Ergonomic Shape Research Articles

Tinjauan Desain Furniture dan Suasana Pada Kafé Wongkis 76

The cafe is a place that is very popular with many people, from young people to old people. Cafe is usually visited as a place to eat and drink with a relaxed atmosphere. But along with the development of the times more and more various types of cafes are present, this place is visited not only to eat and drink in a relaxed atmosphere but some people come to the cafe for a business job, family gatherings, and millennials who usually just want to get an additional collection of aesthetic photo spots. In this study, I conducted a review of the wongkis 76 cafe located on Jl. Telaga Sari, Tanjung Morawa District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. The method I use in this research is a descriptive research method with a qualitative method approach. The data was collected from a field observation by conducting a survey directly to the location that I reviewed, namely wongkis 76 Café. From the results of the survey, I found several problems that exist in Wongk is 76 cafe, these problems include the narrow cafe space in several spaces for walking and one of them is on the stairs from the 1st floor to the 2nd floor. Some of the furniture the chairs in this cafe are not ergonomic and the size is not in accordance with the anthropometry of the human body, where the ergonomic shape of a chair greatly affects the comfort of the visitors. The purpose of this research I did to find out the problems that exist in wongkis 76 Cafe and find solutions to these problems.

형상 적응 그리퍼를 이용한 전기자동차 충전구 개폐 시스템

With the recent rapid spread of electric vehicles, research on the robotic charging system is being actively conducted. However, most car charging door and inlet covers are designed with a complex ergonomic shape. Therefore, automating the opening and closing of the charging door and inlet cover were difficult using a general gripper. In this paper, a gripper for the efficient opening and closing of the charging door and inlet cover of an electric vehicle is introduced. Using the principle of shape adaptation, a gripper tip was devised to facilitate gripping of an object with a hole, and an optimal gripper tip structure was designed to improve the gripping force of the inlet cover. In a test device in which a charging port of an actual electric vehicle is installed, experiments such as opening the charging door and removing and inserting the inlet cover were conducted.

ERGOBOSS: Ergonomic Optimization of Body-Supporting Surfaces.

Humans routinely sit or lean against supporting surfaces and it is important to shape these surfaces to be comfortable and ergonomic. We give a method to design the geometric shape of rigid supporting surfaces to maximize the ergonomics of physically based contact between the surface and a deformable human. We model the soft deformable human using a layer of FEM deformable tissue surrounding a rigid core, with measured realistic elastic material properties, and large-deformation nonlinear analysis. We define a novel cost function to measure the ergonomics of contact between the human and the supporting surface. We give a stable and computationally efficient contact model that is differentiable with respect to the supporting surface shape. This makes it possible to optimize our ergonomic cost function using gradient-based optimizers. Our optimizer produces supporting surfaces superior to prior work on ergonomic shape design. Our examples include furniture, apparel and tools. We also validate our results by scanning a real human subject's foot and optimizing a shoe sole shape to maximize foot contact ergonomics. We 3D-print the optimized shoe sole, measure contact pressure using pressure sensors, and demonstrate that the real unoptimized and optimized pressure distributions qualitatively match those predicted by our simulation.

Development of a Virtual Fit Analysis Method for an Ergonomic Design of Pilot Oxygen Mask

In the ergonomic design of wearable products such as an oxygen mask, systematic design methods including the analysis of anthropometric information, evaluation of fit, and product design need to utilize 3D human scan data. The present study intends to develop a virtual fit analysis method that generates an ergonomic shape of an oxygen mask for fighter pilots based on 3D facial scans. The proposed virtual fit analysis method enables iteratively to revise the shape of an oxygen mask until an appropriate level of fit between the mask and a group of pilot faces is achieved. The proposed method of virtual fit analysis and design optimization was applied to find ergonomic shapes of oxygen masks for four size categories (small narrow, medium narrow, medium wide, and large wide) to accommodate 336 pilots of the Republic of Korea Air Force. The virtual fit analysis results in the study showed that the revised oxygen mask shapes achieved significantly higher accommodation percentages (4.8~88.7%) at facial areas (nasal root, nasal side, cheek, and chin) compared to the existing oxygen mask shapes. The proposed method can be applied to develop an ergonomic product design that fits the face and other human body parts.

