Era Of Neoliberal Globalization Research Articles

Extractivism and capitalism in the era of neoliberal globalisation: development and resistance dynamics in Latin America

This article explores the development and resistance dynamics of capital in the neoliberal era of capitalist development. The context for this exploration is Latin America, the region that has been most severely impacted by the globalising dynamics of the world capitalist system, which is in the throes of a multidimensional crisis that has assumed global proportions. The region has also seen the most powerful forces of resistance to this development, a resistance led by the Indigenous and farming communities on the extractive frontier. It is argued that each advance of capital in the development process, that is, each phase in the capitalist development of the forces of production – from the colonial era of mercantilism and extractive imperialism to the era of neoliberal globalisation – has generated corresponding forces of resistance, leading to a succession of development–resistance cycles in the evolution of capitalism as a world system.

Development beyond extractivism? A reply to ‘Extractivism and capitalism in the era of neoliberal globalisation: development and resistance dynamics in Latin America’ by Henry Veltmeyer

Development beyond extractivism? A reply to ‘Extractivism and capitalism in the era of neoliberal globalisation: development and resistance dynamics in Latin America’ by Henry Veltmeyer

China’s development path, 1949–2022

China’s path is conceived as a transition from an economically underdeveloped and semi-colonised country of the Global South into a modern socialist country in a multipolar world where successive steps (modes of regulation) were shaped by China’s external environment (uneven and combined development) and a succession of contradictions and crises encountered along the way. Three phases are examined: a turbulent phase of socialist construction in a context of capital shortage and US embargoes; a phase of reform and opening up in an era of neoliberal globalisation, whose early roots lay in the early 1970s’ rapprochement with the US; and a New Era dating from 2017. In each phase, crises and contradictions saw waves of reform, involving successive joint transformations of economic structures and institutions, while each phase was anticipated in the years that preceded it, so opening up started in the early 1970s with the rapprochement with the US, and aspects of the New Era concern with innovation, green development, common prosperity and an equitable global order started to emerge earlier.

Partisans and Participants: Democracy, New Media, and Nigerian Diaspora in New Zealand

Abstract This article argues that in the era of neo-liberal globalization there has been intensification in the movement of goods, people, and capital across national boundaries. Our ethnographic studies of Nigerian immigrants in New Zealand point to the dispersal of Africans with very active partisan roles in their homeland democratic developments. This African transnationalism, as will be seen in the case of Nigeria, is made possible and sustained by developments and transformations in the media where today new Internet-based media enable Africans abroad to play a central, partisan, and participatory role in democratic developments in the same way as those residing on the continent. The article will also argue that through the unfolding mediation new terms and acts of citizenship have been imposed on transmigrant Africans.

Critical global citizenship: Foucault as a complexity thinker, social justice and the challenges of higher education in the era of neo-liberal globalization – A conversation with Mark Olssen

This article presents a remarkable conversation on critical global citizenship education (GCE) between Mark Olssen, emeritus professor of political theory and higher education policy in the Department of Politics at the University of Surrey, and Emiliano Bosio, guest-editor of Citizenship Teaching & Learning. In developing the concept for this dialogue, we thought it necessary to frame GCE within a critical perspective that examines the political, economic, ideological and cultural conditions of super-complex societies, particularly in relation to notions of neo-liberal globalization and global justice. Olssen’s copious work has complemented postmodern philosophy by drawing on the work of Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze, and it has brought him high regard in Europe, the United Kingdom and worldwide; his insights, perspectives, concerns and outlooks bring to the centre of international educational debates on critical GCE relevant thoughts through which we can better understand the complex roots and history of global citizenship and cosmopolitanism particularly in relation to notions of democracy, equity, ethics and social responsibility.

