Erbium Laser Systems Research Articles

Smear layer removal efficiency of Er,Cr;YSGG and Er:YAG lasers in root canals prepared with different NiTi File systems

Aim: Evaluation of the root canal dentinal wall by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to verify the presence/absence of smear layer after applying different NiTi file systems and Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Material and Methods: Hundred ninety-two mandibular incisors randomly divided into four groups (n=48). Each group was prepared with one of NiTi files: ProTaper Next, One Shape, Reciproc and Twisted file Adaptive using 5.25% NaOCl irrigation. Each group was then subdivided into four groups (n=12). Er,Cr:YSGG laser, Er:YAG laser and EDTA were separately applied to the first three subgroups. In the control group, no further disinfection protocol was performed. Then the roots were sectioned longitudinally and halves were examined under SEM. Results: Erbium laser systems removed the smear layer better than NaOCl irrigation, but not as much as EDTA/NaOCl. The greatest reduction in smear was obtained with Reciproc/EDTA and Reciproc/Er,Cr:YSGG groups. The success of irrigation protocols from highest to lowest was EDTA, ErCr: YSGG laser and Er:YAG laser.Conclusions: Single file NiTi instruments appeared to be more effective than multiple-file systems in leaving clean root canal walls. The reciprocating systems produced less smear layer than rotating instruments. Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG laser activations appeared to be more efficient than syringe irrigation to remove the smear layer.Keywords: Er,Cr:YSGG laser; Er:YAG laser; NiTi file; SEM; smear layer.

All-fiber passively Q-switched erbium laser using mismatch of mode field areas and a saturable-amplifier pump switch

We propose and demonstrate an all-fiber self-Q-switched erbium laser system that is saturable-absorber Q switched by the mismatch of the mode-field areas in the resonator and stabilized with a saturable-amplifier pump switch. Sequential pulses with a pulse energy of 8-6 microJ and a pulse duration of 80-320 ns, corresponding to a pulse repetition rate of 0.25-1 kHz, were obtained using a cw 980 nm laser-diode pump. A peak pulse power of near 100 W was achieved.

Introduction to the special dermatology issue

Lasers in Surgery and MedicineVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 65-66 IntroductionFree Access Introduction to the special dermatology issue Richard E. Fitzpatrick MD, FAACS, Richard E. Fitzpatrick MD, FAACS Guest EditorSearch for more papers by this author Richard E. Fitzpatrick MD, FAACS, Richard E. Fitzpatrick MD, FAACS Guest EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20622AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1 White MW, Makin IRS, Slayton MH, Barthe PG, Gliklich R. Selective transcutaneous delivery of energy to porcine soft tissues using intense ultrasound (IUS). Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 67– 75. 2 Alvarez N, Ortiz L, Vicente V, Alcaraz M, Sänchez-Pedreño P. The effects of radiofrequency on skin: experimental study. Lasers in Surg Med 2008; 40: 76– 82. 3 Ash C, Town G, Bjerring P. Relevance of the structure of time-resolved spectral output to light-tissue interaction using intense pulsed light (IPL). Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 83– 92. 4 Fitzpatrick R, Bernstein E, Iyer S, Brown D, Andrews P, Penny K. A histopathologic evaluation of the plasma skin regeneration system (PSR) versus a standard carbon dioxide resurfacing laser in an animal model. Laser in Surg Med 2008: 93– 99. 5 O'Dey DM, Prescher A, Poprawe R, Gaus S, Stanzel S, Pallua N. Ablative targeting of fatty-tissue using a high-powered diode laser. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 100– 105. 6 Barolet D, Boucher A. LED photoprevention: reduced MED response following multiple LED exposures. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 106– 112. 7 Dierickx CC, Khatri KA, Tannous ZS, Childs JJ, Cohen RH, et al. Micro-fractional ablative skin resurfacing with two novel erbium laser systems. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 113– 123. 8 Gonzalez MJ, Sturgill WH, Ross EV, Uebelhoer NS. Treatment of acne scars using the plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 124– 127. 9 Park JM, Tsao H, Tsao S. Combined use of intense pulsed light and Q-switched ruby laser for complex dyspigmentation among Asian patients. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 128– 133. 10 Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL, Phelps R. Histologic and ultrastructural analysis of melasma after fractional resurfacing. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 134– 138. 11 Karsai S, Pfirrmann G, Hammes S, Raulin C. Treatment of resistant tattoos using a new generation Q-switched ND: YAG laser: influence of beam profile and spot size on clearance success. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 139– 145. 12 Chan HH, Yu CS, Shek S, Yeung CK, Kono T, Wei WI. A prospective, split face, single-blinded study looking at the use of an infrared device with contact cooling in the treatment of skin laxity in Asians. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 146– 152. 13 Sõmucler R, Vlk M. Combination of ER: YAG laser and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 153– 158. 14 Rokhsar CK, Ciocon DH, Detweiler S, Fitzpatrick RE. The short pulse carbon dioxide laser versus the Colorado needle tip with electrocautery for upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Laser in Surg Med 2008; 40: 159– 164. Volume40, Issue2February 2008Pages 65-66 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Micro‐fractional ablative skin resurfacing with two novel erbium laser systems