APPLICATION OF 3D MODELING METHODS TO EXTEND THE RANGE OF SHOE LASTS

A shoe last determines the inner form of a footwear. Therefore, one of the primary tasks that arise while introducing CAD of footwear is to improve the method of designing the complex surface of the shoe last (the inner form of a shoe) to provide the effi cient use of CAD functions for this aim. The variet y of modern shapes of shoe lasts complicates the task of developing their rational parameters. One of the ways to solve this problem is developing a combined shoe last that has a scientifi cally sound bac k part which includes the heel, instep and ball area, and the convertible toe part. This solution will help to fulfi ll the task of expanding the assortment range of the shoe lasts using basic ergonomic shapes. At the same time, the problem of joining two diff erent parts of a complex spatial shapes of the last is solved by using the methods of blending, morphing and construction of joining surfaces in the PowerShape software environment. Improving the range of the shoe last shapes using 3D modeling features. Scientifi c novelty. The method of modeling the ergonomic shape of a shoe last of the necessary style by combining two parts of diff erent lasts using the surface and hybrid modeling features of PowerShape software. The development of the new last shapes based on the tested ergonomic designs ensures a good combination of comfort and aesthetics, creating the preconditions for the practical implementation of the idea of a universal last with a replaceable toe part.

Is patients’ perspective incorporated when choosing an inhaler device for COPD treatment? A framework value assessment based in Multi Criteria Decision Analysis

PURPOSE: To develop a MCDA framework for the value assessment of inhaler devices in COPD from patients’ perspective. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to identify relevant criteria in inhaler devices in COPD from patients’ perspective. Findings were validated in two workshops with COPD patients and COPD healthcare professionals. The final criteria were validated with 68 COPD patients and applied to different inhaler devices, using a specific questionnaire. All criteria were scored by patients using an ordinal scale of 5 points. Final criteria were weighted based on their relative importance by a subgroup of patients. RESULTS: Pilot MCDA framework included 11 criteria. After the workshop with HCPs, 2 additional criteria were included. In the field work validation, one criterion was excluded, and another was adapted. The final framework consisted of 12 criteria grouped into 3 dimensions (comfort and ease of use, degree of technical innovation and patient satisfaction). Criteria were weighed by importance: visible dose counter, confirmation of correct dose taking, easy manipulation, comfortable mouthpiece, intuitive mechanism of use, duration of the device, preloaded device, dose-taking reminder, ergonomic shape, no need of hand-breath coordination, cover remains attached while opened and steps for dose taking. The devices more positively valued by patients were Multidose Dry Powder Inhalers, followed by Monodose Dry Powder Inhalers, Soft Mist Inhalers and pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers. CONCLUSIONS: The developed MCDA framework can help in decision-making, allowing to assess the value of inhaler devices from the patients’ perspective and to select the inhaler device that might suit better each COPD patient. Keywords: MCDA, COPD, patient perspective, inhaler device.

Biobased thermoplastic elastomer with seamless 3D-Printability and superior mechanical properties empowered by in-situ polymerization in the presence of nanocellulose

A biobased and biocompatible thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with superior 3D printability was demonstrated with great potential for customized manufacturing technologies and fabrication of biointegrated devices. The inherent structural and stereochemical disadvantages of biobased monomers, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, in comparison with today used petroleum based monomers like terephthalic acid generally lead to lower mechanical performance for the biobased replacement polymers. This is additionally enhanced by poor interfacial adhesion and fusion commonly encountered during customized manufacturing technologies like 3D printing. Herein, we demonstrate that in-situ polymerization in the presence of trace amounts of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can homogeneously distribute the nanofiller leading to dramatically strengthened thermally 3D-printable bio-furan-based TPE. This TPE exhibited a tensile strength of 67 MPa which is 1.5–7-fold higher than the values reported for silicone and thermoplastic urethane, which are widely used in biomedical applications. In addition, the TPE had an impressive extensibility of 860% and negligible in vivo cytotoxicity; such properties have not been reported to date for bio-based or petrochemical TPEs. While a petrochemical 3D printed TPE counterpart retained only half of the tensile strength compared to the hot-pressed analogue, the 3D-printed biobased TPE in-situ modified with nanocellulose maintained 70–80% of its strength under the same experimental conditions. This is explained by inter-diffusion between interfaces facilitated by the nanocellulose and the furan rings. Using the ergonomic shape of a wrist as a 3D-printable design, we successfully manufactured a wearable thermal therapeutic device from the nanocellulose modified biobased TPE, giving promise for wide variety of future applications.

