Es Scale Research Articles

Значение эндоскопических индексов в оценке активности язвенного колита у детей

Objective. To evaluate the accuracy and informativeness of two endoscopic indices for ulcerative colitis (UC) activity recommended for pediatric practice (Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) and Mayo ES) and analyze their correlation with clinical and laboratory indicators of disease activity. Patients and methods. This study included 80 patients (42 boys, 38 girls) aged 5 to 18 years diagnosed with UC. The activity of UC was evaluated using the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI). Laboratory examination included measurement of hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fecal calprotectin. All children underwent ileocolonoscopy with the assessment of endoscopic severity using the UCEIS and Mayo ES. Results. We identified a significant correlation between UCEIS and Mayo ES (Spearman ρ 0.771, p < 0.001). Both endoscopic indices also correlated with PUCAI (Spearman ρ 0.660, p < 0.001 and Spearman ρ 0.625, p < 0.001, respectively). The level of fecal calprotectin demonstrated the highest correlation with UCEIS and Mayo ES (Spearman ρ 0.594 and 0.595, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion. The UCEIS and Mayo ES are highly accurate and informative for the assessment of UC inflammatory activity in children. The UCEIS scale is more detailed, while Mayo ES scale is easier to use in clinical practice. Key words: ulcerative colitis, colonoscopy, endoscopic activity indices, UCEIS, Mayo ES.

Liver Transplantation and Abuse of Drugs and Alcohol: A Correlation Between Scales of the MMPI-2

BackgroundClinical practice requires an accurate psychological assessment of subjects with clinical history of alcohol abuse and/or substance abuse (abuse history [AH]) for therapeutic choice. This study aims to identify significant correlations between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2 scales in patients awaiting liver transplantation. MethodsWe evaluated a personality questionnaire containing MMPI-2 scales in the sample of 308 patients (81.8% males and 18.2% females) awaiting liver transplantation. The AH group composed 44.49% of patients and in the abuse free (AF) group, 55.51%. Scales were compared using Shapiro-Wilk test and Mann-Whitney U test. Interrelationships were examined using Spearman's correlation. ResultsThis analysis found 27 scales of the MMPI-2 that were statistically different between 2 groups (AF and AH). In the AH group, we found a significant correlation between the following pairs of scales: Schizophrenia Scale (Sc) with the Addictions Potential Scale, Social Introversion scale (Si) with the Psychopathic Deviate scale (Pd), and Social Discomfort scale with Pd; the ES scale was negatively correlated with the Sc and Si scales. This interim study showed that the understanding of these indicators is crucial both for the assessment accuracy and for a prediction of the degree of therapy compliance after the transplantation. ConclusionsThe scales of the MMPI-2 indicated a marked tendency to emotional rigidity, a lack of self-esteem and susceptibility judgment. Social introversion and social discomfort trends lead to impulsive behavior and deviant actions that combine poorly with good compliance with treatment.

Development and Validation of a Symptom Scale to Evaluate Postoperative Patients with Esophagogastric Cancer

Postgastrectomy or esophagectomy symptoms can be a significant burden for patients. However, no standard scale for evaluating these symptoms has been established. We recently developed a postoperative symptom-specific scale. After a draft scale was prepared based on a pilot study, psychometric methods were used to assess its reliability and validity. This study involved specialized and multifaceted discussions by a team consisting of gastrointestinal surgeons, gastroenterologists, psychologists, and epidemiologic researchers. The draft questionnaire included 40 questions and 3 domains. A factor analysis was carried out to refine the items and subscale design. To assess the reliability, Cronbach's alpha and score distributions were estimated. To assess the criterion-related validity, the correlations with the Short Form (SF)-12, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), endoscopic findings, and nutritional indicators were analyzed. A total of 344 patients were enrolled in this study. In an exploratory factor analysis (principal factor method), the eigenvalue attenuation data showed 4 domains. The final scale, named the Esophagus and Stomach Surgery Symptom Scale (ES(4)), included 23 items and 4 domains; 7 items for cervico-thoracic symptoms, 6 for abdominal hypersensitivity symptoms, 4 for abdominal distention symptoms, and 6 items for systemic symptoms. Cronbach's alphas for these domains were 0.82, 0.81, 0.79, and 0.74, respectively. The scale scores were normally distributed, and there were significant associations with the endoscopic findings, nutritional indicators, the summary score of the SF-12, and the GSRS. The ES(4) scale has high psychometric validity and can evaluate the profiles and severity of postoperative symptoms. This scale is applicable as an outcomes measure for various interventional studies on esophagogastric surgery aimed at alleviating postoperative symptoms.

