Level Of Equity Research Articles

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Ekuitas Merek dan Celebrity Endorser Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Kosmetik Maybelline: Studi pada Konsumen Produk Kosmetik Maybelline di Kota Kendal

This research aims to determine the influence of quality, equity and celebrity endorsers on purchasing decisions for Maybelline cosmetic products . The method used in this research is to use a quantitative method, which means a form of data in the form of numbers. The results state that product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. It can be interpreted that the better and better the quality of a product, the more interested consumers will be in deciding to buy Maybelline cosmetic products. Brand equity has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. It can be interpreted that the better the level of equity of a product, the more interested consumers will be in deciding to buy Maybelline cosmetic products. Celebrity endorsers have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions. It can be interpreted that the better and more attractive the advertisement being promoted, the more interested consumers will be in deciding to buy Maybelline cosmetic products.

Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study in Corporate Finance

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between capital structure and firm value across various industries. Using a cross-sectional quantitative analysis, the research examines how different levels of debt, equity, and financial leverage affect firm value, measured by market capitalization and Tobin's Q. The findings suggest that firms with moderate debt levels experience enhanced firm value, benefiting from the tax shields provided by debt without incurring significant financial distress. However, excessive financial leverage negatively impacts firm value, as firms face increased risk of financial instability. The study supports key theories such as the trade-off theory and pecking order theory, demonstrating that capital structure decisions are influenced by factors such as firm size, profitability, and industry characteristics. The implications for corporate managers and investors include optimizing debt-equity balance to maximize firm value while managing financial risk. Future research should focus on industry-specific dynamics and longitudinal analyses to further explore these relationships.

An innovative framework to advance workplace equity

Reliance on traditional Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion approaches, such as implicit bias and anti-harassment trainings, have failed to address systemic inequities embedded within organizations. In response, we first interviewed business leaders/practicing managers and then fielded a nationally representative survey of 1,062 businesses in the United States (in partnership with the Society for Human Resource Management). Based on our findings, we developed an innovative, two-dimensional framework, the Equity of Employment Systems Framework, that addresses root causes of workplace inequity. Rather than focusing solely on an overall measure of equity for an organization, this Framework focuses on 7 systemic components (“Levers for Change”) that measure and impact equity in an organization’s 10 Employment Systems. Levels of equity vary greatly among the 10 Employment Systems within organizations: Recruitment & Hiring, Compensation & Benefits, and Orientation & Onboarding representing the strongest measures of equity and Supervision & Mentoring, Job Structures, and Resources & Supports as the least equitable. To help practicing managers strengthen the equity of their Employment Systems, we outline a 5-step process based on our innovating Equity of Employment Systems framework. Our 5-step process can help practicing managers to advance equity within their organizations, creating more inclusive, agile, and innovative businesses.

Towards more equitable cooling services of urban parks: Linking cooling effect, accessibility and attractiveness

Global warming and rapid urbanization have caused frequent occurrences of heat waves and urban heat island effect, presenting a significant threat to health of urban residents. Researches have indicated that cooling services provided by parks are essential in alleviating impact of heat wave events and urban heat island effect. However, previous researches on park cooling services center around cooling effect, with a lack of exploration regarding the fairness of such services. To fill this gap, this study quantifies the level of equity in cooling services in 18 parks in the core area of Hangzhou. Through this study, we hope to clarify the current situation of fairness of cooling services in urban parks and provide fairer park cooling services through scientific and reasonable park layouts. This will alleviate the threat of rapid urbanization and climate change to urban residents, and make the urban environment develop in a more livable direction. We assessed the cooling effect using remote sensing and the ArcGIS platform to screen parks with cooling effect and to quantify their cooling service efficiency. We utilized spatial network analysis to quantify the accessibility and origin-destination matrix data to quantify the attractiveness to reflect the level of park cooling services. The results reveal that 18 parks exhibit a noticeable cooling effect, albeit with variations observed among parks. The percentage of urban parks with low accessibility is 77.80%, indicating that the distribution of accessible space presents an uneven status quo. In addition, 72.20% of parks have low attractiveness of cooling services, indicating that some parks have insufficient attractiveness of cooling services. Based on each indicator of cooling services, we categorize urban parks into four types based on supply and demand, and propose adaptive planning measures and intervention strategies to provide a reference for equitable distribution of cooling services in urban parks.

