Erroneous Terms Research Articles

“Tortured Phrases” in Covid-19 Literature

Medical practitioners and healthcare workers rely on information accuracy in academic journals. Some Covid-19 papers contain “tortured phrases”, nonstandard English expressions, or imprecise or erroneous terms, that give the impression of jargon but are not. Most post-publication attention paid to Covid-19 literature has focused on the accuracy of biomedical aspects, the validity of claims, or the robustness of data, but little has been published on linguistic specificity. This paper highlights the existence of “tortured phrases” in select Covid-19 literature, arguing that they could serve as a class of epistemic marker when evaluating the integrity of the scientific and biomedical literature.

No More "Cavernous Hemangioma," Please.

To The Editor: Recently, Haller et al published “A case of a rare histologic variant: Cavernous hemangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma.”1 We want to congratulate the authors for such a remarkable diagnosis of a rare variant. This variant of Kaposi sarcoma refers to the dilated vascular spaces that are evidenced in the tumor, mimicking what was known in the 1980s as “cavernous hemangioma.”2 The latter is a misnomer: What was called a “cavernous hemangioma” is in fact a vascular malformation.3–5 In the correct diagnostic and therapeutic approach to vascular anomalies, proper identification as either vascular malformations or tumors has been crucial. For that, a long path has been traveled in the past decades, up to the point that erroneous terms, such as “cavernous hemangioma,” have been present in relevant texts until recently. The term was still included in the third Edition of the WHO Book of Skin Tumors.6 In the fourth Edition,7 although “cavernous hemangioma” is not described among the list of vascular tumors, it is still included as such in the differential diagnosis of “cavernous hemangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma” (authors' Table 5.02).8 In the fifth Edition of the WHO book for Soft Tissue and Bone tumors,9 the “cavernous variant” of Kaposi sarcoma is not mentioned and “cavernous hemangioma” is not included among vascular tumors. In addition, cavernous hemangioma is not included in the fifth edition of the WHO Book of Pediatric Tumors,10 in which simple vascular malformations (other than arteriovenous or verrucous venous) are included for the first time in the WHO tumors' series. All this indicates the progress made in comprehension of vascular anomalies that has been the result of the work and arguments made by several academic groups. This is why terms such as “cavernous hemangioma” should be avoided, even if, as in the current case, it is just mentioned as a variant of another tumor (Kaposi sarcoma). Despite this KS variant was mentioned as “cavernous hemangioma-like” in articles published in the 2010s,11,12 future articles should try to amend this and correct the misnomer for the good of future generations. The alternative term of “venous malformation-like Kaposi sarcoma” is not only adequate and appropriate but also does not require a great conceptual effort to be implemented.

Difficulties in the Interpretation of Radiological Terms

The features of the interpretation and practical use of more than 100 radiological terms are considered. It is shown that in all three areas of medical radiology (radiation diagnostics, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy) there are a number of terms that do not meet the requirements that apply to scientific terminological systems. These terms do not meet the criteria of unambiguity, adequacy to the terminating concept, consistency, brevity and compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language, especially when directly copying the corresponding English terms. At the same time, it is important to ensure the correct and unambiguous interpretation of terms not only by professionals in the field of medical radiology, but also by specialists in related fields of knowledge. A brief glossary of radiological terms that are difficult to unambiguously understand is presented, which contains some of the most commonly used erroneous terms in this field, explanations of the relevant concepts and correct, according to the authors, terminological solutions.

An Assessment of Spelling and Typographical Errors in WebOPAC of Academic Libraries

WebOPAC serves as a discovery tool to let users discover and ascertain the availability of an item in the stacks of a library. To make searching more efficient and effective there is a need to eliminate the typographical errors which may be present in library catalogue. Typographical errors in the bibliographic data are of high concern as it affects the discoverability of items. Similarly, the identification of erroneous records is a challenge in large bibliographic databases. The present work attempts to assess the typographical errors in the WebOPAC of Sayajirao Gaekwad Library of Banaras Hindu University using Terry Ballard’s typographical error terms list. Simple random sampling is used to select a hundred terms from each section of Ballard’s list. The WebOPAC was searched to find matched erroneous records. The findings of the study showed that out of 500 queried erroneous terms, 131 terms retrieved 889 records averaging an overall rate of 6.78 erroneous records per error. Moreover, a part-of-speech wise analysis showed that most errors in the bibliographic records were found to be in the case of nouns and proper nouns, while the least records were retrieved for technical terms. The study has implications for libraries wishing to improve the quality of the bibliographic data in the records of their WebOPACs.

