Historical Era Research Articles

Banking System of the Russian Federation: Theoretical and Practical Issues of Ensuring the financial Sovereignty of the State

This work is devoted to two main issues: understanding the category of “sovereignty” and the role of the banking system in ensuring the financial sovereignty of Russia. Based on the analysis of doctrinal sources, including past historical eras, sovereignty is considered not only as a constitutional and legal institution, but as a general legal institution as a whole. The types of sovereignty presented in the literature are examined and the question is raised about the need to achieve terminological certainty, a conclusion is made about the possibility of the existence of only such an integral part of state sovereignty as economic, including financial sovereignty, which is understood as the financial security of the state from external and internal threats. The issues of ensuring financial sovereignty in relation to the functioning of the Russian banking system are explored. It is proposed to enshrine financial sovereignty in legislation as a principle — a norm of the banking system. It is stated that the condition for ensuring financial sovereignty is the resolution of a number of internal problems, which include the formation of trust in the banking system, financial fraud, and unfair practices. Important issues are building an effective banking system and systematizing banking legislation.

Value-based optimization model for cultural route design: Ancient Water Supply Heritage of Istanbul (Türkiye)

Cultural tourism has become an increasingly growing human activity in today's world. Therefore, various cultural/natural heritage areas or buildings face large tourist crowds, causing physical, social, or cultural deterioration. Cultural routes, which provide a systematic approach and planned tourists move, can reduce the negative effects of overtourism. This study aims to develop an optimization model as a supportive tool for the cultural route design process. The proposed optimization model aims to maximize cultural experience while satisfying constraints on heritage values, building types, historical eras, and general routing rules. Moreover, this model, creating optimized cultural routes, is expected to contribute to regulating economic income and tourist density. As a case study, the ancient water supply systems of Istanbul, inherited from the Roman and the Ottoman empires and currently overlooked, are investigated. Heritage values, mentioned in the extensive literature, are reviewed and the values/attributes for this study are appointed according to the characteristics of the case heritage assets, and their environment. The values of the case structures are evaluated with value analysis after field study. An optimum cultural route for Istanbul's historical water supply heritage, according to the objective and the constraints of the model, is obtained by solving the model with the case data. The resulting route can make this overlooked heritage of Istanbul recognized and spread the tourist density in the city center. The model is flexible, allowing for easy modification of the objective function, constraints, and values when designing routes across various heritage sites. This model can be used not only in the design of new cultural routes but also in optimizing existing routes.

Review on pattachitra

Kalamkari is a highly esteemed traditional art form that has long drawn admirers due to its intricate hand-painted designs on fabrics. This article explores the complex world of Kalamkari, a classic Indian art form that is well-known for its intricately painted textile pieces. Through a multifaceted investigation, the study seeks to understand Kalamkari's historical development, cultural value, and current relevance. The process includes a comprehensive reading of the material, a field investigation, a visual analysis of the artwork, and a comparison analysis between different locations and eras of history. While the field study entails interacting with artists and documenting their methods and processes, the literature review offers insights into the history, methods, and sociocultural aspects of Kalamkari. Visual analysis examines the narrative components, colours, and motifs in Kalamkari textiles to shed light on their artistic and symbolic meanings.

THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN ALLIANCE OF 1920 IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article is devoted to the study of the development and main trends of modern Ukrainian historiography of the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance of 1920. The source base of the study are monographs, articles, and dissertations of Ukrainian historians in the period from 1991 to 2022. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, which can be generally characterized as a contextualist method of interpretation, which places the main emphasis on historical conditions and the intellectual context of the discourse of a given historical era. These principles are especially relevant for the mentioned issue given its political sensitivity, which has not disappeared to this day. As a result, the political context at the time of the creation of the text can significantly influence the research questions and interpretations of the researchers. The author notes that since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991, Ukrainian scholars have rejected the Soviet paradigm of the history of the Polish-Soviet war and have largely adopted the interpretive schemes of emigration historiography. In this narrative, in contrast to the Soviet one, S. Petliura, when signing the agreement with Poland, was guided by Ukrainian national interests. However, Ukraine became a hostage to the selfish interests of Poland, which eventually betrayed its ally. However, as the author proves, the interpretive model that depicts the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance as the resultant force of Polish and Ukrainian interests and resources is beginning to dominate Ukrainian historiography. The aspect of uniting for the common struggle against Bolshevism began to come to the fore. A significant role in this process is played by the possibility of contacts between Ukrainian historians and Polish colleagues, the essential filling of many factual gaps and, not least, the geopolitical situation of Ukraine.

