in this respect. It is proved that any essential extension of a uniformly strongly prime Γ-semihyperring is a uniformly weak prime Γ-semihyperring. Also strongly prime radical of a Γ-semihyperring is introduced and its characterization is made with the help of a super sp-system. A necessary and sufficient condition for a ideal of Γ-semihyperring to be a right strongly prime ideal is provided with the help of sp-system and super sp-system.

C12-modules via left exact preradicals

In this paper, we study modules with the condition that images of all submodules under a left exact preradical for the category of right modules over a ring can be essentially embedded in direct summands. This new class of modules properly contains the class of C12-modules (and hence also CS-modules and uniform modules). It is shown that any module is isomorphic to a direct summand of a module which satises the rC12 property. In contrast to CS-modules, it is shown that the class of modules with the former property is closed under essential extensions whenever any module in the new class is relative injective with respect to its essential extensions.

Strongly Essential Submodules and Modules with the se-CIP

Let be a ring with identity. Recall that a submodule of a left -module is called strongly essential if for any nonzero subset of , there is such that , i.e., . This paper introduces a class of submodules called se-closed, where a submodule of is called se-closed if it has no proper strongly essential extensions inside . We show by an example that the intersection of two se-closed submodules may not be se-closed. We say that a module is have the se-Closed Intersection Property, briefly se-CIP, if the intersection of every two se-closed submodules of is again se-closed in . Several characterizations are introduced and studied for each of these concepts. We prove for submodules and of that a module has the se-CIP if and only if is strongly essential in implies is strongly essential in . Also, we verify that, a module has the se-CIP if and only if for each se-closed submodule of and for all submodule of , is se-closed in . Finally, some connections and examples are included about (se-CIP)-modules

Multi-granularity decision-theoretic rough sets based on the fuzzy T-equivalence relation with new strategies

Fuzzy rough sets and multi-granularity rough sets are essential extensions of Pawlak rough sets, which have become artificial intelligence research hotspots. Previous studies of the rough sets based on the fuzzy T-equivalence relation did not take the multi-granularity into account. The multi-granularity data is typically the multi-view cognition obtained by different granularity of the data, and its distinctive feature is that the data can be presented in different granularity spaces. In this paper, we integrate the idea of multi-granularity and propose four new models of “optimistic,” “pessimistic,” “optimistic-pessimistic,” and “pessimistic-optimistic” decision-theoretic rough sets based on the fuzzy T-equivalence relation for the first time, followed by a preliminary analysis of the intrinsic relations and properties of these new decision-theoretic rough set models by a concrete example. At last, we use experiments to show the effectiveness of suggested models, proving that they are both rational and practical.

Experimental study on the combined effects of patch density and elongation on wake structure behind a rectangular porous patch

This paper presents an experimental study on how both variable solid volume fractions and aspect ratios (length/width) of a centre-channel rectangular porous patch under aligned configuration of rigid and emergent stems impact the flow behaviour and wake structure. This study forms an essential extension to the existing fundamentals and knowledge on this topic. Through rigorous experimental tests by velocity measurement and dye visualization, the aspect ratio, rarely addressed before, is confirmed to play a critical role. Vortex street, unable to be triggered under a low solid volume fraction, however, can be generated by elongating the patch (increasing the aspect ratio). The key reason is that patch elongation promotes the generation of the wake vortex street by producing a relatively high transverse velocity gradient in the wake region. Meanwhile, Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex streets are triggered along the two patch lateral edges, re-increasing the in-patch velocity and imposing contributions to the wake vortex streets generation. By scaling the characteristic velocity (at the wake vortex initiation position and patch trailing edge) and solid volume fraction with the patch aspect ratio, three non-dimensional threshold maps can be established to express the combined effects of the solid volume fraction and aspect ratio on the initiation of the wake vortex street. They could be alternatively used for theoretical analysis and implementation on wake formation and structure subject to parameter availability.

Spatial Correlation in Typical Binary Polycondensation Systems: An Essential Extension of the Kirkwood-Buff Theory

Spatial Correlation in Typical Binary Polycondensation Systems: An Essential Extension of the Kirkwood-Buff Theory

Representation of effective facial mask design as a novel dimensionless number—Implications for COVID 19 pandemic