Analysis of Terminological Inaccuracies in Medical Radiology

Analyzed the current state of the terminological system of one of the most difficult sections of high-tech
 medicine - medical radiology. It is shown that in all three areas of medical radiology (radiation diagnostics, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy) there are a number of terms that do not meet the requirements for scientific terminological systems. These terms do not meet the criteria of unambiguity, adequacy to the term being terminated, consistency, brevity and compliance with the norms of the Russian
 literary language, especially when directly copying the corresponding English terms. At the same time,
 it is important to ensure the correct and unambiguous interpretation of the terms not only by professionals in the field of medical radiology, but also by specialists in related fields of knowledge. A brief
 glossary of such terminological inaccuracies is presented, which contains some of the most commonly
 used erroneous terms in this area with appropriate explanations for each of them, adapted for all of the
 above specialists.

Robust equation discovery considering model discrepancy: A sparse Bayesian and Gaussian process approach

Computational models are widely used to describe engineering systems and to predict their behaviour. However, in many applications, these computational models do not capture the complete physics of the real system, leading to model discrepancy. Model discrepancy causes bias in the inferred model parameters when it is not properly accounted for. This paper proposes a novel approach that seeks to capture the functional form of the model discrepancy and reduce bias in the estimated model parameters through and equation discovery procedure. A sparse Bayesian model is proposed, where sparsity is introduced through a hierarchical prior structure, providing a mechanism for removing erroneous candidate model terms from a series of potential equations as a part of an equation discovery procedure. At the same time, a Gaussian process model is used to account for model discrepancy. These two modelling assumptions are combined in a Bayesian formulation, allowing the system parameters and model discrepancy to be inferred in a probabilistic manner with associated uncertainties quantified based on their posterior distributions. The resulting method is capable of simultaneously providing physical insights into the system behaviour, by selecting the appropriate candidate model components and their respective system parameters, whilst compensating for model discrepancy that may occur due to an incomplete set of candidate terms. In order to efficiently solve the statistical model, an expectation maximisation algorithm is proposed for performing inference, and illustrative examples are presented to validate the proposed method. It is shown that compared to using a conventional sparse Bayesian approach for performing equation discovery, such as the Relevance Vector Machine, the proposed method provides better equation selection and parameter estimation, with less bias in the parameter estimates.

Transport coefficients for magnetic-field evolution in inviscid magnetohydrodynamics

The magnetized resistivity and electrothermal tensors when substituted into the induction equation lead to electrothermal magnetic field generation, resistive magnetic diffusion, and magnetic field advection due to resistivity gradients, temperature gradients, and currents. The advection terms driven by the temperature gradient and current have cross field components (perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the driving term) that depend on significantly modified versions of Braginskii's transport coefficients [S. I. Braginskii, in Reviews of Plasma Physics, edited by M. A. Leontovich (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1965), Vol. 1, p. 205]. The improved fits to Braginskii's coefficients given by Epperlein and Haines [Phys. Fluids 29, 1029 (1986)] and Ji and Held [Phys. Plasmas 13, 042114 (2013)] give physically incorrect results for cross field advection at small Hall parameters (product of cyclotron frequency and collision time). The errors in Epperlein and Haines' fits are particularly severe, giving increasing advection velocities below a Hall parameter of one when they should decrease linearly to zero. Epperlein and Haines' fits can also give erroneous advection terms due to variations in the effective atomic number. The only serious error in Braginskii's fits is an overestimate in advection due to perpendicular resistivity. New fits for the cross field advection terms are obtained from a direct numerical solution of the Fokker–Planck equation and Ji and Held's higher order expansion approach that are continuous functions of the effective atomic number.

Dynamic Coefficients or Response Spectra of Structures to Earthquake?