Exchange and Accuracy between Vietnamese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism and Local Belief Culture

Due to the geographical location, Vietnam locates in the middle of Indo-China, which is affected by two Eastern cultures - ancient civilizations called India and China. Although Vietnam is far from India but it connects with Indian Buddhism and culture earlier than Chinese Buddhism and culture. This study will research more about the exchanging relationship between Vietnamese Buddhism, Indian Buddhism – Culture as well as Chinese one and traditional culture – beliefs through a specific historical era: Ly – Tran Dynasty. This is considered the peak time and the essence of the history of Buddhism in Vietnam.

Examining the Decline in Gender-Specific Youth Offending Since the 1990s: A Decomposition Analysis of Two Cohorts

This study compares gender-specific offending in two cohorts from different historical eras (early 1990s vs. late 2010s). Using KBO decomposition analysis with MTF 12th-grade data ( N = 17,102), the study analyzes changes in social bonds, routine activities, and motivation for crime across genders, assessing their associations with reductions in gender-specific offending. Results suggest consistent behavioral changes across genders. The declines in unstructured socializing and alcohol use are the two most important characteristic changes contributing to the reductions in both male and female offending, but their effect sizes vary across genders. Moreover, the decomposition results underscore that effect changes across cohorts also matter in understanding the gender-specific crime decline, an aspect often overlooked in prior crime trend literature.

Forensic Diatom Analysis: Where Do We Stand and What Are the Latest Diagnostic Advances?

Background: diatoms are unicellular algae that have been used for more than a century for forensic purposes to diagnose drowning, with more or less success depending on the historical era. Although many years have passed, scientific research on diatoms has never ceased, which testifies to their enduring allure in forensics. Of course, diatom research has evolved and expanded over time, changing with the availability of new techniques and technologies. The volume of articles and their production over a period of many years has resulted in old, current, and new knowledge on diatoms being scattered over a large number of books and articles. Objectives: the purpose of this narrative literature review is, therefore, to summarize all this information and bring it together in a single work that can be useful for those who are studying diatoms and their usefulness for forensics for the first time, for those who are looking for proven methods of analysis, and finally for those who are interested in exploring new frontiers of research. Methods: a comprehensive literature search that included all studies dealing with the applications of diatoms in forensic science was performed in the most popular electronic databases. Results: traditional methods have been complemented by molecular and imaging methods and, more recently, by artificial intelligence. In addition, new biological substrates have been found for the analysis of diatoms. Conclusions: all this has led, on the one hand, to the consolidation of a whole body of knowledge on diatoms, on which this forensic analysis is still based, and, on the other hand, has opened up numerous new research directions.

Symbolism of Fair Plots in Genre Painting of Peter Bruegel the Elder

The purpose of the article is to analyse the use of fair plots in the works of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, to reveal their symbolism in presenting the panorama of contemporary society. The methodology of the work consists in the application of such scientific research methods as: historical – when examining the artist's paintings in the context of the historical era in which he lived and worked; analytical, which made it possible to single out works with a fair plot from the artist's creative heritage; synthetic, thanks to which observations acquired through analysis became the basis for formulating a general conclusion; comparative art analysis is applied to reveal the specifics of Bruegel's genre painting depicting fairs. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the actualisation of the study of the work of the Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder, which presents fair scenes that enabled the artist to comprehensively present the motley society of that time in an artistic manner specific to the artist. Conclusions. Pieter Bruegel the Elder's paintings are filled with hidden meaning, the depicted events are connected with history, contemporary politics, reflect the thoughts and ideas of the author, that is, they are symbolic. Bruegel is one of the founders of Dutch genre painting – a direction of fine art in which the painter's attention is devoted to ordinary, everyday, multifaceted life, in the centre of which are people. Using fair plots, the artist discovered new themes and images for art. With the help of fair scenes, Bruegel depicted a generalised picture of the life of society, recorded the traditions and daily life of his contemporaries. The artist's paintings are historical documents that make it possible to track the activities of his compatriots. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, thanks to his creative, innovative abilities, a keen sense of the urgent problems of his people, acquired many followers who copied his paintings, in particular from fair themes, developed his plots. For the artist, the fair plots became a conceptual basis that contributed to the comprehensive artistic reproduction of the national characteristics of the Dutch people, as well as a means of figuratively embodying his creative ideas. The fair theme of the paintings allowed the artist to depict the peculiarities of the modern multifaceted life and activities of the Dutch people, to demonstrate the transformational processes that took place among different layers of the population, to present his own vision of the panorama of the contemporary society, the miniature format of which was the fairs.