A dimensionless number Nr for the effective design of facial masks was derived and compared with other dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics. Nr is found to closely resemble Euler’s number (Eu). Nr is equal to the logarithmic function of the ratio of inertial force (Fi) of the air to the pressure force (Fp) of the air through the porous membrane of the mask. Nr is then introduced as a novel dimensionless number (Habib number) Ha in which the air flow through a facial mask is derived with parameters for an effective barrier from the COVID-19 virus (SARS COV 2). The introduction of Ha was not only for a comparison reason with other dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics but also the number Ha is an essential extension of an early work on “Fluid mechanics of facial masks as personal protection equipment (PPE) of COVID-19 virus” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 074101 (2021)], in which the air flow through the mask is in its optimum design conditions to shield against the COVID-19 virus. As a result, an optimum Nr of expressing the flow of the O2 and N2 gases through the porous membrane was determined (Nr = NO2 = NN2 = Ha = −4.4). This was obtained when the N95 mask with specifications of a = 20 nm, l = 30 µm, and ε = 30% was used, with respect to the pressure gradient of the human lungs during exhaled and inhaled conditions, PAverage = 20 mm Hg (g cm−1 S−2), and to the size of the COVID-19 virus of about 125 nm (0.125 µm). In addition, a range of values of Nr was analyzed with respect to the optimum (Ha) value of Nr. On the one hand, when the range value of Nr falls between 0 ≥ Nr ≥ Ha, the mask has less resistance than Nr < −4.4, but not necessarily its optimum design conditions. On the other hand, when Nr = 0, the flow through the mask has no resistance at all, as if the mask does not exist.

Some Inexact Version of the Iterative Exponential Method for Solving Nonsmooth Equations

This paper presents an inexact version of an exponential iterative method designed for solving nonlinear equations F(x)=0, where the function F is only locally Lipschitz continuous. The proposed algorithm is completely new as an essential extension of the iterative exponential method for solving nonsmooth equations. The method with backtracking is globally and superlinearly convergent under some mild assumptions imposed on F. The presented results of the numerical computations confirm both the theoretical properties of the new method and its practical effectiveness.

On the Functions of Generalized Marcinkiewicz Integral Operators along Subvarieties via Extrapolation

Under weak conditions assumed on the kernels, appropriate Lp estimates for certain class of generalized Marcinkiewicz integrals over subvarieties are established. By the virtue of the obtained estimates along with Yano’s extrapolation argument, the Lp boundedness of the aforementioned integral operators under weaker conditions on the kernels is proved. The results in this paper represent essential extensions and improvements of many known results on the generalized Marcinkiewicz over symmetric spaces.

Establishing 911: media infrastructures of affective anti-Black, pro-police dispositions

ABSTRACT To facilitate deeper investigations into the U.S.’s centralized emergency number, 911, this article attends to the first decade of the service’s implementation in the mid-twentieth century. Ostensibly, 911 was created to hasten responses by public services for health and safety. Yet, federal backing for 911 first occurred in 1967 in a report admonishing the recent “race riots,” articulating predominantly Black communities as a threat to white society and articulating white individuals as essential extensions of the police. Notably, 911’s media infrastructure is replete with affective anti-Black discourses that produced an atmosphere of anti-Black, pro-police dispositions that uniquely capacitated white citizens to discipline the Black body. This history opens deeper inquiry into 911 and offers context for contemporary 911 controversies.

Finite-sample results for lasso and stepwise Neyman-orthogonal Poisson estimators

High-dimensional models that include many covariates which might potentially affect an outcome are increasingly common. This paper begins by introducing a lasso-based approach and a stepwise-based approach to valid inference for a high-dimensional model. It then discusses several essential extensions to the literature that make the estimators more usable in practice. Finally, it presents Monte Carlo evidence to help applied researchers choose which of several available estimators should be used in practice. The Monte Carlo evidence shows that our extensions to the literature perform well. It also shows that a BIC-stepwise approach performs well for a data-generating process for which the lasso-based approaches and a testing-stepwise approach fail. The Monte Carlo evidence also indicates the BIC-based lasso and plugin-based lasso can produce better inferential results than the ubiquitous CV-based lasso. Easy-to-use Stata commands are available for all the methods that we discuss.

Extensions of C*-Algebras by a Small Ideal

Abstract We classify all essential extensions of the form $$ \begin{align*} &0 \rightarrow {\mathcal{W}} \rightarrow {D} \rightarrow A \rightarrow 0,\end{align*}$$where ${\mathcal {W}}$ is the unique separable simple C*-algebra with a unique tracial state, which is $KK$-contractible and has finite nuclear dimension, and $A$ is a separable amenable ${\mathcal {W}}$-embeddable C*-algebra, which satisfies the Universal Coefficient Theorem (UCT). We actually prove more general results. We also classify a class of amenable $C^*$-algebras, which have only one proper closed ideal ${\mathcal {W}}.$

On seminoetherian rings and modules

We say that a module M has enough noetherians if any nonzero submodule of M contains a nonzero noetherian submodule. We prove that the class of modules having enough noetherians is closed under submodules, essential extensions, direct sums, and module extensions. Characterizations of these modules are provided. We call a module M seminoetherian if any nonzero factor module of M contains a nonzero noetherian submodule. We show that a module M is seminoetherian if and only if the -module is seminoetherian if and only if M has Gabriel dimension and for every is noetherian.