Taegeuk Warriors with Blue Eyes: A Media Discourse Analysis of the South Korean Men’s Olympic Ice Hockey Team and Its Naturalized Athletes

This study examines media discourses of the naturalized athletes of the South Korean men’s national ice hockey team. Building on the conceptual frameworks of imagined community, ethnic nationalism, and previous studies on athlete migration and naturalization, we further an understanding of the process of deconstruction and reconstruction of South Korean ethnic and national identity. We use Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to explore how South Korean media legitimized the naturalization of foreign athletes without Korean ancestry and suggest three themes found from the discourses. First, the discourses highlighted the significance of the South Korean team’s Olympic success, which provided a legitimate reason for the recruitment of foreign athletes. Second, the naturalized athletes were described as “saviors” who possessed superior careers, physicality, and playing skills. Lastly, the media complimented the naturalized athletes’ acculturation to Korean culture by emphasizing their commitment to the nation. We argue that by forming and distributing discourses that favored the naturalization of athletes, Koreans have expanded the boundary of Koreanness. We discuss, then, the expansion of Koreanness in relation to the notion of flexible citizenship in the era of neoliberal globalization.

The Crisis of Higher Education in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization

Abstract This article explores some of the literature on the political economy of higher education. It suggests growing contradictions between the need for available funds and competition for students, research dollars, and new educational “products,” such as online education. It refers to that literature that raises contradictions between the global “market” for students and tuition fees. And it also raises issues of the quality of education, particularly as non-job-oriented programs are dismantled. Purdue University, a land-grant public university, is suggested as one example of these contradictions.

International student migration and the postcolonial heritage of European higher education: perspectives from Portugal and the UK

Whilst the presence of international students from so-called ‘developing’ or ‘newly industrialised’ countries has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in European higher education, few scholars have explored the underlying postcolonial trajectories that facilitate student migration to many European countries today. In this article, we seek to narrow this gap by critically engaging with the postcolonial heritage of European higher education and the ways in which it informs much student migration in today’s era of neoliberal globalisation. We propose a three-fold approach to reading this postcolonial heritage of higher education which comprises its historical, epistemic, and experiential (or ‘lived’) dimensions. Whilst such an approach requires a close examination of existing postcolonial theory in higher education studies, we also draw on qualitative research with student migrants in Portugal and the UK to show how the postcolonial heritage of European higher education is negotiated in everyday contexts and may become constitutive of students’ identity formations.

Precarious Talent: highly skilled Chinese and Indian immigrants in Singapore

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the challenges that highly skilled immigrant workers face and their strategies of adaptation. We employ the term “precarious talent” to capture an often neglected aspect of skilled migration. Using both survey data and interviews on skilled Chinese and Indian immigrants in Singapore, we find that these migrants confront varying degrees of employment insecurity and settlement uncertainty in an era of neoliberal globalization, contrary to the common perception of “foreign talent” as a privileged group. We also find that skilled immigrants actively use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to mitigate precarity: they use the Internet and social media to access timely job information, sustain social contacts across national borders, and adapt to life and work in the host society. However, the ability to effectively cope with precarity depends on their own socioeconomic status, context of reception, and homeland development. We discuss theoretical implications of our findings.

The Solace of the Sojourn: Towards a Praxis-oriented Phenomenological Methodology and Ethics of Deep Travel in Martin Heidegger’s Sojourns

This article focuses on Martin Heidegger’s little read travel journal, Sojourns (1962), and explores how it yields surprisingly fruitful insights into our contemporary era of neoliberal globalization via its implicit exploration of the complex interconnections between travel, phenomenology, and ethics. Specifically, I posit that Sojourns contains an implicit praxis-oriented phenomenological methodology and ethics of global travel that together gesture towards a coherent practice of “deep travel,” which American literature scholar Cinzia Schiavini aptly defines as “a vertical movement in a closed space which starts from the surface of the land and goes backward in time, searching for the hidden social and cultural dynamics embedded in that [given] geographical context.”

Making the nation manly: The case of Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013) and India's search for regional dominance in an era of neo-liberal globalization

Abstract This article unpacks a particular gendered vision of nation that we term muscular nationalism. Briefly put, muscular nationalism is an intersection of a specific vision of masculinity with the political doctrine of nationalism. This idea of nation is animated by an idea of manhood associated with martial prowess, muscular strength and toughness. A particular interpretation of muscular nationalism has unfolded in India within a cultural milieu shaped by an assertive self-confidence fuelled by 'liberalization', a process by which India has been integrated into the global political economy, coupled with the prominence of Hindu nationalist politics. India's prolific commercial film industry centred in Mumbai has used images of manhood to express and valorize these cultural changes. We use the popular and critically acclaimed film Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013), directed by Rakesh Omprakash Mehra, to illustrate how athleticism and India's desire for regional dominance in South Asia shape muscular nationalism.