Role of dysphemisms in the English-language film space

The topicality of undertaken research is determined by the constantly changing social norms in modern society, which are reflected in the cinematographic world. Cinematography provides a golden opportunity to consider and analyze a range of unique linguistic phenomena. The major purpose of the present paper is to study the phenomenon of dysphemisation in the English-speaking film space based on the set of the following films in English: Green Book by the American film director, Peter J. Farrelly, the screen adaptation of the autobiography 12 Years a Slave by Terrence S. McQueen, the well-known film The Help by Tate Taylor and the biographical drama Hidden Figures by Theodore Melfi. In the films the main storyline is generally based on the aspect of discrimination against persons of certain racial backgrounds and women, based on the policy of the United States of America during the infamous period of slavery (XVII–XIX centuries) and the historical era of segregation (XIX–XX centuries). During the study theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis) and empirical methods (observation and description) were used. As a result of the conducted study, the classification of dysphemistic lexical units was determined in terms of author’s intentions (dysphemisms with an emphasis on a different skin color; dysphemisms-comparisons with animals, plants and inanimate objects; dysphemisms-designations of social status; dysphemisms expressing gender discrimination), as well as their role and reason for use in the selected set of films – demonstration of a biased, cruel attitude towards recipients and also a reflection of the socio-cultural environment that encompassed US society during the historical time period under study.

Politics in the journal “sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya”: between ideology and episteme

Each historical era is characterized by its own “episteme” – a general system of thinking and scientific theorizing. The episteme of politics in Russian sociology was formed in conditions of confrontation between ideology and scientific analysis, state patronage and academic freedom. The main stages are highlighted: 1) the first decade 1974–1984; 2) Perestroika 1985–1990; 3) 1990s; 4) 2000s. The journal «Sotsiologicheskiye issledovanya» is considered as a specific form of representation of professional knowledge and ways of knowing, determined by the current level of development of the discipline and the concept of the journal itself. The increasing complexity of the thematic structure, transdisciplinary approach, and the project-based and discussion-based nature of publications help overcome the epistemological uncertainty of politics.

Game-based Learning for History: Student Perceptions and Preferences

With the rapid development of games in the 21st century, the panoply of games on history shows a wide variety. Backstories from most historical eras have been implemented in different game genres and modalities. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have pointed to the didactic potential of historical games as learning tools. This study aims at investigating university students' perceptions of gaming and their game preferences, with a particular focus on history. The research question to answer was: "What types of games do history students play, and how can games, in their view, contribute to learning in their subject?" Educational action research was used as the overall strategy in a study where data was collected from five different university course groups in general history at the basic level. Students answered questionnaires with open ended questions about gaming preferences and their perceptions of games. The answers were then analysed in an inductive thematic analysis. Findings show that the students play a mix of analogue board games, digital games and hybrid forms. In the transmedial array of games available, important genres include role playing games, strategy games, quizzes and first-person action games. The students frequently provide arguments for the use of games in history education, and they give reasons why they find a particular game useful for this purpose. They describe how these games have a potential to add value to history education. To some extent, they also discuss how this can be implemented. In conclusion, the authors argue that so-called technology tree games are particularly relevant to learning history from a structural perspective, while RPG:s can strengthen interpretive approaches through a subjective historical experience.

Introducing palmfungi.org, an integrated fungal-host data platform.

Palm fungi are a diverse and unique group mostly found on Arecaceae hosts. They have been studied for approximately 200 years resulting in a large number of known fungal species representing over 700 genera. The timeline of palm fungal studies could be roughly divided into three phases, based on the methods and frequency of reports. They are the "Historical palm fungi era", "Classical palm fungi era" and "Molecular palm fungi era". In the first two periods, the identification of palm fungi was based on morphology, which resulted in a considerable number of morphological species scattered across the data in books, monographs and papers. With the advancement of molecular techniques, studies on palm fungi accelerated. A large number of new species were introduced in the molecular era, especially from Asia, including China and Thailand. However, there is a necessity to link these three generations of studies into a single platform combining data related to host factors, geography and utilisation. Herein, we introduce the palm fungi website: https://palmfungi.org, an integrated data platform for interactive retrieval, based on palm and fungal species. This website is not only a portal for the latest, comprehensive species information on palm fungi, but also provides a new platform for fungal researchers to explore the host-specificity of palm fungi. Additionally, this study uses palmfungi.org and related data to briefly discuss the current status of research on the distribution of palm fungi populations, showing how palmfungi.org links fungi with their palm hosts. Furthermore, the website will act as a platform for collaboration amongst taxonomists, plant pathologists, botanists, ecologists and those who are interested in palms and their relationship with ecological sustainability.