Personal Brand Equity and Telepresence's Role in Tourism Electronic Commerce Live Streaming

ABSTRACTDespite the increasing popularity of e‐commerce live streaming (ECLS), research development in the hospitality and tourism field lags. Drawing on social impact theory, this study aims to investigate the effects of streamers' personal brand equity (strength) and the live‐streaming broadcasting environment (immediacy) on viewers' tourism product purchase intention. This research developed three experimental studies to examine the causal link between live‐streaming features (i.e., the interactive effect of streamers' personal brand equity and telepresence) and customer responses. The results showed that the interactions between different levels of personal brand equity and telepresence significantly impact positive outcomes related to tourists' behavior and decision‐making. This study contributed to the literature and practices by enhancing the understanding of ECLS as a newly emerging marketing tool in the tourism industry. The findings would encourage more hospitality and tourism companies to leverage ECLS as a new marketing campaign strategy.

Analysing the intra and interregional components of spatial accessibility gravity model to capture the level of equity in the distribution of hospital services in Italy: do they influence patient mobility?

BackgroundAn equal distribution of hospital structures represents an important factor to achieve Universal Health Coverage. Generally, the most diffused approach to measure the potential availability to healthcare is the provider-to-population ratio based on the number of beds or professionals. However, this approach considers only the availability of resources provided at regional or local level ignoring the spatial accessibility of interregional facilities that are particularly accessed by patients living at the borders. Aim of this study is to outline the distribution of the intra and interregional services in Italy to capture the level of equity across the country. Moreover, it explores the impact of the accessibility to these resources on interregional patient’s mobility to receive care.MethodsTo compute spatial accessibility, we propose an alternative approach that applies the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (ESFCA) to capture the level of attraction of intra and interregional hospitals to a given population. Moreover, the adoption of process and outcome indices captured to what extent the quality of structures influenced patients in choosing services located inside or outside their region of residence.ResultsThe study confirms that there is an unequal distribution of high-quality resources at regional and national level with a high level of inequality in the availability and accessibility of quality resources between the north and south part of Italy. This is particularly true considering the accessibility of intraregional resources in the southern part of the country that clearly influences patient choice and contribute to a significant cross border passive mobility to northern regions. This is confirmed by an econometric model that showed a significant effect of spatial accessibility with the propensity of patients of travel from the region of residence to receive care.ConclusionsThe analysis of intra and interregional components of spatial accessibility may contribute to identify to what extent patients are willing to travel outside their region of residence to access to care services. Moreover, it can contribute to gain a deeper understanding of the allocation of health resources providing input for policy makers on the basis of the principles of service accessibility in order to contain patient mobility.

The Level of Equity and Justification of the Sanctions Distributed within the Family and Professional Fields

This study explores the manner in which individuals explain their decisions when assigning sanctions (positive or negative consequences) during social interactions. Traditionally, individuals are thought to take responsibility for their actions (internal attribution). However, a certain number of results obtained in the field of education or in the work environment highlight the fact that in the case of sanction distributing behaviours, that is to say if we question the distributor (and no longer the receiver) of a sanction, attributions are more external than self-attributing. This research aims primarily to verify that such results can also be obtained in order to explain the sanctions distributed by a parent to their children or by a spouse to their wife. Moreover, considering that certain sanctions may not correspond to just compensation for the conduct of the individual being sanctioned, we also wanted, on an exploratory basis, to examine the attributions carried out by the distributors of unjust sanctions, again within the familial environment as well as in the professional field. A questionnaire was administered to 64 employees (with an equal distribution of men and women) who were also parents of young children. The questionnaire presented scenarios where individuals in power positions (a father to a child, a husband to a wife and a manager to a subordinate) distributed sanctions (fair or unfair) and the participants were asked to explain the cause using internal or external attributions. The results show that, for just sanctions, the attributions are preferentially external, while for unjust sanctions, differences are observed according to the gender of the participant. From an educational perspective, this research sheds light on the manner in which power dynamics in classrooms can influence how educators assign responsibility for learning. By recognizing the tendency to place blame externally when providing feedback or consequences, educators can create a learning environment that emphasizes internal responsibility and shared ownership of academic achievement. This shift in behaviour empowers students and fosters a stronger sense of agency in their own learning journey.