Other: Psychological factors that predict pain sensitivity

To date, few studies using laboratory pain-induction techniques have examined whether psychological characteristics influence pain threshold or tolerance. Although several studies have focused on introversion and extraversion, the results of these studies have been variable and the clinical significance of these variables can be questioned. The ego strength (Es Scale) and lassitude-malaise (Hy3) are two subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory that have been found to predict the response of pain patients to rehabilitation programs. Numerous validity studies have demonstrated that high scorers on the Es Scale tend to be resourceful, responsible and do not report major emotional difficulties, whereas high scorers on the Hy3 scale often report feeling discontent and vague somatic complaints. The success of these two groups in rehabilitation could be caused by differences in pain sensitivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether psychological factors such as ego strength predict baseline pain sensitivity. Sixty-six undergraduates participated in a within-subjects design in which they underwent two different laboratory pain-induction procedures: a radiant heat technique for pain threshold and a cold-pressor task for pain tolerance. Pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale after each pain task. There were no gender or age differences on the Es or Hy3 scale. These data are based only on a subset of the data obtained to date. A significant relationship was observed between ego strength and pain sensitivity following the cold-pressor procedure (r = -.377, p < .036), but not following the radiant heat procedure. No significant associations were observed between Hy3 and pain sensitivity. The Es and Hy3 scales were inversely related (r =-.504, p < .004), as expected. These results suggest that ego strength may influence one's ability to tolerate aversive stimulation, even in non-clinical situations. Further, these findings underscore the importance of assessing this variable in clinical settings.

Steric effects of alkyl groups: A ‘cone angle’ approach

AbstractA ‘cone angle’, θR, is defined for an alkyl group (R), which is proposed as a measure of the steric effect exerted by the group. The θR values for some 57 groups have been calculated mathematically by constructing the corresponding Corey—Pauling—Koltun molecular models. The variation in θR with the bulk of a group is satisfactory. However not all types of alkyl groups can be accommodated in this cone angle approach. In the case of the groups for which the cone angle can be measured, correspondences between θR and the two existing steric parameters (Taft's Es scale and Dubois' E′s scale) have been established. For some 23 alkyl groups θR has been used to explain the variation in the rate constant of the base‐catalysed hydrolysis of RCOOEt with the nature of R. Our studies independently substantiate the basic assumptions of the Taft—Ingold hypothesis that, while the base‐catalysed ester hydrolysis is mostly controlled by the steric and electronic effects of the R group, the acid‐catalysed one is controlled almost solely be the steric effect.

The Royal Naval Medical Stores for Service Afloat: a prospective quantitative study

The contents of the scale of Medical Stores for Service Afloat must provide adequate quantities of drugs to allow proper patient care in a variety of situations often remote from specialist support. The overall make up of the scale is difficult to envisage outside the context for which it was conceived. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of the make up of the scale in three RN ships over a six-month period during a detached deployment. During this time the usage of all consumable items was specifically recorded and the outcome subjected to rigorous analysis in relation to the present scale. The results of the study indicate that in the case of both HMS Ark Royal (AR) and the two smaller ships HMS Edinburgh and HMS Sirius (ES) the quantities of drugs in the majority of cases are in excess of requirements. Of the 290 (AR) and 266 (ES) individual drugs 68% and 40% respectively could safely be reduced by varying amounts, whereas only 7.6% and 4.9% respectively needed to be increased. Furthermore, when these changes are costed the savings that result are 7806 pounds for the AR scale and 1532 pounds for the ES scale. Extrapolation of these figures across the surface fleet produces an overall saving on the costs of drugs of over 87,000 pounds.