Термин «уздень» в северокавказском историческом контексте

The data of language dictionaries provide grounds for distinguishing two main historical meanings of the term “uzden”: 1) feudal nobility (uzden) and 2) personally free peasants (“uzden”). A methodologically important position for analyzing the existence of the term “uzden” in North Caucasian societies of the Middle Ages and modern times is the thesis on the need to separate the class origin and service status of princely vassals. The Mongolism “uzden”, borrowed into North Caucasian languages at different times and for various extralinguistic reasons, changed its semantics depending on the historical era and the social realities of a particular society. But ultimately, the diverse interpretations of the term “uzden” turn out to be closely related to the ideas of the eras under consideration about the idea of freedom.

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF HISTORICALAND TRANSLATION DISCOURSE OF ABAI

The purpose of this scientific article is to study the significance of Abai as a historical precedent figure and to analyze his historical and translational discourses from a scientific perspective. The main aim of the research is to uncover the essence of Abai's discourse, conduct a comprehensive analysis, and determine his significant contribution to the historical development of the country and the field of translation studies. The research also aims to assess the level of precedence associated with Abai's name and his writings. This research makes a significant contribution by presenting Abai's translational discourse as a historical-literary discourse, characterized by adherence to the historical context and cultural specificity. Recognizing Abai's work as a product of a historical personality, the research reflects the features and characteristics of the historical era. The study employs a comprehensive approach, including discursive-historical, cognitive-discursive, and pragmatic-communicative methodologies, supplemented by sociological survey methods. This approach allows for a thorough analysis of Abai's discourse, identifying and describing the extralinguistic, cognitive, pragmatic, and linguistic-stylistic components of his historical discourse. Asa result of the research, an in-depth analysis of Abai's translational discourse was conducted, shedding light on its historical nature and determining its level of precedence. The results obtained not only provide valuable insights into Abai's discourse but also significantly contribute to the development of the theory of historical discourse and translation studies. This study contributes to the development of the theory of historical discourse and translation studies, thereby expanding knowledge of cultural and linguistic dynamics in a historical context. The practical significance of the research lies in its ability to deepen the understanding of Abai's contribution to the historical process and the field of translation studies. By studying Abai's discourses, researchers and scholars can gain valuable information about the historical context and the impact of his works on society and the theory of translation.

THE ESCALATION OF ENGLISH IN MOROCCO: FROM THE BLUE TO THE BREAKTHROUGH

In the present time, English is incontestably the world’s lingua franca. It has become the language of the modern era, and its conspicuous spread in all the vital domains of life has made it the world’s global language par excellence. This state of affairs is substantially visible in many non-English-speaking countries around the globe, and Morocco is no exception. As an Arabo-Amazigh country, English has remarkably, albeit deliberately, managed to permeate the Moroccan linguistic market to the detriment of French, which has always been deemed the country’s prioritized second language in the kingdom’s stock of languages. This scene has urged Moroccan politicians and language planners to revisit the linguistic policy in the country, aspiring for a full integration of English into the national linguistic repertoire, particularly in the educational realm. In that vein, the present article aims to delineate the spread of English in the country within three different historical eras: the pre-colonial stage, the colonial stage, and the post-colonial stage, and the consequential efforts made towards its promotion.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0775/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Instrumentale Melodieanfänge und ihr Verhältnis zur Form am Beispiel historischer und gegenwärtiger ungarischer Tanzmelodien

AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the beginning of different dance tunes in connection with variously performed dance tunes. The purpose of this paper is also to draw attention to the need for micro-analysis, which has been neglected for a long time in instrumental folk music research, in order to better understand instrumental musical melody creation. The selected musical examples come from different (partly historical) eras and different geographical areas of Western Transdanubian and Transylvanian Hungarian folk music collections. Typical starting elements (fifth-forth changes, direction of moving of scales, etc.) are related to dance music with different names. The analysis ignores the evolution of tempo and variation throughout the piece, as well as the ensemble's “Primas” ornamentation, timbre, harmonies and unique solutions of the accompaniment. At the same time, the author paid attention to the form and structure of the entire piece in addition to the beginnings of the melody. The study was written in honor of the 100th birthday of Walter Deutsch, the creator of modern Austrian ethnomusicology.

Computer English Teaching in Summer Learning Programs As Foreign Language

Language is the mode of identity and recognition. Summer learning programs are essential in helping children and young people interact and develop solid ethical bonds in different communities. Current issues related to the linguistic and philosophical nature of socio-ethical vocabulary in terms of diachronic are discussed in the article. Based on the analysis of a large amount of historical and philosophical material, the authors present their interpretation of the formation stages of the vocabulary of ethics as an integral part of the general philosophical vocabulary. However, each time and in each country, the interpretation of ethical concepts and norms, and therefore terms, was of a concrete historical and purely national character. In view of the objectives of this article, we consider it necessary to give a brief overview of the ethics of antiquity and the Middle Ages in order to understand and consider the specific role of ethics in science and practice of later historical eras. The authors hope that adopting pre-communicative activities as a part of the teaching method will be more effective in learning English as a foreign language.

Of course people can reject democracy: psychological perspectives

Concerns have been expressed about a worldwide retreat from liberal democracy and a turn toward more authoritarian forms of government. Along with that concern has come surprise: when the cold war ended, it was widely believed that a new historical era was dawning during which alternatives to Western liberalism would wither away. Influential psychological theories also assume that freedom and autonomy are powerful human needs—needs that are thwarted by dictatorships. However, a number of theoretical perspectives and programs of research in psychology lead to the conclusion that in certain circumstances, turns toward authoritarian forms of government and restrictive societies are not only explicable, but also predictable. Fromm's analysis of why people might want to escape from freedom, Baumeister's work on escape-from-self mechanisms, and Schwartz's review of the literature on choice overload all provide ways of understanding why in turbulent times, members of free countries might intentionally seek out—and perhaps even ecstatically embrace—authoritarian forms of government.

Communicative Generations between Cold War Trauma and HBO-Type ‘Televisuality’: Entering the Paratextual Flow of Chernobyl, The Informant, and Spy/Master

The aim of the article is to characterize an emerging type of cultural memory-work with reference to Eastern European collective traumas and various media platforms. Through an analysis of the introductory parts and the credit sequences of 2019 Chernobyl, 2022 The Informant, and 2023 Spy/Master it is demonstrated that historical Cold War era television – as institution and objects, but also as an electronic medium – is remediated in these (paratextual) segments for the digital era, while making use of ‘cool medium’ characteristics (McLuhan 1964), or of the four ‘televisual modes’ (Caldwell 1993). The HBO-type ­‘aestheticization’ (Caldwell) of Cold War era, collectively traumatic experiences in the three segments exposes the addressees of these messages: those who do not have a personal memory of that period, having been born after the 1989–1990 regime changes, or the ‘forgetters’ and/or ‘mourners’ in the Assmannian model of the three communicative generations (2011, 2012). The comparative analysis allows for the suggestion that Chernobyl may be considered a ‘benchmark hit[s] in a genre [that] serve[s] as [a] prototype’ (Grindon), preformatting the field of non-autobiographical, second or third generation(al), transnational, and ‘televisual’ remembrance of Cold War era traumatization – as indexed by secret service characters.

The History of the Development of Socio-Economic and Ethnic Cultural Relations in the Khorezm Oasis on the Eve of the Iron Age

An important hub for socio-economic and ethnocultural growth has always been the Khorezm oasis. The blending of sedentary and nomadic lives is highlighted in this study, which explores the evolution of the area throughout the late Bronze Age. The specific factors underlying socio-economic transformations and cultural integrations are still not fully understood, despite a great deal of research. Using a multidisciplinary method, this study combines theoretical modeling, historical data analysis, and archaeological investigation. Extensive excavations at strategic locations yielded the primary data, which revealed sophisticated agricultural techniques, settlement structure, and cross-cultural interactions. The findings shed important light on the importance of cultural resilience and environmental adaptability, as well as on historical urbanization processes. To find out how these changes have affected later historical eras in the long run, more investigation is required.