Essay Research Articles

The Cambridge History of the American Essay ed. by Christy Wampole and Jason Childs (review)

The Cambridge History of the American Essay ed. by Christy Wampole and Jason Childs (review)

Book Review: The Scent of Time: A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Lingering

Book Review: The Scent of Time: A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Lingering

A short historical essay on the development of biology

The aim is to study the developmental stages of the science all living things – biology in the aspect on the concept of changes ideas about carriers of life: from the simplest to the most complex organism. Search-bibliographic and historical method, which allowed for determining the main steps in the chronological development of biology. Biology as a science was formed over the centuries in the ancient history of mankind thanks to efforts and achievements of the most outstanding scientists of different countries of the world. Scholars divide the history of the development of biology into several periods: heuristic or empirical, morphological or descriptive, microscopic, physiological and genetic. Such periodization is quite conditional. Separate periods sometimes coincide in time. Scientific discoveries that underlie this periodization at the same time, resulting in the parallel accumulation or relevant knowledge. The article present scientists who studied the biology of microorganisms, plants, fungi, animals, humans at all levels of their structural organization. The article reflects the history of the development of biology as a science in dates and names.

AHA Announces 2025 C. Ronald Stephen, MD, Anesthesia History Essay Contest, with the Raymond C. Roy, MD, and Cornelia G. Roy Prize

AHA Announces 2025 C. Ronald Stephen, MD, Anesthesia History Essay Contest, with the Raymond C. Roy, MD, and Cornelia G. Roy Prize

Correction to: Why does Okun’s law change? Essay in econometric history

Correction to: Why does Okun’s law change? Essay in econometric history

The World as Allegory in Cartography Symbolic and allegorical reference systems in the aesthetics of digital cartography

This philosophical essay explores the idea of the world as allegory in cartography, drawing on the works of Hannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin, and Nelson Goodman. It argues existentially that maps are not only representations of measurable objects, but also of aesthetic experiences. It analyses epistemologically how maps use symbols and allegories as representations to determine meanings or reveal truths. And finally, it shows how digital maps today, like works of art, reflect and shape world views and how, as a medium, they are interwoven with the perception, cognition and (inter)action.

Why does Okun’s law change? Essay in econometric history

Why does Okun’s law change? Essay in econometric history

The Urological Tribulations of Michel de Montaigne: How the Essayist's Stones Influenced His Writings

ObjectiveTo explore how Michel de Montaigne’s battle with urolithiasis influenced his writings and philosophical outlook during the Renaissance period. Materials and MethodsThe study examines historical texts, Montaigne’s personal essays, and contemporary medical literature from the Renaissance era. A comprehensive review of Montaigne’s extensive travels across Europe, interactions with prominent physicians, and the various treatments he sought for urolithiasis is conducted. The analysis focuses on how these experiences shaped his literary work and philosophical reflections. ResultsMontaigne’s struggle with urolithiasis began at the age of 45, profoundly impacting his life and writings. His journey through France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy in search of relief, along with consultations with renowned physicians such as Félix Platter and Girolamo Borro, significantly influenced his philosophical inquiries into human suffering and mortality. Montaigne’s detailed accounts of his condition, describing 19 episodes of renal colic, offered early patient-centered perspectives in medical literature, highlighting the importance of understanding the psychological and emotional dimensions of illness. His therapeutic use of thermal baths and other non-invasive treatments reflected the medical practices of the time. ConclusionMontaigne’s experience with urolithiasis not only shaped his philosophical essays but also underscored the importance of empathetic and holistic patient care. His writings emphasize the need for integrating patient narratives into medical practice, a concept that remains crucial in contemporary healthcare. Montaigne’s legacy continues to inspire a compassionate approach to urological care, emphasizing the interconnected nature of physical and emotional well-being, and advocating for a more patient-centered perspective in medical treatments.

Self-organization of the dental community in Saint Petersburg (historical essay)

In Saint Petersburg, starting from 1883 and over the next 140 years, various professional dental public organizations (societies, trade unions, associations) were created and functioned, analyzing the activities of which one can find a certain similarity in the tasks they solve. Despite the specific conditions of a particular historical era, almost all of them actively performed essentially the same functions related to the organization of scientific communication of dental specialists, protection of their rights, regulation of dental practice, and development of professional education and social design in the healthcare sector. Turning to the retrospective of the self-organization of the dental community enables establishing historical continuity between the modern association of dentists and first societies of dentists, to feel the connection of times and understand that people who devoted their lives to the dental specialty and make up this community are united today by the same values that have always united them, regardless of the change in social formations.