Design and fabrication of 3D-printed anatomically shaped lumbar cage for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration treatment

Spinal fusion is the gold standard surgical procedure for degenerative spinal conditions when conservative therapies have been unsuccessful in rehabilitation of patients. Novel strategies are required to improve biocompatibility and osseointegration of traditionally used materials for lumbar cages. Furthermore, new design and technologies are needed to bridge the gap due to the shortage of optimal implant sizes to fill the intervertebral disc defect. Within this context, additive manufacturing technology presents an excellent opportunity to fabricate ergonomic shape medical implants. The goal of this study is to design and manufacture a 3D-printed lumbar cage for lumbar interbody fusion. Optimisations of the proposed implant design and its printing parameters were achieved via in silico analysis. The final construct was characterised via scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, x-ray micro computed tomography (μCT), atomic force microscopy, and compressive test. Preliminary in vitro cell culture tests such as morphological assessment and metabolic activities were performed to access biocompatibility of 3D-printed constructs. Results of in silico analysis provided a useful platform to test preliminary cage design and to find an optimal value of filling density for 3D printing process. Surface characterisation confirmed a uniform coating of nHAp with nanoscale topography. Mechanical evaluation showed mechanical properties of final cage design similar to that of trabecular bone. Preliminary cell culture results showed promising results in terms of cell growth and activity confirming biocompatibility of constructs. Thus for the first time, design optimisation based on computational and experimental analysis combined with the 3D-printing technique for intervertebral fusion cage has been reported in a single study. 3D-printing is a promising technique for medical applications and this study paves the way for future development of customised implants in spinal surgical applications.

Dexterous Grasping Tasks Generated With an Add-on End Effector of a Haptic Feedback System

The simulation of grasping operations in virtual reality (VR) is required for many applications, especially in the domain of industrial product design, but it is very difficult to achieve without any haptic feedback. Force feedback on the fingers can be provided by a hand exoskeleton, but such a device is very complex, invasive, and costly. In this paper, we present a new device, called HaptiHand, which provides position and force input as well as haptic output for four fingers in a noninvasive way, and is mounted on a standard force-feedback arm. The device incorporates four independent modules, one for each finger, inside an ergonomic shape, allowing the user to generate a wide range of virtual hand configurations to grasp naturally an object. It is also possible to reconfigure the virtual finger positions when holding an object. The paper explains how the device is used to control a virtual hand in order to perform dexterous grasping operations. The structure of the HaptiHand is described through the major technical solutions required and tests of key functions serve as validation process for some key requirements. Also, an effective grasping task illustrates some capabilities of the HaptiHand.

Preliminary Experience with a New Multidirectional Videoendoscope for Neuroendoscopic Surgical Procedures.

PurposeWe assessed the applicability of a new multidirectional videoendoscope (digiCAMeleon, Karl Storz GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany) in various neuroendoscopic procedures.MethodsA 4-mm-diameter rigid videoendoscope (digiCAMeleon, Karl Storz GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany) with 1 sensor and an internal LED light source was tested. The device offers a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and weighs ≈ 215 g. The prototype was tested on three cadaveric heads using three different approaches: a) endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal; b) frontal transcortical intraventricular; c) supraorbital.ResultsWe identified several major benefits of the integrated system as applied to endoscopic endonasal, transcortical intraventricular, and endoscopic supraorbital keyhole approaches. These included improved maneuverability of the scope on account of reduced bulk and integration of the camera and fiberoptic light components, a variable angle of view from 0–70 degrees, and a novel feature that can be activated to maintain orientation of the surgical horizon. Our preliminary report highlights the potential for handling the videoendoscope in one hand, as one would a microsurgical instrument. The videoendoscope harbors all its electronic and lighting data into a unique and thin cable, thus resembling a modern "all-in-one" computer technology. Because of its reduced weight and ergonomic shape, controlling its movements is very easy and comfortable, even in the microsurgical environment. Furthermore, the videoendoscope offers the unique feature of orienting the horizon of vision, thanks to the possibility of offering angled views while working; this helps the surgeons to stay oriented with direct visualization and improved control of the instruments over a specific area of interest.ConclusionsThe videoendoscope prototype represents an HD-image quality versatile tool in a neurosurgical environment, thanks to its reduced weight and dimensions; in these preliminary simulations, we have identified optimized visibility and maneuverability as major benefits of this novel surgical adjunct.