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Measurement: I/E-Revised and Single-Item Scales

Factor analyses of traditional and age-universal measures of intrinsic and extrinsic religion have identified two subcategories of extrinsicness, suggesting the original scales need revision. In this study, confirmatory multiple group factor analyses confirmed this suspicion, identifying extrinsic items concerned with social relationships (Es) and with personal benefits (Ep). The analyses resulted in a revised intrinsic scale which is now partially counterbalanced for acquiescence, an Es scale, an Ep scale, and three single items which may also be used for measuring these constructs. These scales, labeled I/E-R, have reliabilities equal to or better than those of the original scales.

Predictive validity of Barron's Es scale: The role of symptom acknowledgment.

Predictive validity of Barron's Es scale: The role of symptom acknowledgment.

Predictive validity of Barron's Es Scale: the role of symptom acknowledgment.

Predictive validity of Barron's Es Scale: the role of symptom acknowledgment.

Comparison of the predictive validity of two measures of psychotherapy prognosis.

Summary A comparison of the predictive validity of the Rorschach PRS and Barron's Es Scale was conducted with neurotic Ss receiving either behavior modification or rational-emotive psychotherapy. The results help to establish the efficacy of the PRS by empirically demonstrating efficient prediction for both groups when other relevant demographic and nontest variables have been controlled. In contrast, the Es Scale does not appear to be related to psychotherapy prognosis nor does it tap the same personality variables as the PRS.

A study of ego strength relationship between Barron's Es scale and RPRS (author's transl)

The purpose of this study was to consider the relationship between Barron's Es scale and Klopfer's RPRS. The Es scale was administered to 189 adults. The Rorschach test was individually-administered to 31 of these subjects, selected at random; the RPRS scores were then assessed. By factor-analyzing the Es scale, six factors were extracted. The correlations between the 6 RPRS scores and the 6 Es factors were computed. There were correlations between [FM] and factor IV, [m] and factor IV, [Cl] and factor II, [FL] and factor III, but [M] and [Sh] showed no correlation with any Es factor. It was concluded that the Es scale and the RPRS do not measure the same personality attributes, but are comparable to each other in several respects.

Ego Strength and Related Personality Variables as Mediating Factors between Scholastic Aptitude and Scholastic Achievement

AbstractFrom a distribution of 515 scores on Rolkeach's Dogmatism Scale, the 35 highest and 35 lowest scores were selected for farther study. Measures of scholastic aptitude (provided principally by scores of ACT), and measures of scholastic performance (by cumulative grade point averages) were obtained for all subjects. A number of cognitive and personality measures were obtained, In order to determine the manner in which these mediated scholastic aptitude and scholastic performance. It was hypothesized that; (1) dogmatism and ego strength (as measured by Barron's Es Scale) would be negatively correlated; (2) dogmatism would be negatively correlated with scholastic aptitude; (3) ego strength would be high among those achieving more than their potential would Indicate, and low among those achieving less than their potential would suggest. It was found that no relationship was obtained between ego strength and dogmatism; or between scholastic aptitude and dogmatism (r = −.001; r = −,003, respectively). Con...

A Note on the Ego-Strength Scale and Sex Differences in College Students

This paper presents data bearing on the inconsistencies observed in the failure of Barron’s Es scale to predict therapy outcome for females. It is suggested that in females, Es is more likely to be associated with either the male or female role orientation, rather than masculinity or femininity per se.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATE OF THERAPEUTIC CHANGE.

Introduction Certain physiological reaction patterns have been shown to be closely related to characteristics of personality. According to Davis 1 numerous authors have shown that the intensity of autonomic discharge increases with frustration. Lacey and Lacey 2 found that impulsive persons even at rest display rhythmic bouts of palmar sweat secretion and rhythmic increases in heart rate while in other persons little change occurs. Roessler et al 3 demonstrated a relationship between ego strength as defined by scores on the ES scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and certain physiological responses in subjects who were stimulated with various intensities of sound. A recent investigation dealing with physiological responses in psychotherapeutic relationships 4 raised the question as to whether or not certain physiological response patterns obtained from patients prior to any psychotherapy would differ among those patients who eventually improved or did