Price transparency in international retailing on digital platforms

PurposeIn the digital era, price transparency—the practice of disclosing cost breakdowns in product manufacturing—has become present on digital platforms. Although its benefits are well-documented and consumers should theoretically desire costless and relevant information for informed decision-making, this paper proposes that consumers may resist overly transparent pricing, particularly when it pertains to premium-priced (vs regular-priced) products from countries with high equity.Design/methodology/approachOur research comprises three experimental studies utilizing both student and representative online Prolific samples, covering various products and countries with different equity levels. Initially, a pilot study identifies an interpersonal should-want conflict induced by price transparency when purchasing premium-priced products, leading to information avoidance. Subsequent studies further explore this phenomenon by examining the moderating role of country equity and the mediating role of price unfairness perceptions.FindingsPrice transparency can backfire when purchasing premium-priced products due to the want-should conflict among consumers—the desire to receive disclosure of cost breakdowns versus the inclination not to view it. This conflict results in increased resistance to receiving transparent price information and decreased brand attitudes and purchase intentions, especially for products originating from high-equity countries. Heightened perceptions of price unfairness explain these dynamics.Research limitations/implicationsThe study primarily relies on experimental designs with limited sample sizes. To enhance the generalizability of the findings, incorporating large-scale real market data across diverse domains and countries would be beneficial.Originality/valueGrounded in the should-want conflict and information avoidance theories, this paper uniquely explores the adverse effects of price transparency on digital platforms. We extend this by demonstrating that this conflict is influenced by country equity, where the perceived value added by the association of a product with a given country name affects whether consumers experience the conflict. Our investigation of perceived price unfairness further deepens our understanding of the nuanced effects of price transparency.

The impacts of basic medical insurance for urban–rural residents on the perception of social equity in China

BackgroundBased on CSS 2019 data, this article analyzes the impact of Basic Medical Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents (BMIUR) on perceived social equity of residents.MethodUsing the CSS data of 2019, this article analyzes the influence of BMIUR on the perception of social equity of residents, on the basis of 2SLS model and mediating effect model.ResultsWe find that BMIUR has a significantly positive impact on the perception of social equity. That is to say, BMIUR can improve residents’ evaluation of social equity and further promote the level of social equity, which makes residents more happiness. The conclusion remains valid after using robustness test and propensity score matching to conduct counterfactual reasoning. The discussion of mechanism indicates that the influence of BMIUR is mediated by enhancing social capital, improving satisfaction of income distribution and reducing self-paid medical expenses. This study also finds that the influence of BMIUR is more obvious in the low-income, low-skilled and mid-west groups.ConclusionThe reform of the medical security system should be regarded as a foothold for improving people’s well-being and promoting social equity; Expanding people’s social capital through multiple channels and improving income distribution mechanisms; Strengthen vocational skills training, especially to provide more public services and social security for low-income groups, low-skilled groups, and groups in the western region of China, in order to improve the welfare and policy effectiveness of China's social security reform.

Evaluating the level of access and equity of the bus rapid transit (BRT) system: The case of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems have witnessed significant growth worldwide, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities in the developing world, often implemented through public-private partnerships to foster economic growth. However, the success of such ambitions relies on ensuring equitable transit access for all residents, including those living with poverty or other social disadvantages. The purpose of this study is to explore transit access, coverage, and equity of the BRT system in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania using infrastructure-based measures of proximity to transit stations and stops. In particular, the equitable distribution of transit access patterns is explored in relation to neighborhood socio-economic strata in the catchment areas within a 30-min walking distance. The study's findings reveal notable disparities in the level of access among various socio-economic strata, with the least deprived population benefiting the most from the Dar-es-Salaam BRT system. As more BRT phases are implemented, there is a continuous increase in the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) within the areas not covered by the BRT system. This suggests that access improvements predominantly favor the wealthier population rather than effectively addressing the needs of the impoverished population. To enhance access and achieve more equitable outcomes, it is crucial to implement targeted strategies and measures. These may include improved integration of the BRT with a feeder system, continuous improvement of Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) facilities, and the promotion of equitable transit-oriented development along the BRT corridor. These initiatives play a vital role in ensuring that vulnerable populations, especially the poor, have access to and can benefit from the BRT services.

