Erosion In Coastal Areas Research Articles

Soil Erosion Risk Analysis in the Ría de Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain) Using the RUSLE and GIS Techniques

Soil erosion in coastal areas, driven by global change and human activity, poses a significant threat to ecological and economic stability. This research investigates water erosion in the southeast of the Ría de Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain), utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System technologies. Key factors analyzed include rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, land cover, and conservation practices. High-resolution maps (1 × 1 m pixels) identified areas at high risk of erosion. Vulnerable zones, such as coastal cliffs and vineyards, show severe erosion rates exceeding 50 t/ha/year (>5 mm/year), with the most extreme zones reaching up to 200 t/ha/year (>200 mm/year). These results emphasize that intervention could be required or recommended. Suggested measures include reforestation, effective agricultural land management, or the implementation of vegetative barriers to reduce erosion. These areas, characterized by steep slopes and sparse vegetation, are particularly susceptible to soil loss, necessitating specific conservation efforts. The results underscore the need for sustainable coastal management practices and preventive strategies to protect this vulnerable coastal zone. Implementing these measures is crucial to mitigating the impacts of soil erosion, preserving natural resources, and ensuring long-term ecological and economic resilience in the region.

Effect of Interparticle Distance on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics on Wave Transformation Through Submerged Breakwater

Beach abrasion and erosion are problems that many beaches in Indonesia experience. Waves are the most influential processes in this phenomenon. When the waves move towards the coast, they will transform, generating currents near the coast. Currents moving along the coast displace sediment on the beach, causing changes in the shoreline. So it is necessary to carry out coastal protection efforts so that abrasion does not occur, which results in the erosion of coastal areas so that the island’s area is reduced and the coastline retreats. To overcome this problem, one of the supporting facilities is a submerged breakwater. In this paper, researchers will numerically study the effect of particle size on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) when waves pass through a submerged breakwater structure. The simulation is carried out on a Numerical Wave Tank (NWT), the piston is at the end of the tank, and the structure of the submerged breakwater is set according to the experimental scenario. The distance between the particles varied from 0.03, 0.025, 0.02, 0.015, and 0.01. The results show that the smaller the distance between the particles used, the wave elevation results are closer to the experimental model.

The Influence of Different Curing Environments on the Mechanical Properties and Reinforcement Mechanism of Dredger Fill Stabilized with Cement and Polypropylene Fibers.

An effective method widely used in geotechnical engineering to solve the shrinkage and cracking issues in cement-stabilized soil (CS) is evenly mixing randomly distributed fibers into it. Dredger fills stabilized with cement and polypropylene fibers (PFCSs) are exposed to rainwater immersion and seawater erosion in coastal areas, influencing their mechanical performance and durability. In this study, direct shear and consolidation compression tests were conducted to investigate the influence of different curing environments on the mechanical properties and compressive behavior of PFCSs. Dominance and regression analyses were used to study the impact of each factor under different curing regimes. The reinforcement mechanism of different curing environments was also explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The results show that the cohesion and elastic modulus of the specimens cured in seawater were reduced compared with those cured in freshwater and standard curing environments. The best fiber content for the strength and compressive modulus of PFCSs was determined to be 0.9% of the mass of dredged fill. The results of value-added contributions and the relative importance of each factor in different curing environments show that the overall average contribution of cement content in the seawater curing environment is reduced by 6.79% compared to the freshwater environment. Multiple linear regression models were developed, effectively describing the quantitative relationships of different properties under different curing conditions. Further, the shear strength was improved by the coupling effect of soil particles, a C-S-H gel, and polypropylene fibers in the PFCSs. However, the shear strength of the PFCSs was reduced due to the structural damage of the specimens in the freshwater and seawater curing environments.

Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Winds, Waves, and Currents: Where are we Now?