There are big differences in definition of the seismic input in the norms of the Russian Federation code and in the foreign countries standards. Almost all normative documents and guidelines for the earthquake resistance analysis of structures in technically developed countries of the world used the concept of the response spectra concept.
 In the norms of the former USSR and the Russian Federation to assess the seismic effects used and continues to use the concept of "spectral coefficient of dynamism" - β. We believe that the concept is erroneous. The use of bad and erroneous terms can not only complicate the understanding of the phenomenon, but also lead to wrong decisions. Such unsuccessful terms include the terms "dynamic coefficients" used in the norms of the Russian Federation in the calculation of seismic resistance.
 The displacements, velocities, or accelerations response spectra to earthquakes have a clear and understandable physical meaning. The response spectra can be represented in Codes in a standard site-independent form. Site-specific response spectra can be developed if the sites have some specific properties. For soft soil sites, characterized by soils having alow shear wave velocity or for facilities within 15 km of active faults.
 What are the "dynamic coefficients" for seismic effects is not clear. None of the codes of the Russian Federation (SP 14.13330.2018, SP 268.1325800.2016, etc.) does not provide a definition of the "dynamic coefficient" for seismic effects. It can be noted that in the monographs of Russian authors there are neither definitions of dynamic factors for earthquakes, nor methods for their developing.
 The concept of "dynamic coefficients" should be excluded from the normative documents, replacing them with response spectra.

Training programming: revisiting terminology

Training programming: revisiting terminology

The Terminologia Anatomica matters: examples from didactic, scientific, and clinical practice

The proper usage of the anatomical terminology is of paramount importance to all medical professionals. Although a multitude of studies have been devoted to issues associated with the use and application of the recent version of the anatomical terminology in both theoretical medicine and clinical practice, there are still many unresolved problems such as confusing terms, inconsistencies, and errors, including grammar and spelling mistakes. The aim of this article is to describe the current situation of the anatomical terminology and its usage in practice, as well as explain why it is so important to use precise, appropriate, and valid anatomical terms during the everyday communication among physicians from all medical branches. In this review, we discuss some confusing, obsolete, and erroneous terms that are still commonly used by many clinicians, and surgeons in particular, during the process of diagnosis and treatment. The use of these ambiguous, erroneous, and obsolete terms enhances the risk of miscommunication. We also provide some edifying examples from everyday clinical practice.

Dynamic modeling of a two-wheeled inverted pendulum balancing mobile robot

Many of the currently available dynamic models for the two-wheeled balancing mobile robot have some common mistakes, which are mainly due to misunderstanding about the coordinate systems to describe the rotating motions and a lack of rigorous comparison with former derivations. This paper investigates the modeling procedures for the 2WBMR in terms of the Lagrangian approach and Kane’s method, through which an exact dynamic model is given, and we discuss how the modeling errors in the former works were induced. Numerical examples are given to see the effect of the erroneous terms on the postural stability.

Dispersion, static correlation, and delocalisation errors in density functional theory: An electrostatic theorem perspective

Dispersion, static correlation, and delocalisation errors in density functional theory are considered from the unconventional perspective of the force on a nucleus in a stretched diatomic molecule. The electrostatic theorem of Feynman is used to relate errors in the forces to errors in the electron density distortions, which in turn are related to erroneous terms in the Kohn-Sham equations. For H(2), the exact dispersion force arises from a subtle density distortion; the static correlation error leads to an overestimated force due to an exaggerated distortion. For H(2)(+), the exact force arises from a delicate balance between attractive and repulsive components; the delocalisation error leads to an underestimated force due to an underestimated distortion. The net force in H(2)(+) can become repulsive, giving the characteristic barrier in the potential energy curve. Increasing the fraction of long-range exact orbital exchange increases the distortion, reducing delocalisation error but increasing static correlation error.

Diagnosis of Vascular Skin Lesions in Children: An Audit and Review

Vascular skin lesions in children are common, but their management is complicated by the ongoing use of inappropriate and often misleading terms. Inaccurate explanations of the diagnosis and progression of these lesions may cause unnecessary distress. This study describes an audit of vascular lesions in children from one center in which the classification system described by Mulliken and Glowacki was used to establish diagnosis. Seventy patients with vascular lesions attending vascular lesion clinics, miscellaneous plastic surgery clinics and laser lists in the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, were studied. A proforma was completed using information from the patients and their medical records. The initial diagnosis given to parents was inaccurate in 69% of patients. Furthermore, 53% of parents were given an incorrect account of what to expect with regard to progression of the lesion and the prospect of future treatment. Altogether, in 71% of instances some inappropriate terminology was applied during the course of the child's management. Plastic surgeons were the most accurate diagnosticians. This study highlights the fact that a selection of misleading and erroneous terms is still regularly used in medical practice. The recommended classifications are rarely adhered to and in consequence efficient communications between professionals and families is often lacking.