Fractional ablation offers the potential benefits of full-surface ablative skin resurfacing while minimizing adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, damage profile, and efficacy of erbium fractional lasers. Histology from animal and human skin as well as clinical evaluations were conducted with erbium YAG (2,940 nm) and erbium YSGG (2,790 nm) fractional lasers varying pulse width, microbeam (microb) energy, number of passes, and stacking of pulses. Single-pulse treatment parameters from 1 to 12 mJ per 50-70 microm diameter microbeam and 0.25-5 milliseconds pulse widths produced microcolumns of ablation with border coagulation of up to 100 microm width and 450 microm depth. Stacking of pulses generated deeper microcolumns. Clinical observations and in vivo histology demonstrate rapid re-epithelization and limited adverse side effects. Facial treatments were performed in the periorbital and perioral areas using 1-8 passes of single and stacked pulses. Treatments were well-tolerated and subjects could resume their normal routine in 4 days. A statistically significant reduction in wrinkle scores at 3 months was observed for both periorbital and perioral wrinkles using blinded grading. For periorbital treatments of four passes or more, over 90% had > or =1 score wrinkle reduction (0-9 scale) and 42% had > or =2. For perioral wrinkles, over 50% had substantial improvements (> or =2). The clinical observations and histology findings demonstrate that micro-fractional ablative treatment with 2,790 and 2,940 nm erbium lasers resulted in safe and effective wrinkle reduction with minimal patient downtime. The depth and width of the ablated microcolumns and varying extent of surrounding coagulation can be controlled and used to design new treatment procedures targeted for specific indications and areas such as moderate to severe rhytides and photodamaged skin.

Laser dental hard tissue ablation: Comparison Er-lasers and scanned ultra-short pulse laser

Laser treatment of dentine was performed with two free-running Erbium laser systems operated at 3 W average power, and a mode-locked 12-ps Nd:vanadate laser at an average power of 3.5 W. Mean ablated volumes per laser pulse were determined by means of a three-dimensional digital evaluation method. The temporal pulse profiles of the Erbium systems was analysed to explain the ablation rate results. Additionally, the morphology of the laser treated surfaces was examined. Two Erbium laser systems were involved in this study. The Er:YAG laser, emitting at a wavelength of 2940 nm, has a maximum pulse energy of 1.5 J and adjustable pulse repetition rate up to 50 Hz. It was operated in the VSP (variable square pulse) mode. The laser beam is delivered via a mirror articulated arm and outcoupled through a conically shaped sapphire tip. The second system, was an Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm, has a maximum pulse energy of 300 mJ and fixed pulse repetition rate of 20 Hz. A fibre delivery system is implemented in this laser. Again, a conically shaped sapphire tip was used. Laser treatment was performed at 3 W and 20 Hz with an air-water spray.

Erbium laser phacoemulsification--a clinical pilot study

From August 1997 to March 1998, we performed a prospective pilot study to examine erbium laser phacoemulsification in cataract surgery under clinical conditions and to determine the side effects of this method. 34 patients (40 eyes) with senile cataract were recruited. Slit lamp findings, keratometry, best corrected visual acuity, refraction, pachymetry, endothelial cell count and intraocular pressure were determined preoperatively and on 1st, 4th, 14th and 60th postop day according to a standardised protocol (single pulse energy between 10 and 20 mJ, frequency of application 60 Hz, average phaco time 3 min, total energy 38.5 mJ). The operations were done with the erbium laser system MCL 29, Aesculap-Meditec Co., Jena, Germany. A total emulsification of the nucleus was possible in 36 of 40 eyes (90%) (nucleus hardness between 0 and 3). A partial emulsification of the nucleus in nucleus hardness 3 was possible in 2 eyes, in nucleus hardness 4 in 1 eye and in nucleus hardness 2 in 1 eye (4 eyes--10%). Visual acuity increased from 0.3 preop to 0.8 two months postop (median). Intraocular pressure decreased from 16 mm Hg preoperatively to 13 mm Hg two months postoperatively (median). The increase of corneal thickness was not statistically significant compared to baseline. The decrease of endothelial cell count was 0.96%. Postoperative complications which are not known in ultrasonic phacoemulsification did not appear in erbium laser phacoemulsification. Erbium laser phacoemulsification is a surgical method that makes the emulsification of softer nuclei under clinical conditions possible with a low rate of complications also in the beginning of the learning curve. For higher nucleus hardnesses, technical and surgical parameters have to be optimised. Advantages of erbium laser phacoemulsification compared to ultrasonic phacoemulsification are less energy transmission into the eye, no heating of anterior chamber, impossibility of corneal burns and easier access in eyes that are deep into the orbit. Especially advantageous is the high protection of endothelium by erbium laser phacoemulsification. A prospective controlled comparative study to ultrasonic emulsification is desirable.

Lasers: Magic Bullets of the Cosmetic Revolution?

CO2 and erbium laser systems are the current lasers of choice for skin resurfacing applications. But which is better and are there alternatives? Reiss addresses these questions, and looks at the needs—both in training and technological development—of this fast growing market.