Struggles for Health: An Emancipatory Approach in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization

Capitalism is experiencing a prolonged crisis and is forcing structural changes in the global economic system to perpetuate its hegemony. Increasing financialization of the global economy is producing ever increasing concentration of wealth and inequity. These changes are devastating livelihoods of people across continents with many consequences on people’s health. This article analyzes the global governance for health, the social determination of health and, finally, its commodification. It highlights the need of a global mobilization of civil society to build a transnational movement able to defend health in all its aspects.

Pathways to Justice in a Globalised World: An Assessment of the Justiciability of the Extraterritorial Obligations in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

In the era of neoliberal globalisation, the enjoyment of human rights is increasingly contingent on extraterritorial forces. If human rights law is to meet the demands of social justice, fulfil its promise of universality, and account for power in a globalised world, human rights obligations must extend beyond States’ borders. While the extra-territorial obligations (‘ETOs’) of States regarding economic, social and cultural rights (‘ESC rights’) are being developed, it remains to be seen how they will be enforced. Addressing the issue, this paper considers whether the ETOs pertaining to ESC rights can and should be judicially enforceable. The paper submits that: (1) there is a strong normative case that the ETOs of ESC rights should be subjected to judicial review; and (2) courts are capable of enforcing their attendant obligations. Consequently, potential pathways exist for communities to seek justice for violations of their ESC rights in a globalised world.

Why We Cheer for Viktor Ahn: Changing Characteristics of Sporting Nationalism and Citizenship in South Korea in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization

This article examines online discussions of the South Korean–born Russian short-track speed skater Viktor Ahn, formerly known as Ahn Hyun-soo, with a particular focus on the changing characteristics of nationalism in South Korea (hereafter Korea). Despite Korea’s long history of sporting nationalism, the unexpected public support for Ahn has inspired popular and academic discussions regarding whether this nationalism is in fact weakening. I begin by exploring explanations for Ahn’s continuing popularity in Korea and how critiques of the Korean Skating Union have spread to other aspects of Korean society. Next, I examine the representation of Ahn as a role model for the desirable cosmopolitan subject with flexible citizenship who is able to transcend national borders in the pursuit of individual success. I argue, however, that Korea’s embrace of Ahn is less an indication that nationalism has been waning than it is a reclamation of Koreanness and a manifestation of a desire for national strength articulated through the conflation of traditional ethnic and developmental nationalism with neoliberal ideology. My ultimate goal, then, is to offer a nuanced understanding of the changing characteristics of sporting nationalism and citizenship in the era of neoliberal globalization.

Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South by Angela Stuesse

Reviewed by: Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South by Angela Stuesse Geraldo L. Cadava Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South. By Angela Stuesse. California Series in Public Anthropology. ( Oakland: University of California Press, 2016. Pp. xiv, 312. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-0-520-28721-1; cloth, $85.00, ISBN 978-0-520-28720-4.) Angela Stuesse has written an exceptional book about the poultry industry and its workers in Scott County, Mississippi, during the 1990s and the early twenty-first century. She did not do it alone but had the help of collaborators, including immigrant workers, former industry executives, workers' center colleagues, union representatives, civil rights historians, and many others. This "collaborative writing process" was central to her "activist research approach" (p. 243). Scratching Out a Living: Latinos, Race, and Work in the Deep South reads in part like an exposé akin to what Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) did for Chicago's meatpacking plants or what Edward R. Murrow's Harvest of Shame (1960) did for migrant agricultural labor along the eastern seaboard. Stuesse [End Page 230] makes plain the exploitation and horrors of the poultry industry. I have not eaten chicken since reading the book. But Stuesse focuses even more attention on the social and economic relationships within Mississippi's Latino and African American poultry working communities. Her core concerns include, first, the racial landscape that Latino migrant workers entered when they arrived in Mississippi; second, the enduring divisions between African Americans and Latinos and the solidarities that she herself played a role in forging; and third, how her activism as a scholar both shaped and was shaped by the communities she worked with in Mississippi. For historians of the South, Scratching Out a Living will be of greatest interest because of how Stuesse contextualizes the recent arrival of diverse Latin American immigrants—from Mexico and Central and South America—in a place shaped by segregation, racial hostility toward African Americans, economic despair for many, and riches for a few. As historians have noted, during this era of neoliberal globalization, employers recruited an exploitable migrant workforce that received abominable wages for extremely difficult work. These new immigrants disrupted the black/white binary that had, Stuesse argues, defined southern race relations before their arrival and in many ways embodied the new social and economic realities of the region's shift from agricultural to mechanized factory work. Historians will likewise appreciate the depth of Stuesse's ethnographic analysis, which offers more details about the interiority of Latino immigrant and African American communities than do most historical archives. Historians will be familiar with both groups' mutual recriminations—some Latinos view African Americans as lazy, while some African Americans view Latinos as foreigners—but Stuesse also offers a new look at dynamics inside poultry processing centers and their surrounding communities, including housing markets and the organizing methods that Latinos and African Americans have relied on to combat their exploitation. Inside the factories, African Americans still hold some of the better-paying and more desirable jobs, but Latin Americans often occupy a more privileged position in their communities and Scott County's racial hierarchies. Stuesse firmly believes that the best way to overcome such divisions is through solidarity and collaboration. She even taught a course on these topics during her field work, through which African American and Latino workers came to know one another and to see their own hardships mirrored in others' struggles. This belief informed Stuesse's research and writing. She has various names for her approach, all of which gesture toward collaboration, empathy, and democratic practice and fall under the umbrella of activist research. Historians may find her methods controversial given our pretention of neutrality and objectivity, but Stuesse persuasively argues that her approach can increase "methodological rigor" because her work went through several rounds of critique and revision following her dialogue with interlocutors and stakeholders (p. 243). Historians might consider how our practices can be more collaborative and democratic. Stuesse should have paid more attention to the consumer side of the equation and to how demand shapes industry practices. It struck me that Tyson Foods...

Introduction to the Special Topic on “Subjects and Subjectivity in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization”

How to understand the subjects and the subjectivity in this era? What are their main characters and roles? Do they remain to be an active pole in a system? or rather have they become the passive factors or even pure “surplus” to all kinds of systems? These questions served as the major inspiration for the theme “Subjects and Subjectivity in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization” of the conference at Fundan university on November 7–8, 2015. The selected four papers preseneted over the conference have added original views to the ongoing discussion.

Who Loses and Who Wins in a Housing Crisis? Lessons From Spain and Greece for a Nuanced Understanding of Dispossession

The emerging postcrisis geographies in Southern Europe are intrinsically related to debt and dispossession. In Spain, mortgage homeownership and indebtedness led to housing dispossessions, while in Greece, skyrocketing private indebtedness is eventually arranged through housing foreclosures. Building upon the notion of accumulation by dispossession, i.e., on the way capital accumulates wealth in the era of neoliberal globalization, this article elaborates two novel concepts to understand the housing crises in both countries. The perception of dispossession by odious taxation describes the process of wealth extraction facilitated by financial mechanisms in Greece, and dispossession by political fraud is conceived as a characterization of fraudulent political arrangements and financial tools used for orchestrating housing stealth in Spain. This nurtures the perception that a comparative insight on the processes of dispossession in the Spanish and Greek housing markets may facilitate a nuanced understanding over the interrelated processes of contemporary housing restructuring.

The Value of International Regime and Global Environmental Crisis

Global warming and climate change are not more than an environmental crisis in the era of neoliberal globalization. This has been a global issue, and in the same time, it has been gradually becoming a global threat of human security . Global awareness among leaders of the countries in the world, and among international communites, are needed to stand together in order to strenghening regional organization and international regime solving this threat of environmental crisis. A global awareness and cooperation among emerging and developed countries are needed to rise their polical will substantially, and most important is to rule out polical economy interest of the developed countries in order to bring about regional organizations and international regime of global environment having more capacity to solve environmental crisis

Of Soldiers and Citizens: Shallow Marketisation, Military Service and Citizenship in Neo-Liberal South Korea