Co-Branding Strategy in Cross-Industry Business: A Case of Mobile Games and Food Products Collaboration on Indonesian Mobile Games Players

Purpose: This study discusses the cross-industry co-branding strategy of PUBG (Player Unknown's Battle Grounds) Mobile x Indomie products by analyzing the influence of self-congruity and brand fit variables on co-branding and its impact on brand equity and purchase intention carried out on mobile game players in Indonesia. Method: This study used quantitative research methods with the population of Indonesian mobile game players. The study used purposive sampling with a sample of 180 respondents. Data was processed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with SmartPLS 3.0 software. Result: The results of this study prove that co-branding is influenced by brands that have more value and appeal and are influenced by brand combinations that match both symbolic and functional effects. Co-branding with a combination of brands with an equivalent level of equity shares the benefits of co-branding equally, so co-branding with a combination of high and low-equity brands is believed to influence brand equity significantly. Good co-branding will provide a positive evaluation of a brand to encourage consumer purchase intention.

The Effect of Instagram Content Exposure @uniqloindonesia on Brand Equity and Purchase Intention for the Uniqlo Fashion Brand

This study is to determine the exposure of @uniqloindonesia Instagram content on brand equity and purchase intention. This research uses a quantitative approach with the type of explanatory research, in which the research examines the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The results showed that the majority of respondents indicated that exposure to @uniqloindonesia Instagram content was in the high category. Instagram social media @uniqloindonesia has an influence of 72.4% which indicates that Uniqlo's presence and activities on Instagram have a strong influence. The level of brand equity of 70.1% shows that the majority of respondents have a strong perception of the @uniqloindonesia brand. The percentage of respondents who show intention to buy the Uniqlo fashion brand of 70.1% is high. The results showed that exposure to @uniqloindonesia Instagram content had a positive and significant effect on brand equity on purchase intention.

Spatial accessibility and equity of community healthcare: unraveling the impact of varying time and transport mode.

Achieving a higher level of accessibility and equity to community healthcare services has become a major concern for health service delivery from the perspectives of health planners and policy makers in China. In this study, we introduced a comprehensive door-to-door (D2D) model, integrating it with the open OD API results for precise computation of accessibility to community hospitals over different transport modes. For the D2D public transit mode, we computed the temporal variation and standard deviation of accessibility at different times of the day. Additionally, accessibility values for D2D riding mode, D2D driving mode, and simple driving mode were also computed for comparison. Moreover, we introduced Lorenz curve and Gini index to assess the differences in equity of community healthcare across different times and transport modes. The D2D public transit mode exhibits noticeable fluctuations in accessibility and equity based on the time of day. Accessibility and equity were notably influenced by traffic flow between 8 AM and 11 AM, while during the period from 12 PM to 10 PM, the open hours of community hospitals became a more significant determinant in Nanjing. The moments with the most equitable and inequitable overall spatial layouts were 10 AM and 10 PM, respectively. Among the four transport modes, the traditional simple driving mode exhibited the smallest equity index, with a Gini value of only 0.243. In contrast, the D2D riding mode, while widely preferred for accessing community healthcare services, had the highest Gini value, reaching 0.472. The proposed method combined the D2D model with the open OD API results is effective for accessibility computation of real transport modes. Spatial accessibility and equity of community healthcare experience significant fluctuations influenced by time variations. The transportation mode is also a significant factor affecting accessibility and equity level. These results are helpful to both planners and scholars that aim to build comprehensive spatial accessibility and equity models and optimize the location of public service facilities from the perspective of different temporal scales and a multi-mode transport system.