Chirurgie bariatrique, stomies et autres réductions du tube digestif : trop peu de données et de recommandations pour l’adaptation des thérapeutiques médicamenteuses

Surgery modifying digestive tract may alter drugs pharmacokinetics. To maintain concentrations of active substance in their therapeutic ranges, a dosage adjustment or change of drug may be necessary. This is particularly important when no pharmacological or pharmacodynamic parameter reflecting the medication effectiveness is easily measurable. Our objective was to gather the information and documentary tools that can guide prescription in these patients with rearranged digestive tract. We searched information on the documentary portals of French agencies, on gray literature, on MEDLINE and in the summaries product characteristics. No information was found on the website of French agencies, sparse data were identified in gray literature. Some document are discordant, most are imprecise. One hundred and ten studies or case reports referenced on MEDLINE describe 79 medications pharmacokinetics after gastrointestinal surgery. Four are not available in France. Six literature reviews were found. Four summaries of product characteristics provided information related to drug absorption. No documentary tool adapted to clinical routine exists. This unsatisfactory situation is a barrier to optimal patients care. Information is available. It is however necessary to gather under an ergonomic shape adapted to clinical routine, bringing the surgery type, pharmacokinetic changes induced and what to do about the dose adjustment.

ERGONOMIC BASED MODIFICATION OF HAND GRINDER TO IMPROVE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES, AND TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY AND USER SATISFACTION

Hand grinder is one of the tools used in manufacturing jobs, particularly for metal processing. Grinding is usually performed in the finishing process of a product, such as removing the ridges of welded joint. This tool has two main parts, namely the grinding disc and the electrical power motor for driving its spindle. Based on the work sampling in the several manufacturing shops, workers spent 20% of eight hours working time for grinding process. Observations and interview with several operators found some problems in the using of hand grinders such as fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints due to not ergonomic shape, size, vibration, and noise. This study aimed to improve a hand grinder design through ergonomic assessment. Twenty two parameters of assessment were identified by a questionnaire to 16 samples of hand grinder users. By considering those parameters and using the Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, the ergonomic assessment software was created. The recommendations from the ergonomic assessment suggest that the hand grinders be modified by equipping them with two dumping covered handles. To determine the effects of the modification to the hand grinders, furthermore, the improved hand grinders were applied in the experimental research used treatment by subject design. Variables in the research were user physiological responses regard to musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, energy expenditure, productivity and satisfaction. The research was conducted in March until August 2012 with 16 participated samples. The samples in the research were randomly selected from the students of Industrial Engineering Department of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University. The data were analyzed statistically for descriptive analysis, normality test by Shapiro-Wilk, and the compare means analysis by t-paired test and Wilcoxon with significance level of 5%. The results of data analysis showed that the use of the modified hand grinder being yielded better results: 19.6% decrease in musculoskeletal complaints (p = 0.001), 17.7% decrease in fatigue (p = 0.004), 20.9% decrease in energy expenditure (p= 0.017), 15.97% increase in productivity (p=0.041) and 29.9% increase in satisfaction (p = 0.001). Empirically, it can be concluded that ergonomic based modification of hand grinders able to improve physiological responses in terms of musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, energy expenditure, and increase productivity and user satisfaction.

Autoinjector preference in multiple sclerosis and the role of nurses in treatment decisions: results from an international survey in Europe and the USA.

PurposeThis international survey recorded the opinions of multiple sclerosis (MS) nurses about their role in treatment decision making and about the importance of different attributes of autoinjectors used to deliver first-line parenteral therapy.MethodsThe survey involved 52 MS nurses in different practice settings in France, Germany, Italy, the UK, and the USA. Nurses described their role in patient education and in treatment decision making. They also rated the importance of nine prespecified attributes of autoinjectors and stated their preference, both overall and by attribute, for one of two autoinjectors used to deliver interferon β-1b (ExtaviPro® 30G and Betacomfort®). Nurses’ preferences were compared with those previously collected from patients using an identical questionnaire.ResultsThere were pronounced differences between practice settings and between countries in the opinions of MS nurses about their influence on treatment decision making. Nurses considered themselves instrumental in helping patients decide between treatment options offered by neurologists. Of the nine autoinjector attributes, nurses rated “reliable to use” as most important, followed by attributes associated with convenience (“easy to operate,” “ergonomic shape,” “reach” [of injection sites], and “one-handed injection”). Nurses’ and patients’ rankings of attributes were closely aligned. For the nine attributes, 74%–98% of nurses preferred ExtaviPro® 30G to Betacomfort®, 94% preferring ExtaviPro® 30G overall. Nurses showed a greater preference than patients for ExtaviPro® 30G with respect to “easy to operate” (92% vs 78%), “intuitive to use” (98% vs 78%), and “attractive design” (98% vs 83%; P<0.05, all), but preference rates were otherwise similar across the two groups. The most common reasons in both groups for preferring ExtaviPro® 30G to Betacomfort® were “easy to use” and “ergonomic shape.”ConclusionMS nurses play a key role in patient guidance and education. Their preferences for ExtaviPro® 30G likely reflect their understanding of the challenges patients face when self-administering treatment.