AbstractThis review paper reports on the state-of-the-art concerning observations of surface winds, waves, and currents from space and their use for scientific research and subsequent applications. The development of observations of sea state parameters from space dates back to the 1970s, with a significant increase in the number and diversity of space missions since the 1990s. Sensors used to monitor the sea-state parameters from space are mainly based on microwave techniques. They are either specifically designed to monitor surface parameters or are used for their abilities to provide opportunistic measurements complementary to their primary purpose. The principles on which is based on the estimation of the sea surface parameters are first described, including the performance and limitations of each method. Numerous examples and references on the use of these observations for scientific and operational applications are then given. The richness and diversity of these applications are linked to the importance of knowledge of the sea state in many fields. Firstly, surface wind, waves, and currents are significant factors influencing exchanges at the air/sea interface, impacting oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers, contributing to sea level rise at the coasts, and interacting with the sea-ice formation or destruction in the polar zones. Secondly, ocean surface currents combined with wind- and wave- induced drift contribute to the transport of heat, salt, and pollutants. Waves and surface currents also impact sediment transport and erosion in coastal areas. For operational applications, observations of surface parameters are necessary on the one hand to constrain the numerical solutions of predictive models (numerical wave, oceanic, or atmospheric models), and on the other hand to validate their results. In turn, these predictive models are used to guarantee safe, efficient, and successful offshore operations, including the commercial shipping and energy sector, as well as tourism and coastal activities. Long-time series of global sea-state observations are also becoming increasingly important to analyze the impact of climate change on our environment. All these aspects are recalled in the article, relating to both historical and contemporary activities in these fields.

Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure

The important role of coral reefs in protecting people, economies and infrastructure is widely acknowledged. Coral reefs are highly effective at reducing wave energy and thereby diminishing the impact of both flooding and erosion in coastal areas. Understanding these benefits, and their spatial distribution, can play a critical role in driving efforts to protect or even restore coral reefs, with critical societal benefits. Simple, high-resolution models were used to generate a global map which suggests that 26 % of the coastline of the world’s coral reef nations receive some protection benefits, and that, over decadal periods some 5.3 million people and $109 billion of GDP are protected by coral reefs. Separate maps show the values at the shore and plot the reefs providing those values. Differences exist between metrics (population, GDP and night-time lights as a metric for infrastructure) raising the importance of considering ecosystem service values with multiple metrics, including non-monetary values. Patterns of protection are highly heterogeneous, however many of the most important areas are adjacent to highly developed shores and many of these receive little or no management attention.

Coastal Erosion and Flood Coping Mechanisms in Southern Thailand: A Qualitative Study.

Communities in coastal regions are affected by the impacts of extreme climatic events causing flooding and erosion. Reducing the impacts of flood and erosion in these areas by adopting coping strategies that fortify the resilience of individuals and their localities is desirable. This study used summative content analysis to explore the coping mechanisms of coastal communities before, during, and after various dangers relating to flooding and erosion. The findings from the study show that effective surveillance systems, disaster preparedness, risk mapping, early warning systems, availability of databases and functional command systems, as well as reliable funding are essential to efficiently cope with hazards of coastal flooding and erosion. As flooding and erosion have been predicted to be more severe due to climate change in the coming years, the adoption of effective natural and artificial mechanisms with modern technologies could help coastal regions to be more resilient in coping with the dangers associated with flooding and erosion. Pragmatic policies and programs to this end by actors are critical to averting crises induced by flooding and erosion in coastal areas.

Simulation and Analysis of Sea-Level Change from Tide Gauge Station by Using Artificial Neural Network Models

Sea level change is one of the most certain results of global warming. Sea level change would increase erosion in coastal areas, result in intrusion into water supplies, inundate coastal marshes and other important habitats, and make the coastal property more vulnerable to erosion and flooding. This situation coincides with the massive socio-economic development of the coastal city areas. The coastal areas of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia are vulnerable to sea-level change, flooding, and extreme erosion events. The monthly Mean Sea Level (MSL) change was simulated by using two Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models, Feed Forward- Neural Network (FF-NN) and Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous- Neural Network (NARX-NN) models. Both models did well in recreating sea levels and their fluctuating patterns, according to the data. The NARX-NN model with architecture (5-6-1) and four lag options, on the other hand, got the greatest results. The findings of the model's mean sea level rise simulation show that Kuala Terengganu would have a growing and upward trend of roughly 25.34 mm/year. This paper shows that the eastern coast of Malaysia is highly vulnerable to sea-level rise and therefore, requires sustainable adaptation policies and plans to manage the potential impacts. It recommends that various policies, which enable areas to be occupied for longer before the eventual retreat, could be adapted to accommodate vulnerable settlements on the eastern coast of Malaysia.