Is the Economy, Environment and Energy (3E) System Sustainable?—An Analysis of the Coordination Degree of Carbon Decoupling and Energy Equity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

As the climate crisis intensifies, the low-carbon transition seems to be the necessary path to maintain the sustainability of the 3E system. However, does it no longer pose potential threats to sustainability? In the context of the low-carbon transition, this study reveals hidden worries about the sustainability of the 3E system from an energy equity perspective, specifically focusing on the coordination between carbon decoupling and energy equity. This study innovatively calculates the level of carbon decoupling and energy equity in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2019 and explores the degree of coordinated development between carbon decoupling and energy equity by employing the coupling coordination model and bivariate local Moran index. The results show the following: (1) from 2008 to 2019, the energy equity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed steady improvement, but the overall level was still not high, being below 0.5; (2) the upstream and downstream regions showed more obvious resistance in maintaining the coordinated development of carbon decoupling and energy equity, but there are structural differences among them; (3) inter-basin differences were an important feature of the low-carbon economy and equitable energy development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in the past. This study provides policy implications and research insights for promoting the sustainability of the 3E system in transition countries from an energy equity perspective.

Assessing the Spatial Equity of Urban Park Green Space Layout from the Perspective of Resident Heterogeneity

Urban park green spaces (UPGS) are essential resources for improving the urban ecological environment and meeting residents’ recreational needs. However, during rapid urbanization, the layout of UPGS often exhibits spatial inequity, with significant differences in the resources enjoyed by resident groups with different socioeconomic attributes. Accurately assessing the spatial equity of the UPGS layout (the equal accessibility of UPGS) is crucial for optimizing resource allocation and promoting social equity. This study takes the main urban area of Nanjing as an example and utilizes location-based service (LBS) data and multi-source geographic data to conduct an in-depth characterization of residents’ socioeconomic attributes, recreational behaviors, and park green space layout at the street scale. By constructing indicators of resident heterogeneity and UPGS supply–demand matching degree, it reveals the differences in park green space accessibility among different social groups and locations and explores the correlation between resident heterogeneity and UPGS spatial equity. The study finds that the layout of UPGS in the main urban area of Nanjing exhibits significant spatial inequity, with generally poor accessibility to park green spaces in the central urban area and low-income communities. The higher degree of diversification of residents’ socioeconomic attributes leads to a lower level of UPGS spatial equity in their streets. The results of the big data analysis verify the significant impact of resident heterogeneity on the equity of park green space layout. This study reveals the spatial equity issues of UPGS layout from the perspective of resident heterogeneity, providing new ideas and evidence for optimizing the allocation of park green space resources. Future UPGS planning should pay more attention to the diversity of residents’ recreational needs, focus on improving the accessibility of park green spaces in central urban areas and low-income communities, and balance the interests and demands of different stakeholders through public participation mechanisms.

A neutrosophic WENSLO-ARLON model for measuring sustainable brand equity performance

Sustainable brand equity denotes the perceived brand equity by consumers, influenced by companies' non-financial and environmental practices. To cultivate sustainable brand equity, corporations undertake green initiatives and engage in social responsibility endeavors, thereby communicating environmentally oriented messages to consumers. Companies feel the necessity to establish a competitive position in sustainability relative to their counterparts. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to conduct an inquiry aimed at identifying sustainable brand equity to meet this exigency of companies. In this context, the motivation of this study lies in treating the calculation of sustainable brand equity as a decision-making process and developing a decision support system for this purpose. The proposed decision support system for determining sustainable brand equity levels in this research has three fundamental inputsss: experts, criteria, and brands. The impact levels of experts on the decision-making process are quantified utilizing type-2 neutrosophic number (T2NN) sets. The weights of criteria are ascertained employing the weight by envelope and slope (WENSLO) method extended with T2NN sets. The ranking of sustainable brand equities is established through the innovative T2NN-based alternative ranking using two-step logarithmic normalization (ARLON) method. These methodologies are amalgamated, and the T2NN-WENSLO-ARLON hybrid model is posited as a decision support system for evaluating sustainable brand equity performance. An algorithm for T2NN-WENSLO-ARLON is formulated and elucidated alongside a case study focusing on companies operating in the cosmetics sector in Turkey. The case study identifies the “green product leadership” criterion as the most influential factor in determining sustainable brand equity. Furthermore, the cosmetic company “Misbahçe Inc.” is identified as the brand with the highest sustainable brand equity. Sensitivity and comparative analyses are conducted to ascertain the robustness of the results and the decision model. All scenario outcomes bolster the decision model. The research provides comprehensive insights into both the developed tool for calculating sustainable brand equity and develops implications for the cosmetics industry.

United States Doula Programs and Their Outcomes: A Scoping Review to Inform State-Level Policies

BackgroundThe field of maternal health has advanced significantly over the past decades. However, the United States continues to have poor outcomes in comparison with other industrialized nations. With emerging evidence on the promise of doula care, states are including doula care under their Medicaid programs. MethodsWe conducted a scoping review across four academic databases and gray literature published between January 1, 2012, and March 10, 2022, to describe the landscape of literature on U.S. doula programs and their outcomes in order to inform state policy makers considering laws or programs related to doula care. FindingsOf 740 records identified, 100 met inclusion criteria. Outcomes fell into four areas: birthing people's outcomes, infant outcomes, systems of care and implementation, and cross-cutting issues. Data on outcomes related to doula care in the literature were predominantly clinical, even though doulas are not clinical providers. Although some studies have found associations between doula care and improved clinical outcomes for birthing people and infants, the evidence is limited due to small sample sizes, study methodology, or conflicting conclusions. Doula outcomes are underexplored in the literature, with mainly qualitative data describing low levels of diversity and equity within the doula workforce and ineffective payment models. When cost-effectiveness estimates have been calculated, they largely rely on savings realized from averted cesarean births, preterm births, and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. ConclusionsAs state Medicaid programs expand to include doula care, policymakers should be aware of the limitations in the evidence as they plan for successful implementation, such as the narrow focus on certain clinical outcomes to quantify cost savings and conflicting conclusions on the impact of doula care. An important consideration is the impact of the reimbursement rate on the adoption of doula care, which is why it is important to engage doulas in compensation determinations, as well as the development of improved metrics to untangle the components that contribute to maternal health outcomes in the United States.

Perbedaan Tingkat Pemahaman Akuntansi Di Antara Mahasiswa Berdasarkan Kelulusan Pada Mahasiswa Semester II Tahun Angkatan 2017 Di Program Studi Akuntansi Universitas Muara Bungo

This study aims to investigate whether disparities exist in the comprehension of accounting concepts among students with diverse educational backgrounds. The research is conducted at the Faculty of Economics, Muara Bungo University, focusing on students majoring in Accounting. The study population comprises 62 second-semester students at Muara Bungo University (UMB). Quantitative descriptive data analysis, presented in the form of frequency tables, is employed for this research. The Likert scale is utilized as the scoring technique to evaluate respondents' answers to the questionnaire. According to the American Accounting Association, accounting is defined as the process of identifying, measuring, and reporting economic information to facilitate informed decision-making for stakeholders. The findings indicate significant discrepancies in the comprehension levels of assets among students from vocational schools specializing in accounting, high schools with a focus on social studies, and general Madrasah Aliyah. Similarly, there are noteworthy variations in the understanding levels of liabilities and equity among students from different educational backgrounds.

Agency Costs of Outside Equity: Evidence From Start-Up Firms in Their First Two Years

This paper investigates the agency costs associated with outside equity infusions into 4928 randomly selected firms surveyed annually during their first two years of business. Sources of outside equity include angel investors, venture capital or private equity, other companies, or government sources. Changes in outside equity levels are significantly and positively associated with changes in the number of perquisite programs available to employees. These results are robust to controls for observable firm characteristics such as firm size and profitability.

Trends and structural factors affecting health equity in the United States at the local level, 1990–2019

Health equity is fundamental to improving the health of populations, but in recent decades progress towards this goal has been mixed. To better support this mission, a deeper understanding of the local heterogeneity within population-level health equity is vital. This analysis presents trends in average health and health equity in the United States at the local level from 1990 to 2019 using three different health outcomes: mortality, self-reported health status, and healthy days. Furthermore, it examines the association between these measures of average health and health equity with several structural factors. Results indicate growing levels of geographic inequality disproportionately impacting less urbanized parts of the country, with rural counties experiencing the largest declines in health equity, followed by Medium and Small Metropolitan counties. Additionally, lower levels of health equity are associated with poorer local socioeconomic context, including several measures that are proxies for structural racism. Altogether, these findings strongly suggest social and economic factors play a pivotal role in explaining growing levels of geographic health inequality in the United States. Policymakers invested in improving health equity must adopt holistic and upstream approaches to improve and equalize economic opportunity as a means of fostering health equity.