ABSTRACTThe Nationality Law and the Military Service Law in South Korea were changed in 2004 and 2005 respectively to enable tighter control over the conscription of male citizens. This movement stands in contrast to other industrialised countries, where conscription has been replaced by professional and marketised military services. This article explains the Korean exception as “shallow marketisation,” one particular way the connection between citizenship and military service is being reconfigured in the era of neo-liberal globalisation. The Korean state and its “flexible citizens” engage in the exchange of citizenship and military service, but their choices are constrained by previous social relations, including the ideals of equal citizens and of national identity and belonging. In this context of shallow marketisation, the state is tightening the linkage between citizenship and military conscription and trying to restore the façade of “universality” to conscription. Flexible male citizens frame their choices not simply as instrumental calculations, but also as decisions based upon their national identity as Koreans. This article fills a lacuna in the scholarship on neo-liberal reconfigurations of citizenship by elucidating how changes in citizenship practices trigger changes in military conscription and vice versa.

Towards a Case for a Second American Revolution

I. CONTEXTI think it must also be admitted that there are cases in which revolution is justifiable- Bertrand Russell, 19491.1 INTRODUCTION: A CRITICAL JUNCTUREHistorical context - As a comparatively young nation, the United States has been through many important developments since independence was first declared in 1776. Since then the colonies won a revolutionary war against Britain, ratified a new constitution, fought a civil war and abolished chattel slavery, extended its territory to the Pacific Ocean, expanded the right to vote, underwent an industrial revolution, took on corporate monopolies and political machines during the progressive-populist era, experienced the 'Roaring Twenties' followed by the Wall Street crash and the Great Depression, and fought in two World Wars before emerging as the most powerful country on earth.U.S. international relations in the decades following World War II were largely overshadowed by the Cold War. Prominent institutions during the post-war era include the Bretton Woods international agreement, the gold monetary standard, Keynesian economic policies, a mixed economy (notably in Britain) and the Glass-Steagall firewall separating commercial from investment banking. The post-war era in the United States has come to be known as the 'golden age of capitalism' characterized by egalitarian income growth coupled with high levels of financial-sector stability.However, a constellation of events in the 1970s-the breakdown of the Bretton Woods international monetary order, rising inflation and unemployment, stagnating economic growth, and two major oil shocks- set the stage for a major paradigm shift towards the era of neoliberal globalization. In theory, neoliberal ideology is characterized by the doctrine of neoclassical supply-side economics and its various policy objectives: privatization of state-owned assets and social services, liberalization of trade and finance, deregulation of business activity, the weakening of labor unions, and the minimization of macroeconomic imbalances such as inflation, debt and deficits.Early signs of the onset of neoliberalism can be found in events such as the early assault on California's system of higher education by then governor Ronald Reagan, the rise of Pinochet in Chile in 1973 and the passage of Proposition 13 in California in 1978. However, the election of British premier Margaret Thatcher in 1979 and U.S. president Ronald Reagan in 1980 set the stage for a definitive paradigm shift towards neoliberalism (Levy, Kagan & Zysman 1997; Campbell 1998; Sisson & Hartmann 2014, 220).Backed by the Washington Consensus, neoliberalism became a globally dominant economic system, especially after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989. During the neoliberal era, the IMF and World Bank, using structural adjustment loans and abutted by various forms of U.S. intervention and diplomatic pressure, were able to pressure many developing countries to adopt neoliberal policies. Meanwhile, global competition has pressured many countries in the developed world to adopt neoliberal reforms as well, although the extent to which European and Japanese capitalism is converging on the more liberal variety practiced in the U.S. and Britain has been the subject of ongoing debate among comparative political economists.Critical juncture - The era of neoliberalism coincided with many years of economic growth in the United States and in several regions of the developing world, especially Asia. Despite this, in the United States and beyond an extensive list of policy problems (enumerated below) have become increasingly apparent. Indeed, one can reasonably posit that the United States today stands at a critical juncture in its historical development, a situation itself embedded in a larger global critical juncture. For instance, referring to the current global ecological crisis, political scientist Manfred Steger observes, Humanity has reached yet another critical juncture-the most important in the relatively short existence of our species (Steger 2013, 136). …