An improved cellular automata model for soil erosion in coastal areas based on discrete physical variables

AbstractSoil erosion is a major and costly environmental hazard worldwide. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the soil erosion process is essential for erosion control. The high erodibility of the saline‐sodic soil in coastal areas causes rills to develop rapidly and erosion patterns change substantially during the rainfall process. Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of the soil surface morphology is crucial for revealing the mechanism behind the severe soil erosion process, but simulating these dynamics with many existing empirical or physical models is difficult. Cellular automata (CA) provides a simple alternative approach with high computational efficiency for modelling the complex patterns of soil erosion evolution using local interactions rules. However, previously established CA models poorly simulated the lateral erosion. By dividing the runoff amount into a discrete variable of every constituent cell and considering the runoff flow velocity when calculating the flow direction, the CA model developed here, based on discrete physical variables (CADV), could simulate soil erosion rate dynamics and rill morphological development with low relative errors. The variations in the simulated sediment yield rates during rainfall events were consistent with the experimental measurements, and the relative errors of cumulative sediment yields between the simulated and measured values were lower than 5% from the 38th to 60th min (the end of rainfall event) during the rainfall. The morphological characteristics of slope erosion with relative errors in rill length, rill width, and rill depth were lower than 5% at specific times during rainfall events. Specifically, regarding the rill width parameter, the relative errors of the maximum and average rill widths were both lower than 5% when the rainfall event ended at the 60th min. The results show that the CADV is an appropriate tool for describing the soil erosion process and improving our understanding of the erosion process characteristics of saline‐sodic soil slopes in a coastal region of China.Highlights Cellular automata based on discrete variables (CADV) improves soil erosion simulation. CADV simulates soil loss and rill morphological development with low relative errors. CADV improves insight into the mechanism of soil erosion in coastal area. CADV provides a new approach to improve soil erosion modelling with cellular automata.

Sustainability & Comparative Impact Analysis of Coral Reef Bleaching in Indian Context

An estimated value of 500 million of the population are directly benefited through coral reefs related jobs, food and defence of coastal areas. Coral reefs help to reduce wave energy by 97%. They help to protect the coastal areas from storms, floods and wave energy by 97%. Natural disasters such as Tsunami and erosion of coastal areas are protected by reefs. In this process, they help to protect the lives of many staying in the coastal areas including animals, properties, and other natural resources. There are reasons for reef deterioration like change of climate, high pollution, destructive fishing, bleaching of coral reefs is a big concern now worldwide. Severe coral bleaching is also reported in India. A significant rise in the surface temperature of Sea has become a critical reason for coral bleaching. This work attempts to Study the link between sustainability , SDG goals of 2030 given by United Nations and coral bleaching. In this work study period is focused from 1985 to 2021 in the Indian coral reef bleaching areas.