Smirnova, N. (2023). Literary fragment and unfinishable text: Conception and reading. Moscow: Kanon-Plyus. (In Russ.)

Smirnova’s book deals with an interdisciplinary topic that is complex and little researched – unfinishable works and fragment as a form of existence of a literary text, also discussing the special prominence of unfinishable works in Russian literature of the first quarter of the 20th c. The transformation of the genre and semantics of a literary fragment and unfinishable work is examined across an impressive compilation of philosophical essays and fiction that allow for analysis of the genesis of unfinishedness and unfinishableness as an artistic creed. I. Smirnova creates a dynamic representation of the literary space of the period and a systemized description of the ideas about the essence of the literary phenomena in question. Such an approach enables a more accurate definition of literary fragment and unfinishable text, while the extensive body of analyzed personalities and works of diverse genres, the author’s genuine immersion in the period, and her original and individualistic judgements and conclusions create a reliable theoretical reference for subsequent research.

Sir William Osler: facets of personality

William Osler is one of the most honored and influential physicians in the English medicine late 19th early 20th century, who has made a great contribution on development of medical science and it's teaching. The scope of his multifaceted personality goes far beyond the characteristics of an outstanding doctor and scientist. The historical essay presents various aspects of the Osler's personality, highlighting his uniqueness as a doctor, teacher and philosopher.

Slavery in Ethiopia: historical essay

Slavery in Ethiopia: historical essay

European Horizons of Socio-Economic Development of Naddniprianska Ukraine. Book Review: Hurzhii O. Naddniprianska Ukraine and the Foreign World in the Socio-Economic Dimensions of the 17th - 18th Centuries: Historical Essays [ed. by V. A. Smolii; NAS of Ukraine. Institute of History of Ukraine. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the NAS of Ukraine, 2022. 296 р.

European Horizons of Socio-Economic Development of Naddniprianska Ukraine. Book Review: Hurzhii O. Naddniprianska Ukraine and the Foreign World in the Socio-Economic Dimensions of the 17th - 18th Centuries: Historical Essays [ed. by V. A. Smolii; NAS of Ukraine. Institute of History of Ukraine. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the NAS of Ukraine, 2022. 296 р.

Градостроительный век (история НИИ)

The scientific and historical essay reveals the history of the formation and development of one of the oldest research institutes in the field of urban planning in Russia. From the origins of its foundation to the present day, the Institute has gone through a difficult path of development and transformations corresponding to the genesis of social relations, thanks to which it occupies a leading position in the industry.

Discourse as a vector of human knowledge: philosophical essay experience

Discourse as a vector of human knowledge: philosophical essay experience

History of Kazakh, Chinese and Russian Relations (XVIII-XIX centuries)

Relevance. This article delves into the intricate historical relations between Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries, shedding light on diplomatic, trade, and social dynamics pivotal to understanding contemporary geopolitics in the region. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the multifaceted relationships between the Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries. Methodology. This research employs a historical analytical approach, utilizing both theoretical and methodological literature to construct a detailed narrative of the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Archival data and primary sources are systematically analyzed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings. Results. This research article examines the history of the Kazakh tribes' contacts with the Russian Empire and China in the first half of the XVIII-XIX centuries, encompassing diplomatic, trade, and social development, among other things. For this purpose, the article considers this period as an object of study and analyzes it based on the theoretical and methodological literature, the scientific circulation of archival data, the chronological order of events in a scientific manner. In addition, the research examines the Tsarist Russian Empire's military-administrative actions in the Kazakh steppes from the middle of the XIX century, as well as the deliberate operations of prominent Kazakh sultans such as Ablai. This article describes the Qin Empire's interaction with prominent Kazakh sultans and other powerful persons in order to capture the eastern half of Kazakhstan and the Altai Territory, as well as its ambitions. Conclusions. The article identifies the importance of the participation of local Kazakhs in the above-mentioned region in foreign trade between Russia and China on a regular basis, its economic efficiency and importance. Therefore, it very important to study such important topics through theoretical and methodological justification and publish it as a scientific article in international publications. Keywords: international relations; historical research; historical essay; archival research; diplomacy