A study on the on-line measurement of transmission line impedances for improved relaying protection

This paper proposed an on-line measurement of transmission line impedance in order to improve the accuracy of distance relays and analysis of power system. Distance relays are generally set by the estimated impedance of the protected lines, which involves a certain amount of error in itself. Especially, the zero sequence impedance has more erroneous terms associated with mutual effects in parallel line as well as uncertainty of ground return path. The proposed method is measuring impedance either during normal operation or during faults, and can be applied on-line correction of the setting value of distance relays. This on-line measured positive impedance may be used to monitor the transmission line condition during operation and more accurate impedance data may also improve performance of power system analysis. For verification of the proposed method, several simulations have been executed and shown satisfactory results.

Comparison of gene expression in cell culture to that in the intact animal: relevance to drugs and environmental toxicants. Focus on “Development of a transactivator in hepatoma cells that allows expression of phase I, phase II, and chemical defense genes”

to study the effects of drugs and other environmental toxicants on the liver, many believe that the use of hepatocyte-derived cultures offers advantages over studies in the liver of intact animals. Cell cultures can be manipulated more easily, and they are far less expensive to maintain than a

Retrieving poorly degraded OCR documents

A significant portion of currently available documents exist in the form of images, for instance, as scanned documents. Electronic documents produced by scanning and OCR software contain recognition errors. This paper uses an automatic approach to examine the selection and the effectiveness of searching techniques for possible erroneous terms for query expansion. The proposed method consists of two basic steps. In the first step, confused characters in erroneous words are located and editing operations are applied to create a collection of erroneous error-grams in the basic unit of the model. The second step uses query terms and error-grams to generate additional query terms, identify appropriate matching terms, and determine the degree of relevance of retrieved document images to the user's query, based on a vector space IR model. The proposed approach has been trained on 979 document images to construct about 2,822 error-grams and tested on 100 scanned Web pages, 200 advertisements and manuals, and 700 degraded images. The performance of our method is evaluated experimentally by determining retrieval effectiveness with respect to recall and precision. The results obtained show its effectiveness and indicate an improvement over standard methods such as vectorial systems without expanded query and 3-gram overlapping.

The nosology of abuse and dependence

Physicians who prescribe benzodiazepines often are asked by their patients if these drugs might be addicting or have potential for abuse. Clarifying these concepts is difficult because of numerous “gray areas” of drug use and confusion over medical criteria for such terms as “addiction”, “dependence”, and “tolerance”. Many of the efforts to clarify the terminology regarding substance habituation, abuse, and addiction have resulted in additional confusion. They have resulted in overlapping definitions of abuse and dependence, the injection of moral judgements into scientific terms, and difficulty separating the diagnoses of the physical dependence (caused by prolonged use of a wide variety of drugs, many of which are never abused) from that of physical dependence secondary to an abusive pattern of use. This article will trace the history of the various definitions currently inuse, and will suggest newer terminology to replace misleading or erroneous terms.

Comment on Balescu's Two-Center Expansion

two-center expansion given by Balescu n in terms of Legendre polynomials, which is cited in Ch. XIII of The molecular theory of solutions by Prigogine, 2' includes erroneous terms, as was previously pointed outY A correct formula is presented in this report. By transforming a two-center expansion in the Gegenbauer polynomials into that in the Legendre polynomials, Balescu obtained the formula (Eq. (3) in Ref. 1)):

Comments on "A Note on Satellite Dynamics"

Some details of the author's earlier derivation on gyrotorquer dynamics are worked out to confirm that Greensite's derivation failed to generate some important dynamic terms in the original motion equations, contrary to the claim of Guibord and Ahmed. In the above correspondence,1 it is claimed that erroneous terms were usm.

A note on asymptotic solutions for heat transfer in laminar forced flow against a non-isothermal rotating disk

Exact asymptotic expansions for heat transfer in laminar forced flow against a non-isothermal rotating disk are obtained for large and small Prandtl numbers using a perturbation method. The surface temperature of the disk is assumed to vary according to a power law with the radial distance. The results point out the erroneous terms in the existing asymptotic solutions and give the further higher order corrections to them.