RIVER ECOSYSTEMS OF UKRAINE: NATURAL FEATURES, PROBLEMS OF TRANSFORMATION AND RECOVERY MEASURES


 The current state of ecosystems of rivers of Ukraine - their natural features and consequences of powerful anthropogenic activity are analyzed. The problem of coastal areas of rivers and reservoirs is considered. Methods of rehabilitation of the cascade of Dnieper reservoirs and their coastal territories are determined.
 Extensive farming with the destruction of coastal lands up to 80-90% is one of the main factors in the ecological crisis of river ecosystems. The floodplains of most small rivers of Polissya are developed for agricultural lands by almost 50-60%, Forest-steppe and Steppe - by 70-90%. Nevertheless, the efficiency of agricultural land use in Ukraine is lower than in Europe and developed countries. Agricultural fields are located on the slopes and floodplains of rivers, so the erosion of coastal areas has reached unprecedented proportions.
 The creation of the Dnieper reservoirs has created a number of environmental problems, led to a sharp change in the basis of local erosion. One third of their total length is actively destroyed by wind waves and denudation processes, runoff and other types of currents. The area of land lost as a result of the destruction of the shores is already about 6.5 thousand hectares. The destruction of the cascade shores annually leads to the loss of a significant amount of coastal land, affects the use of the shores and adjacent areas, causes emergencies, accidents and catastrophes, especially in settlements where the negative impact of natural factors is exacerbated by man-made factors.
 The condition of the coastal area directly affects the condition of the water area. Urban planning of coastal areas should help preserve and maintain the natural balance of the river ecological system - the establishment of restrictive "green lines" and water protection zones, shore protection, creation of recreation areas and their improvement, paving tourist routes, restricting protected areas and more. These urban planning measures should take into account the zonal features of rivers and take into account the uniqueness of each river ecosystem in Ukraine.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hutan Mangrove Pada Areal Pesisir Pantai

Introductioan: One of the potentials of mangrove forests is to prevent coastal abrasion. With the existence of mangrove forests, erosion of coastal areas during the rainy season can be minimized. Besides that, mangroves can also be an ecosystem for crabs and various other types of fish. However, in the course of development, many times mangrove forests are converted and also destroyed because of development interests by individuals and development companies.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this article is to find out how to regulate the management of coastal areas and how to protect the law against mangrove forest areas on the coast of Piru Village, West Seram Regency.Methods of the Research: This research is a normative research using a statutory approach with sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials with qualitative analysis.Results of the Research: The results of the study found that the regulation related to the management of coastal areas is regulated in Law No. 1 of 2014 and in its implementation in the field there is still damage to mangrove forests, especially in the coastal area of Piru Village, West Seram Regency and is detrimental to coastal communities because the coastal area is an area that should protected because it is important for the sustainability of the community in the area.

Coastal erosion risk assessment in the coastal area of Muara Asam Asam, Tanah Laut Regency

Coastal erosion is the process of land erosion in coastal areas due to waves and ocean currents which reduce land and can adversely affect socio-economic activities in coastal areas. Coastal erosion risk assessment in the estuary is a development of previous research, because the erosion and accretion processes do not only occur along the shoreline, but also on the side facing river water bodies, due to the confluence of fluvial and marine processes. The landward shift of the shoreline in the Muara Asam Asam coastal area has reached 90 meters in the last 28 years, and has been detrimental because the area is a densely populated area with major economic activities in the fisheries and agriculture sectors. This study aims to determine the coastal erosion risk level zones based on the relationship among vulnerability and consequence parameters, through distance decay weighted based method. The results indicate that Muara Asam Asam has high risk zones of coastal erosion, especially in densely populated residential areas and dry land agriculture on the west side of the estuary, due to the lack of implementation of preventive measures through hard coastal structure and coastal zoning policy to protect socio-economic activities and coastal ecological environments.

Application of Geospatial Information System (GIS) using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in Determining Shoreline Changes

The shoreline mapping and analysis are extensive for numerous coastal studies such as advancement of regression planning, geo-hazard recognition, decomposition-enhancing studies and theoretical or predictive modelling or coastal characterization. The occurrence of erosion in coastal areas is caused by a combination of factors nature and human action. Therefore, a study was conducted at Regency Beach, Port Dickson to find out the shoreline changes in the area. Eight remote sensing data from 1988 to 2019 were used in this study using ArcGIS 10.3 and DSAS v4.2 software to obtain shoreline changes. It can be concluded that the pattern of shoreline changed from 1988 to 2019 in the study area and much erosion occurred between 2005 and 2010.

Changes in the Behavioral Characteristics of the Gangmun and Anmok Beaches following the Construction of Artificial Reefs

Kim, J.; Kim, I.; Nam, J.; Song D., and Lee, H., 2019. Changes in the behavioral characteristics of the Gangmun and Anmok beaches following the construction of artificial reefs. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 26-30. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.On the East coast of South Korea, there is only a small significant difference between low and high tides, meaning that seasonal wave directions appear clearly in recorded data. During summer, southeasterly waves dominate, and northward longshore drift occurs. In addition, the southward transport of littoral sediment occurs under the northeasterly waves that are dominant during winter. However, recent changes in the coastal environment, due to the development of coastal flooding prevention facilities, harbor development projects, and unusual weather conditions, have shown a tendency to increase the erosion of coastal areas. In other words, there is a repeating cycle of positive feedback, in which structures introduced to prevent a certain kind of coastal erosion cause different kinds of coastal erosion. In this study, we used field survey data to analyze the behavioral characteristics of the Gangmun and Anmok beaches for a period of seven years. The results show that the Gangmun and the Anmok beaches are very vulnerable to the effects of artificial constructs. Coastal erosion on Gangmun beach occurred through northward sediment transportation, caused by a dike that was built to avoid the closure of the mouth of Gyungpo stream. After an artificial reef and the groin were constructed to solve this erosion problem, the coastline stabilized. In the case of the Anmok beach, an imbalance in the sand budget supplied from the Namdae stream was brought about by the expansion of the Gangneung harbor, leading to significant beach erosion. After artificial reefs were installed on both beaches to prevent erosion, the area of each beach was increased and each beach's status was stabilized, as a salient beach.

Stratigraphic architecture of incised valleys and unincised channel systems in the Carbonera Formation (C6-C1 members: Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene), Llanos basin, Colombia

This work presents a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene C6-C1 members of the Carbonera Formation in the Llanos basin, Colombia. In the interval corresponding to the C5 member, facies associations that comprise middle shoreface, tidal channels and bars, tidal flat deposits, brackish bay, tidal-fluvial channels and central estuary have been identified through the integration of core descriptions and wireline logs. The vertical assemblage of the recognized facies associations permits the definition of several cycles of transgression and regression, as well as episodes of relative sea-level fall and their consequent fluvial incision. Basinward shifts of facies, lateral changes in well-log motifs and seismic amplitude anomalies allow the interpretation of incised-valley systems overlying deposits associated with marginal and shallow marine environments, which also present channelized sand bodies. Consequently, the sedimentary and stratigraphic architecture is composed of an interspersed set of channels with different genetic origins and contrasting potentials in terms of petroleum production. Maximum flooding surfaces, subaerial unconformities and transgressive ravinement surfaces are the significant stratigraphic surfaces identified, which separate progradational and retrogradational stages and define sequence boundaries.In addition to the C5 member, a sequence stratigraphic model for the interval corresponding to the C6-C1 members of the Carbonera formation is presented based on cuttings, well-log stacking patterns and interpretation of 3D seismic horizon and time slices. In total, nine regressive-transgressive cycles (i.e., genetic stratigraphic sequences) are interpreted for the interval studied. The proposed stratigraphic framework relates oil occurrences and currently producing intervals with stratigraphic surfaces and permits a consistent classification of the petrophysical properties, establishing several families that are genetically related.The sedimentological descriptions of the Carbonera C5 member and the proposed sequence stratigraphic model highlight the marine influence in the deposition of the Carbonera Formation. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the role of relative sea-level fluctuations in deposition and erosion in coastal areas during tectonically active periods in the foreland Llanos basin.

Coastline change analysis and erosion prediction using satellite images

The study of monitoring and analysis of coastline change and erosion prediction has been widely used satellite imagery. Satellite data that is often used in monitoring studies and analysis of coastline changes are Landsat, Quickbird, Allos, SPOT, IKONOS, etc. The aim of study is to determine an average of coastline change and average of coastal erosion in coastal area of Tabanan Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia by using two kind satellite are SPOT 5 in 2009 has a spatial resolution of 10 m (multispectral) and SPOT 6/7 in 2015 has a spatial resolution 1.5 m. This research contributes to local government and central government as a database in decision making for coastal area management. The result of analysis shows the average of coastline change in Tabanan regency is 13.96 m and the average rate of coastal erosion is 1.99 m/year. The coastline movement or erosion has caused the morphological changes.

Vulnerability to climate change and residents' adaptations in coastal areas of Soc Trang Province, Vietnam

Many climate-sensitive areas and communities are insufficiently prepared for climate change induced natural disasters due to a mismatch of perceptions and the risks and economic limitations associated with these disasters. The Mekong Delta of Vietnam, which is home to a growing population that currently stands at 17.2 million people, has been experiencing more frequent and severe flooding, especially in Soc Trang Province. Historical and present-day images obtained using an uncrewed aerial vehicle and satellites showed rapid erosion of coastal areas and damage to infrastructure for flood control. A perception survey on more than a thousand residents conducted in 2014 showed that the adaptations pursued at the community level were limited by economic factors and education level. Finally, multiple strategies harmonised with local ecosystems and livelihoods were proposed to protect the area against climate change induced events.

Longshore suspended sediment transport and its implications for submarine erosion off the Yangtze River Estuary

Coastal currents that originate from large rivers play a key role in delivering sediment to shelf regions. Quantifying their transport capability is therefore essential to understanding the sediment budgets and the consequent deposition or erosion of coastal areas. In February 2012, we observed the sediment transport carried by the Min-Zhe Coastal Current that originates from the Yangtze River mouth and calculated a flux of 18.7 tons per second on a cross-shore section. In this period the coastal current was at a typical status, which allowed us to estimate a total annual sediment transport of 0.27billion tons southward. This result was more than three times the present annual Yangtze River sediment discharge, suggesting that considerable net sediment removal occurs in the coastal regions. The sediment transport 0.27 billion tons/year is probably the deposition/erosion threshold for the East China Sea coast north of our study site. Analysis of historical Yangtze River sediment influx records showed, that the onset and acceleration of coastal erosion was closely linked with the operation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) upstream of the Yangtze River.

Design of a semi-autonomous boat for measurements of coastal sedimentation and erosion

Abstract. Measurement of sediment deposition and erosion in coastal areas is a challenge due to soft shifting sediments, but is critical to assessing loss or restoration of coastal sediments and wetlands. The aim of this project was to design and construct a semi-autonomous boat with water depth measuring capabilities. It was intended to map the depth of coastal wetlands to determine erosion rates and assess coastal restoration effects. Depth-measuring equipment was incorporated into an autonomous pontoon boat powered by solar panels. The propulsion system consisted of two paddlewheels and two-way motors to allow movement and positioning for measurements. Modifications included a lightweight, hard coating on the pontoons and powder-coating the frame to extend their usable life. A microcontroller controlled the boat and captured depth data from sensors and location data with a GPS system. The depth measuring system consisted of a pulley and counter system that completed each measurement in less than 45 seconds. This allowed the boat to take approximately 400 measurements per day. Net accuracy was approximately 3 cm in the tested configuration. The boat can continually measure the depth of specified areas in the wetlands; with this data, the change in depth can be monitored to see the effects of restoration projects.

Analytical model of beach erosion and overwash during storms

During severe storms high waves and water levels may greatly impact the sub-aerial portion of the beach inducing significant morphological change at elevations that the waves can not reach under normal conditions. Morphological formations such as dunes and barrier islands may suffer from direct wave impact and erode. Overwash occurs if the wave run-up and/or the mean water level are sufficiently high allowing for water and sediment to pass over the beach crest, which in turn causes flooding and deposition of sediment shoreward of the crest. An analytical model of sub-aerial beach response to storms was developed based on impact theory, including overwash, and the evolution of schematised dunes was investigated. Furthermore, the analytical model was applied to the case of schematised barrier islands exposed to extensive overwash. After validation using field data, the analytical model was employed at two coastal sites, namely Ocean City on the United States east coast and the Ebro Delta on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, in order to calculate quantities for assessing the storm impact on beaches, such as eroded volume, overwash volume, beach crest reduction, and contour-line retreat. These quantities were subsequently analysed to derive empirical probability distribution functions to be utilised in different types of risk assessment concerning flooding and erosion in coastal areas.