Encountering Job

Abstract Within the scope of this article, I interpret the Book of Job through Martin Buber's concept of dialogue. The Book of Job continues to pose unanswerable inquiries concerning the enigma of human suffering, the benevolence of God and the elusive origins of Evil. Rather than attempting to provide definitive answers to these eternal questions, I have chosen to shift the focus of my interpretation towards a process of dialogue itself, for I believe that within the pages of the Book of Job, the dialogue assumes a pivotal role. I create a dialogue between Martin Buber's philosophical essay, I and Thou, and the Book of Job in the interpretive process.

THE GENEALOGY OF CAMEROON'S COLONIAL DEBT NEGOTIATION

Negotiation is a process of communication and exchanges between at least two parties whose object concerns the organization of a relationship or the settlement of a problem between them. During the decolonisation, France and Cameroon decided to share the assets and liabilities located on the territory of Cameroon. This distribution, a consequence of negotiation, started before independence, was the way to peacefully settle questions of the State’s debts. Alexander-Nahum Sack, jurist and specialist of the State’s succession, thinks that negotiation is the appropriate way to peacefully settle financial issues such as infrastructure management and colonial debts during the territorial separation of the former colonial power from the former colony. This historical essay therefore intends to show that, instead of asking for cancellation, France and Cameroon authorities agreed for distribution after several negotiations. So, the imputation of the debt contracted by France in Cameroon on January 1, 1960, is the consequence of an agreement. It is within this framework that on April 16, 1957, the two parties set down in a first document which was to serve as a compass for subsequent meetings, the legal bases relating to the postcolonial management of foreign investments in Cameroon, while laying down the milestones for their future bilateral cooperation. Based on a variety of documentation, the aim is to show that France and Cameroon, after negotiations, have choosen the distribution of the existing assets and liabilities. France, like Cameroon, as well as international creditors, had an interest in agreeing. Cameroon had to negotiate, so as to make a good impression with Foreign Direct Investors and external creditors needed Cameroon's cooperation for the protection of localized investments on its territory. Even though those debts were incurred in the exclusive interest of Cameroon under French administration, it agreed to negotiate.

From Christmas [Rozhdestvo] to Ariel’s Message [Soobshchenie Arielya

The article discusses the poetic evolution of the contemporary author Polina Barskova. Nuzhdina follows the logic of Barskova’s poetic experimentation: from her early works written in the 1990s–2000s and inspired by the then-fashionable postmodernist intertextuality to the present-day verse marked by Barskova’s engagement with other, non-poetic new genres. Particularly important are her historical essays, such as The Seventh Alkali [Sedmaya shchyoloch], a book concerned with the distinguishing features of the poetry written in the besieged Leningrad in the 1940s, or her article in the collection of fiction and literary criticism entitled After the Siege [Blokadnye posle], which she also prepared for publication. The matter of genre becomes prominent in Nuzhdina’s analysis: the scholar argues that, following her beginnings in the tradition of intertextuality, typical of the period, Barskova, as early as in the 2010s, went on to master a specific genre of a ‘poetic archive,’ evidenced both in her poetry and historical research. Her poetic texts and essays share a number of characteristics: a diversity of ‘disguises’ and voices, a focus on documentary accuracy, and an ‘uninterrupted alternation’ of narrative and lyrical scenes.

Pierre Fauchard's Contribution to Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: An historical essay.

Pierre Fauchard, considered the father of dentistry, contributed to the development of different fields of dentistry that we know today. However, the contribution of this important individual to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology is unknown. This study aimed to identify Pierre Fauchard's contribution to these areas of dentistry. We focused on "Le Chirurgien Dentiste, or Traité des Dents" in both French and English, looking for information about the oral diseases diagnosed and treated by Fauchard. Information on patient history, disease description, treatment applied, and clinical follow-up was collected. A contemporary analysis of the diseases was performed, and the collected data were systematized, reported, and analyzed descriptively, according to the current literature on the addressed topics. Information on conditions such as scurvy, parulides, epulides, oral ulcers, dentoalveolar abscesses, dental alterations, and post-exodontia incidents were elucidated. Findings indicated that Pierre Fauchard described, diagnosed, and treated different soft and hard tissue diseases of great interest to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology.