Eriochrome Black T Research Articles

Synergistic degradation of toxic azo dyes using Mn-CuO@Biochar: An efficient adsorptive and photocatalytic approach for wastewater treatment

Congo red (CR) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) is a toxic azo dye with a complex structure which represents a serious Ecotoxicological hazards for aquatic bodies. This research investigates the synergistic effects of Corn plants biochar and manganese (Mn)-composited copper oxide (CuO) in the adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of toxic anionic dyes i.e. CR and EBT. The acquired materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, XPS, TEM, BET, ZP, and pHZc test. The experiment demonstrated that Mn-CuO@BC composite exhibited a remarkable adsorption of ∼ 98 % and ∼ 95 % and photocatalytic degradation of 92 % and 88 % for CR and EBT respectively. It was further found that coupling of the H2O2 with Mn-CuO@BC enhances the photocatalytic efficiency of catalyst for CR and EBT i.e. upto ∼ 98 % and 96 % respectively possibly owing to the efficient ●OH radical. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo 2nd order model, indicating predominant chemisorption, and adsorption isotherms fit well with the Langmuir model. Further, toxicity degradation products of EBT were examined through ECOSAR indicated a reduced ecological impact. In general, this work highlight the dual functional advantages of the Mn-CuO@BC composite, providing an efficient and versatile approach for wastewater treatment involving complex dye pollutants.

Synergistic impact of Fe–Zr in novel hybrid aminoclay catalytic TFC membrane for ultrafast emerging pollutant remediation

Finding new class of materials to overcome limitation in conventional membranes is a challenging task. Use of naturally stable and sustainable alternative materials stock is an emerging task. In this direction, a novel iron-zirconium hybrid aminoclay (FZ-AC) has emerged as a promising catalyst effectively employed to alleviate fouling concerns within the framework of a biopolymer-based thin film composite (TFC), constructed on a cellulose acetate (CA) support. Notably, FZ-AC exhibits remarkable catalytic activity in the degradation of foulants through potential free radicals generated from Fe and Zr active centres in synergy with oxidising agent. The optimised catalytic membrane (FZ-TFC-1) exhibited an ultrafast degradation of congo red (CR), eriochrome black-T (EBT), crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), red-brown dye (RBn), bisphenol-A (BPA), azithromycin (AZC), and Cr(VI) within 4 min. The cooperative action of redox centres of Fe and Zr metal ions synergistically accelerated the swift production of reactive species and facilitated the efficient degradation of pollutants within a notably short timeframe. Furthermore, >95% of above dyes rejection was achieved with >67 L m−2.h−1 of flux. The results of a long-term study demonstrated that FZ-TFC membranes exhibit exceptional stability, retaining their performance for a duration up to 150 h. This extended period of stability underscores the superiority of these membranes over alternative counterparts, suggesting their robustness and reliability for sustained operation in various applications. This strategic utilization of FZ-AC representing a promising avenue for enhancing the efficacy and longevity of nanofiltration membranes, thereby advancing the frontier of membrane-based separation technologies.

Study of Fe3O4 and Cu2+ doped modified Fe3O4 nano catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and eriochrome black-T dyes: Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial assessment

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of undoped Fe3O4 and 3% Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly co-precipitation method. A comprehensive suite of nanomaterial characterization techniques, including energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), was employed to confirm the elemental composition, structural parameters, and chemical states of the prepared materials. Additionally, fragmentation analysis using LC–MS illustrated the structural stability and breakdown of the nanoparticles under specific conditions. Both the materials were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for investigating the magnetic, and surface characteristics respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards methylene blue and eriochrome black T dyes. A systematic investigation of various parameters, including the pH of the dye solution, dye concentration over time, catalyst dose, dye concentration versus degradation, catalyst reusability, and kinetic study, was conducted to understand the factors influencing the photocatalytic activity of both undoped and Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The LC-MS analysis predicted the probable degradation pathways of MB and EBT dyes. This work provides insights into the sustainable synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and practical application of Fe3O4-based nanoparticles for water treatment applications, highlighting their potential as efficient and environmentally benign Photocatalyst for wastewater remediation. An investigation was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial properties of both undoped and doped nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined against the bacterial strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, as well as the fungal strains C. albicans, A. niger, and A. clavatus.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Eriochrome Black T onto Pinecone Powders (Pinus nigra Arn.): Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

In this study, methylene blue (MB) and eriochrome black T (EBT) dyes were removed with the waste Pinus nigra Arn. powders from Anatolian black pinecone (PC-PnA) within the framework of sustainability. UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and point of zero charge (pHpzc) analyses were performed for the characterization of PC-PnAs. The effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, time, initial concentration and temperature were determined by batch adsorption experiments. Four kinetic and isotherm models were examined, and error function tests were used for the most suitable model. According to this, the average pore diameters, mass losses at 103.9 and 721.6 °C and pHpzc values of PC-PnAs were found as 61.661 Å, 5.9%, 30%, and 5.77, respectively. Additionally, the most suitable kinetic and isotherm models for the removal of both dyes were Langmuir and pseudo-second-order. The maximum removal efficiencies (qmax) for MB and EBT dyes was calculated as 91.46 and 15.85 mg/g, respectively and the adsorption process was found to be endothermic. As a result, PC-PnA particles can be used as an alternative sorbent for the removal of MB and EBT dyes.

TMAB modified NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the Effective removal of Eriochrome Black-T azo dye

The Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) azo dye was removed from aqueous solution using TMAB (tetramethyl ammonium bromide) stabilised NiFe2O4 (TMAB@NFO) nanoparticles, which have been synthesized through polymeric precursor method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were used to analyse the TMAB@NFO nanoparticles. Adsorption studies were conducted under a variety of conditions, including pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time, intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to analyse the kinetic data. According to the systematic study of adsorption isotherms and kinetics models, TMAB@NFO nanoparticles will adsorb EBT dye utilising the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion model revealed a linear relationship (R2 - 0.98, 0.97, and 0.94 for TMAB@NiFe2O4 and bare NiFe2O4-NPs), demonstrating how surface modification influences the overall EBT adsorption process and the pore diffusion rate. Additionally, the manufactured nano adsorbents of NiFe2O4 were effectively regenerated and reused after the treatments up to four times following the elimination of 89% of EBT dye by TMAB@NiFe2O4-NPs. The results have demonstrated the enormous potential of TMAB @NiFe2O4-NPs to eliminate EBT in a practical way. KEY WORDS: Tetramethyl ammonium bromide, NiFe2O4, EBT, Surface capping, Adsorption, Kinetics Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1569-1581. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.6

Sustainable and facile fabrication of chitosan-coated silver-doped zinc oxide nanocomposites exploiting Bergera koenigii foliage for enhanced photocatalysis and antibacterial activity

Industrial and academic chemical pollutants such as Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) and murexide dyes are widely used in academic institution as well as industries, when eluted into rivers, delineate the ill effect on human and aquatic life. Herein, green and ecofriendly synthesis of silver doped-Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ag/ZnO NPs) and chitosan coated Ag/ZnO nanoparticles (CS/Ag/ZnO NPs) using Bergera koenigii extract to solve environmental issues have been reported for the first time. Spherical and agglomerated particles with crystalline flakes like morphology of Ag/ZnO NPs and CS/Ag/ZnO NPs respectively have been ascertained by Scanning electron morphology (SEM) analyses and XRD. XRD analysis revealed the average crystallite size of 42.16 nm and 48.45 nm for Ag/ZnO NPs with 5 % and 10 % Ag concentration respectively, lesser than crystallite size of 47.394 nm and 52.38 nm for CS-5 % Ag/ZnO NC and CS-10 % Ag/ZnO NC respectively. All the synthesized NPs and NC demonstrated remarkable antibacterial potential against both gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria. Additionally, all the materials showed very high time-dependent photocatalytic degradation activity (>98 %) of EBT and murexide in 12 min. Remarkably, all active nano-catalysts exhibit high durability, and displayed recyclability for >8 cycles. In nutshell, chitosan coated nano-catalyst showed drastic improvement in photocatalytic and antibacterial activities.

Comparative analysis of EBT dye removal using Spartium junceum and derived activated carbon: experimental and DFT insights

ABSTRACT This study explores the use of Spartium junceum biomass (SJ) to create activated carbon (SJAC) through a one-step activation with phosphoric acid. Characterisation of SJ and SJAC was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy, pHpzc measurement, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and SEM to analyse their surface chemical groups, morphology, and texture. Results showed that SJAC has a well-developed mesoporous structure, high pore volume, and a significantly enhanced specific surface area (325.759 m2 g−1) compared to raw SJ (1.647 m2 g−1). The adsorptive performance of SJ and SJAC was tested by removing the anionic dye Eriochrome Black T (EBT). Using central composite design under response surface methodology, batch experiments were optimised for factors like pH, adsorbent dosage, initial EBT concentration, and contact time. Optimal conditions were determined using a desirability function. Adsorption data were analysed with various isothermal models, showing that the Freundlich model best described SJ, while the Langmuir model was more suitable for SJAC. SJAC exhibited an exceptional adsorption capacity of 261.36 mg g−1, about five times higher than SJ. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process for both sorbents was spontaneous and endothermic. Density functional theory was used to investigate the adsorption mechanism of EBT on SJ and SJAC, identifying multiple mechanisms such as electrostatic interactions, pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking, with pore filling being the primary mechanism for SJAC. SJAC maintained over 77% EBT adsorption efficiency across four reuse cycles, highlighting its potential for EBT remediation applications.

Photocatalytically active layered double hydroxide-PVDF composite membranes for effective remediation of dyes contaminated water

In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) intercalated CuFe layered double hydroxides (LDH) membranes were fabricated and investigated for UV-LED/persulfate degradation of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), methyl orange (MO), and Eriochrome black T (EBT) dyes from water. The PVDF-CuFe membrane exhibited improved heterogeneity, surface functionality (CuO, Fe–O, Cu–O–Fe), surface roughness, and hydrophilicity. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology, and maximum MB removal (100%) was achieved within 45.22–178.5 min at MB concentration (29.45–101.93 mg/L), PP concentration (0.5–2.41 g/L) and catalyst dosage (1.84–1.95 g/L). The degradation kinetics was well described by a pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.982) and fast reaction rate (0.029–0.089/min). The MB dye degradation mechanism is associated with HO·/SO4•− reactive species generated by Fe3+/Fe2+ or Cu2+/Cu+ in PVDF-CuFe membrane and PP dissociation. The PVDF-CuFe membrane demonstrated excellent recyclability performance with a 12% reduction after five consecutive cycles. The catalytic membrane showed excellent photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (100%), methyl orange (79%), and Eriochrome black T (60%). The results showed that UV-LED/persulfate-assisted PVDF-CuFe membranes can be used as a recyclable catalyst for the effective degradation of dye-contaminated water streams.

Plant-based synthesis of Selenium-doped Silver/Magnesium Oxide/Zinc Oxide nanocomposite using Mentha pulegium to investigate their photocatalytic and biological properties

In this study, the photocatalytic test and biological effects of Selenium-doped Silver/ Magnesium Oxide/ Zinc Oxide nanocomposite (Se-doped Ag/MgO/ZnO) have been studied. The samples were synthesized by a green method with Mentha pulegium plant extract and investigated by different analyses. The outcomes of X-ray and FESEM display crystal nature and flower-like morphology. According to the ICP results, the removal efficiency of Pb+2 ions was equal to 72 %. The photocatalytic test of the nanocomposite investigated to degradation of organic dyes, and the results show that the degradation percentage of RhB (Rhodamine B), EBT (Eriochrome Black T), MO (Methyl Orange), and MB (Methylene Blue) dyes were about 73 %, 96 %, 99 %, and 97 % respectively. Also, the toxicity of the Se-doped Ag/MgO/ZnO) was studied against the cancer B16F0 cell line and the IC50 value was reported as 269.6 μg/mL.

Robust Visible Light-Induced Degradation of Eriochrome Black-T Using a Green Organo-photooxidative Method

Robust Visible Light-Induced Degradation of Eriochrome Black-T Using a Green Organo-photooxidative Method

Upcycling waste polymer membranes through eco-friendly solvent-catalysed valorisation for energy and environmental solutions

A facile pathway of upcycling waste/discarded polysulfone (WPSF) membranes has been proposed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) system composed of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (CC:EG) in 1:1 ratio as a green template. This approach offers a viable solution for addressing polymer membrane waste management challenges while simultaneously promoting feasible method, resource efficiency and economic viability. The WPSF was doped with Mn ions prior to the solvothermal conversion at 200 °C and pyrolysis at 900 °C. The obtained functional porous carbon showed superior adsorption capacity towards Malachite green (MG) (423.72 mg/g), Eriochrome black-T (EBT) (326.79 mg/g), Diclofenac (DCF) (195.31 mg/g), and Ofloxacin (OFX) (121.8 mg/g). The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics and well agreed with Langmuir isotherm. Further, the optimised carbon material i.e., Mn-WPSF-01 was used as an adsorptive-based membrane water filtration system, in which a remarkable water flux about 965 L.m−2.h−1 for different feed streams with outstanding rejection of >90% even after ten cycles of regeneration was obtained. Therefore, Mn-doped carbon materials integrate the advantages of easy preparation, robustness, and effective adsorption performances, as well as good recyclability. Furthermore, the utilized or secondary carbon materials were used as electrode system in supercapacitors after the pyrolysis, where they displayed a specific capacitance of 110.88 F/g at 0.1 A/g of current density with capacity retention 90.85% for about 20,000 cycles with a current density increased to 5 A/g. Therefore, this approach promises to recycle the WPSF via potential applications in water treatment and energy applications through greener way.

Alteration in oxidative stress markers, digestive physiology and gut microbiota of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus exposed to eriochrome black T

Synthetic dyes are the primary cause of water pollution in industrial regions. Azo dyes account for 60–70% of such dyes used in the textile sector due to their numerous beneficial characteristics. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the toxicity of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a widely used azo dye in the textile industry. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of EBT exposure on two catfish species, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus. Following 96 h exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mgL−1 of EBT, the MDA content and activities of SOD, CAT and GR exhibited a rising trend. However, as the concentration of EBT increased in both species, GPx showed decreased activity. EBT exposure also altered gut morphometry as well as the three main digestive enzymes activity (increase in lipase and trypsin activity, while decrease in amylase activity). In addition, the exposure of EBT had a significant impact on the gut microbiota of both species. C. batrachus demonstrated the suppression or absence of beneficial gut commensals (Bacillus and Cetobacterium), whereas H. fossilis revealed the proliferation and appearance of beneficial commensal microbes (Bacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megashaera). Furthermore, the expansion or absence of these microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota of both species was involved in dye digestion, immunity and detoxification. Overall, the percent change calculation of all the selected biomarkers, together with gut microbiota analysis, indicates that C. batrachus was more vulnerable to EBT exposure than H. fossilis. The present investigation effectively demonstrated the toxic impact of EBT on fish health by employing oxidative stress markers, digestive enzymes, and the fish gut microbiota as a promising tool for screening the impact of dye exposure on digestive physiology in toxicological research.

The development of Giant reed biochar for adsorption of Basic Blue 41 and Eriochrome Black T. azo dyes from wastewater

The textile industry is discharging high concentrations of anionic and cationic azo dyes into the nearby environment, which can cause adverse effects on public health, and the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop giant reed biochar and apply for the removal of Basic blue 41 (BB41) and Eriochrome black T (EBT) azo dyes from water. Characterization techniques such as BET surface area analyzer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were applied for biochar description. The biochar exhibits a high fixed carbon content (80.4%), a low ash content (3.8%), a large surface area (429.0 m2/g), and good thermal stability. High removal efficiencies of BB41 98.6% and EBT 82.5% were recorded at the specific experimental condition. The experimental data were fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model at R2 0.99 for both dyes whereas the adsorption kinetics revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at R2∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim$$\\end{document} 1 and 0.99 for BB41 and EBT, respectively. Furthermore, four regenerations of biochar with adsorption performances of BB41 and EBT dyes were found to be 94.7% and 79.1%, respectively. Finally, this adsorbent can be considered an economically viable material for the removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater systems. In conclusion, the study findings showed that the adsorbent material is promising to apply for water and wastewater treatment but still, the study of adsorption interaction and modifications of the surface functionalities are essential to accommodate multipollutant removal from real water systems.

A strategy for the efficient removal of acidic and basic dyes in wastewater by organophilic magadiite@alginate beads: Box-Behnken Design optimization

In this study, four adsorbents were developed: layered silicate magadiite material (mag), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium intercalated magadiite (HDTMA@mag), a cross-linked composite of sodium alginate and magadiite (ALG@mag) and a cross-linked composite of sodium alginate and HDTMA@magadiite (ALG@HDTMA@mag). The adsorbents were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing of Methylene Blue (MB) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dyes. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and zeta potential measurements. Kinetic modeling results indicated that both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion are useful as rate-determining processes in adsorption for all adsorbents. For both dyes, the Langmuir isotherm model provided a good correlation with the adsorption equilibrium data. ANOVA analysis for the best adsorbent (ALG@HDTMA@mag beads) revealed that MB removal was significantly influenced by the positive individual effects of contact time and ALG@HDTMA@mag dose. However, the individual effect of MB concentration exhibited an antagonistic effect throughout the adsorption process. The optimal parameters for achieving an adsorption capacity of 118.54 mg/g were a dye concentration of 60 ppm, a contact period of 1800 min, and an ALG@HDTMA@mag dose of 50 mg.

Ultrasonic assisted green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: a real catalytic and antimicrobial agent

ABSTRACT This study reported facile biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles employing leaf extract of Prosopis glandulosa as a stabilising agent by modest ultrasonic assisted technique. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised via greatly refined systems comprising UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM EDX, Zeta sizer, and Zeta potential. These facilities triggered the study of optical, functionality, crystallinity, surface morphology, elemental composition, and surface potential of the synthesised nanoparticles. The SEM and FT-IR analysis confirmed the semi-spherical shapes and functionalities of the synthesised NPs respectively. The zeta size and zeta potential of CuO NPs were established to be 65 nm and −1.42 mV respectively. The resultant NPs were applied as an efficient antimicrobial and catalytic candidate for the successful degradation of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye. Various factors were optimised such as dose, time, and NaBH4 concentration to achieve maximum catalytic efficiency of CuO nanoparticles. The NPs show excellent catalytic performance of about 92% degradation of EBT within 30 minutes. The antimicrobial performance was also tested by varying the concentration of NPs (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 g/mL via disc diffusion protocol. The results show that CuO NPs have excellent antibacterial activity alongside E. coli at MIC values of 250 g/mL as equated to S. areas and Aspergillus niger.

Supramolecular Solvent-Based Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Preconcentration of Rhodamine B, Methyl Violet, and Eriochrome Black T in Water, Cosmetics, and Food with Spectrophotometric Quantification

Dyes are complex organic compounds that are utilized in many industries. However, excessive exposure to dyes increases susceptibility to various diseases. Their concentrations are below the detection level of many available analytical techniques. Therefore, preconcentration methodology is highly needed prior to their quantification. Herein, a new supramolecular solvent decanol-tetrahydrofuran-based liquid-liquid microextraction method has been established for the first time for the determination of Rhodamine B (Rh B), methyl violet (MV), and Eriochrome black T (EBT) in commercial spices, cosmetics, and water before spectrophotometric quantification. 556, 590, and 530 nm were used for the measurement of Rhodamine B (Rh B), methyl violet (MV), and Eriochrome black T (EBT), respectively. The optimization experiments revealed the best performance at pH 7, 0.9 mL of decanol, 1.3 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF), and 5 min of vortex time. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) (0.480–0.511 µg L−1), limits of quantification (LOQ) (1.455–1.549 µg L−1), preconcentration factor (PF) (15–20), enhancement factor (EF) (15–20), and relative standard deviation (RSD) (0.5–0.8%) were evaluated. The validation of the method was carried out by standard addition experiments for food, cosmetic, and environmental water samples. The recovery results from 95 ± 6 to 100 ± 4% demonstrate that the method can be successfully applied to practical analysis.

Advanced nutrient monitoring: Cost-effective cerium ion detection with smart device integration

This research is critically important for large-scale poultry farming, where vigilant monitoring is necessary to assess nutrient levels in poultry feed. Detecting cerium in poultry feed through colorimetric techniques is crucial for evaluating nutrient intake, feed quality, animal health, and broader environmental impacts. This study significantly contributes to ongoing research and monitoring efforts, aiding in maintaining an optimal mineral balance and enhancing chicken quality and overall poultry performance. The study utilized Alizarin Red dye (AR), both individually and in combination with Eriochrome Black T (EBT), to identify the presence of cerium ions. Various experimental conditions such as pH, concentration, temperature, and specificity were thoroughly examined. The UV-Vis absorption spectra indicated that the average minimum detectable limit for cerium ions is approximately 5 ppm, with a detection range of 0.2–3 mM. Additionally, a cost-effective paper-based sensor and a portable colorimetric method for detecting cerium ions were innovatively designed. This paper-based sensor ensures precise detection at room temperature, demonstrating high sensitivity and selectivity. The detection system was integrated with smart devices, enabling the swift capture of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) values for practical real-time applications. This integration allows for rapid on-site identification of cerium ions. The introduction of this affordable, accurate, and portable colorimetric method for monitoring cerium ions represents a promising advancement in developing accessible tools within this field.

Design and fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride incorporated zinc silicate hybrid nanocomposite for effective degradation of eriochrome black T dye as water pollutant under sunlight irradiations

This paper presents an approach to prepare zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) and its nanocomposites with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Zn2SiO4 was synthesized using a simple and cost-effective sonochemical method, followed by the fabrication of Zn2SiO4/g-C3N4 through an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method. The characterization of Zn2SiO4 and its nanocomposites was carried out using various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, EDS, SEM, TEM, BET, and DRS. The main focus of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4, Zn2SiO4, and different Zn2SiO4 nanocomposites for the degradation of eriochrome black T (EBT) and erythrosine (ER). It is worth noting that this is the first time Zn2SiO4 has been combined with carbon nitride, which resulted in excellent photocatalytic performance. The experimental results revealed that several factors influenced the efficiency of the photocatalytic process, including the content of Zn2SiO4 in the nanocomposite, catalyst loading, and initial concentration of EBT. Among all the tested compositions, Zn2SiO4/g-C3N4 with 10 % Zn2SiO4 exhibited the best performance. Specifically, when 70 mg of 10 % Zn2SiO4/g-C3N4 was used as a catalyst, it achieved a remarkable degradation efficiency of 75.5 % for 10 ppm EBT. This finding highlights the potential application of Zn2SiO4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The results of scavenger test indicated that superoxide radicals and positive holes played significant roles in driving the photodegradation reactions. Furthermore, a kinetics study was performed to determine the rate constant (k) associated with the photocatalytic process. It was observed that a higher rate constant (k = 0.011 min−1) corresponded to a higher efficiency of 75.5 %. This finding suggests that the Zn2SiO4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites possess excellent photocatalytic activity and can effectively degrade organic pollutants.

Comparative study of eriochrome black T (EBT) dye adsorption utilizing direct growth of cost-effective efficient materials: S-doped ZnO nanoparticles, ultrathin nanoflakes, and nanowalls

In the present studies, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the non-aqueous sol-gel route and incorporated with diverse amounts of the nonmetal element like sulfur with different concentration (1, 2, 4, and 6 wt%). Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of all synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and ultra violate visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra. Powder XRD analysis shows the formation of hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO and the incorporation of S atom in ZnO lattice was confirmed by the XPS analysis. FESEM results reveal that the synthesised S-doped (2, 6 wt%) ZnO samples possess the growth of 1D ultra-thin nanoflakes with sharp edge and vertically aligned 1D thin nanowalls morphology. Moreover, UV-Visible transmission spectral studies showed that the optical energy band gap of ZnO NPs were reduced by S doping. After that, pure ZnO, 1, 4, and 6 wt% S-containing ZnO samples were examined as for adsorption study of eriochrome black T (EBT) dye. Among the S-containing samples, 50 mg of the adsorbent, doped with 4 wt% S (4 wt% S-ZnO) could adsorb up to 95.13 % of EBT dye (15 ppm) in 90 min. Therefore, such a sulfure doped ZnO samples in the form of nanoparticles (NPs), nanoflakes (nanosheets) as well as nanowalls could be used as a promising material for the application in industrial wastewater treatment processes.

Experimental and computational approach of zirconium and chitosan doped NiCo2O4 nanorods served as dye degrader and bactericidal action

Different concentrations of zirconium with a fixed quantity (4 wt%) of chitosan (CS) doped nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanorods were synthesized using a co-precipitation approach. This cutting-edge research explores the cooperative effect of Zr-doped CS-NiCo2O4 to degrade the Eriochrome black T (EBT) and investigates potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Advanced characterization techniques were conducted to analyze structural textures, morphological analysis, and optical characteristics of synthesized materials. XRD pattern unveiled the spinal cubic structure of NiCo2O4, incorporating Zr and CS peak shifted to a lower 2θ value. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed the absorption range increased with CS and the same trend was observed upon Zr, showing a decrease in bandgap energy (Eg) from 2.55 to 2.4 eV. The optimal photocatalytic efficacy of doped NiCo2O4 within the basic medium was around 96.26 %, and bactericidal efficacy was examined against S. aureus, revealing a remarkable inhibition zone (5.95 mm).