Increasing User Comfort for Public Seating - User Interaction with Materials

This paper focuses on possibilities in increasing the user comfort of seating furniture in public waiting interiors. There are several aspects helping to achieve the best comfort of sitting, such as appropriate ergonomic design, shape, or material composition. While every of the said aspects have a significant impact on the final comfort, it would be better, or even essential, to adopt a complex view of this issue. One of the complex ways to increase the user comfort is to observe the interaction of the human (the “user”) with the material. The paper describes tactile properties in the interaction with basic types of materials the public gets in direct contact with when sitting in public waiting interiors. The conducted research focuses on tactile properties leading to contact comfort of the most used materials, and analyses the properties in relation to temperature, roughness, hardness and comfort. The four mentioned tactile properties are essential for our goal – an increase in user comfort. The preferred materials were defined according to a preceding terrain survey which explored what materials are most commonly used for present seating furniture. The paper then presents the methodology and results of the research focusing on interaction between the human user and the material. The results of the said research might prove useful for future designing and development of seating furniture which focuses on the user’s sensational balance and calmness, i.e. the optimal comfort.

Autoinjectors for administration of interferon beta-1b in multiple sclerosis: patient preferences and the ExtaviPro™ 30G and Betacomfort® devices.

BackgroundThe ExtaviPro™ 30G autoinjector has been developed for self-administration of interferon beta-1b (Extavia®), which is used as a first-line, parenteral, disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this survey was to investigate patients’ perceptions of the importance of different general attributes of autoinjectors, and patient preferences when comparing the ExtaviPro™ 30G and Betacomfort® autoinjectors.MethodThe survey was conducted in France, Germany, Italy, and the USA in patients with relapsing-remitting MS who had been using an autoinjector for at least 1 year. Participants examined the ExtaviPro™ 30G and Betacomfort® devices, viewed fact sheets, and watched a video of these autoinjectors in use, then scored nine prespecified attributes of autoinjectors in terms of importance on a scale of 1–7 (1 = not at all important; 7 = extremely important). They then indicated which device they preferred, both overall and by individual attribute.ResultsAmong the 201 participants who completed the survey, being reliable to use was considered the most important general attribute of autoinjectors, followed by attributes associated with convenience (ease of operation, one-handed injection, ease of reach of injection sites, ergonomic shape). For each of the nine attributes, a significantly higher proportion of participants (74%–94% by attribute; P < 0.05 for each) preferred ExtaviPro™ 30G to the Betacomfort® autoinjector, and 173 (86%) participants indicated that they preferred ExtaviPro™ 30G overall (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this survey suggest that patients with MS rate reliability and convenience as the most important general attributes of autoinjectors, and are more likely to prefer ExtaviPro™ 30G to the Betacomfort® autoinjector for routine self-administration of interferon beta-1b.

Patient discomfort in bitewing examination with film and four digital receptors

The aim was to compare patient discomfort during bitewing examination using five intra-oral receptors: a conventional film, a storage phosphor plate with a new soft cover, an already manufactured and sold sensor with a wire and two square and two rounded corners, a new version of a previously developed sensor with a wire and four square corners, and a newly developed sensor with a wire and four rounded corners. 60 patients participated in the study. The five receptors [a Kodak paper pack film (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY), a DIGORA® Optime phosphor plate (Soredex, Tuusula, Finland), and SuniRay (Suni Medical Imaging, Inc., San Jose, CA), DIGORA Toto (Soredex) and Snapshot (Instrumentarium Dental, Tuusula, Finland) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors] with differences in ergonomic shape were placed in the mouth for a bitewing examination for approximately 10 s. The patients rated their discomfort on a 100 mm visual analogue scale after having had each receptor positioned. There was no significant difference in patient discomfort score between the conventional film and the Snapshot sensor (p > 0.05). Both conventional film and Snapshot were significantly less uncomfortable than the other receptors (p < 0.05). No significant difference was seen between the storage phosphor plate and the SuniRay sensor (p > 0.05). The storage phosphor plate was significantly less uncomfortable than the DIGORA Toto sensor (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the perception of discomfort between the conventional film and an ergonomically shaped wired sensor with rounded corners.

Actual state of EndActive ventricular endoscopy

We assessed usability and applicability of a rigid, multidirectional steerable videoendoscope (EndActive, Karl Storz GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany) for endoscopic third ventriculostomy and compared our experience with reports about other multidirectional endoscopes. The prototype is a 4-mm-diameter rigid videoendoscope with an integrated image sensor comprising an embedded light source, offering a free viewing direction in a range of 160° while the tip itself does not move. In five specimens (ten sides), we introduced the endoscope via precoronal burr holes through the lateral ventricle and foramen of Monro into the third ventricle. The endoscope's tip was positioned at the level of the mamillary bodies and the previously defined anatomical target structures; anteriorly, the optic chiasm, anterior commissure, infundibulum, tuber cinereum and posteriorly, the entrance to the mesencephalic aqueduct and posterior commissure were inspected. A single insertion of the videoendoscope was sufficient to explore with the multiplanar viewing mechanism the entire third ventricle. The prototype videoendoscope may be held like a microsurgical instrument in one hand. It is feasible to control movements precisely due to the reduced weight and ergonomic shape of the device. The prototype EndActive has the potential to fit in the current concept of ETV and enrich the setting adding working economy and viewing variability.

Developments in neuroendoscopy: trial of a miniature rigid endoscope with a multidirectional steerable tip camera in the anatomical lab

The aim of this study is to assess field of view, usability and applicability of a rigid, multidirectional steerable video endoscope (EndActive) in various intracranial regions relevant to neurosurgical practice. In four cadaveric specimens, frontolateral, pterional, transnasal (to sella and clivus), interhemispheric (transcallosal and retrocallosal) and retrosigmoid approaches as well as precoronal burr holes for ventriculoscopy were performed. Anatomical target structures were defined in each region. We assessed field of view as well as optical and ergonomic features of the prototype. The EndActive is a 4-mm-diameter rigid video (endo)scope with an integral image sensor comprising an embedded light source. The viewing direction in a range of 160° can either be controlled by the computer keyboard or a four-way joystick mounted to the handle section of the endoscope. The endoscopic imaging system allows the operator to simultaneously see both a 160° wide-angle view of the site and an inset of a specific region of interest. The surgeon can hold the device like a microsurgical instrument in one hand and control movements precisely due to its reduced weight and ergonomic shape. The multiplanar variable-view rigid endoscope proved to be useful for following anatomical structures (cranial nerves I-XII). The device is effective in narrow working spaces where movements jeopardize the delicate surrounding structures. The multiplanar variable viewing mechanism in a compact device offers advantages in terms of safety and ergonomics. Improving the usability will probably optimize the applicability of endoscopic techniques in neurosurgery.

The study on advertisement of dental devices &amp; instrument during Japanese colonized period

This article is purposed of reviewing the development history of Japanese dental devices and instrument, and their related advertisement activities during the Japanese colonized period in Korea in early 20th century. Japanese dental devices and instrument were redesigned to accommodate their ergonomic shape above the simple imitation, and it implies the excessive desires brought them frustrations. The tragic earthquake on Sep. l, 1923, medical insurance law enforcement on Jan. 1, 1927, celebration of "Cavity prevention Day" started on Jun. 4, 1928, and the attack of Manchuria and China by Japan after 1931, all of these historical incidents become the preliminary requirement for the development of dental devices. On Nov. 1, 1937, Japanese government started to control dental materials, driving the campaigns for excluding foreign products and encourging the use of local products. In 1939, Nakajima dental manufacturers used this political and social atmosphere on their advertisement as saying "Our Nakajima's products have no compromise with the short raw materials, but only commitment to our quality". Since after 1940, the price and supply have been strongly under control, and the control group was appeared to manage all of supply and distribution of raw materials, regular price system, and specifications. At last, the Japanese national power were devastated in its production and distribution capacities, and get to the frustrated period. The main advertised dental devices and instruments in Korea during the Japanese colonized period were 1) dental chair, unit and cabinet, 2) dental x-ray, 3) compressors, 4) dental needles, 5) small instrument and carryon medical(emergency) kit, 6) oral hygiene and pyorrhea alveolaris, infrared rays, sunlight lamp, ultrashort wave treatment devices, 7)crown former, electric furnace, casting machine, articulator, electric lathe, and laboratory equipments, etc.

Bed pans and bed sores: BJN 100 years ago

The following brief article in The BJN100 years ago introduced nurses to the shape of the modern bed pan. This resulted from a change in design from the round pan to the more ergonomic shape we use today: