Equitability Index Research Articles

KUALITAS AIR LAUT DITINJAU DARI INDEKS KEANEKARAGAMAN FITOPLANKTON DI PERAIRAN PANTAI DESA MADAYIN KECAMATAN SAMBELIA KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

This study was aimed to riview the quality of sea water in terms of phytoplankton diversity index as the impact of aquaculture shrimp ponds in Madayin village, Sambelia District of East Lombok. This study was conducted in March to June 2018. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method as 6 sampling points was 3 points (stations 4, 5 and 6) were taken from the outlet of sewage shrimp, 1 point (station 3) were taken from estuary, and 2 points (stations 1 and 2) were taken from the sea. Water samples was taken 50 liters and was filtered using 25μm plankton nets. Filtered water put into bottles samples then was preserved by formalin 4%. Phytoplankton analysis was carried out in Biology Laboratory FPMIPA Faculty of Mataram University. Results showed that the diversity index (H) ranged from 2.055 to 2.257, this value indices were moderate/medium. Equitability index (E) value of ranged from moderate to high where the stations 1 and 3 were moderate (0.5 <E <0.75) while stations 2, 4, 5 and 6 were high (E> 0.75). All stations showed that there were no dominance of phytoplankton species. Based on the results, the condition of Madayin coastal was moderate to good condition, no significant ecological pressure.

Terrestrial gastropod diversity, distribution and abundance in areas with and without anthropogenic disturbances, Northeast Algeria

Belhiouani H, El-Hadef El-Okki M, Afri-Mehennaoui FZ, Sahli L. 2019. Terrestrial gastropod diversity, distribution and abundance in areas with and without anthropogenic disturbances. Biodiversitas 20: 243-249. The objective of this study was to establish an inventory of terrestrial gastropods from different sites in the northeast of Algeria. Several points were sampled from five various areas relatively affected by human activity. Areas prospected were an industrial area (El-Hadjar, Annaba), a mining area (Djebel Hamimat, Oum-El-Bouaghi), an urban area (B’kira, Constantine), a mountainous area (Ibn Ziad, Constantine) and a sub-mountainous area (Ibn Badis, Constantine). A total of 11 species and 2632 individual land snails belonging to six molluscan families (Helicidae, Hygromiidae, Sphincterochilidae, Achatinidae, Enidae, and Pomatiidae) and 10 genera were found in all habitats. The highest density was recorded in the mountainous area with 1270 individuals and 10 species, whereas the lowest value was recorded in the mining and the industrial areas with 3 and 4 species respectively. The malacofaunal diversity was also determined, Shannon’s index, Simpson’s index, and equitability index are higher in the mountainous zone of Ibn Ziad with 1.87, 0.82 and 0.78 respectively, and lower in the mining area of Djebel Hamimat, with 0.60, 0.33, and 0.54. The dispersion and density of species appear to be contingent upon several factors among which soil properties, height, climate conditions and certainly anthropogenic disturbance.

Study of Ficus in West Block Batang Toru Forest Region, North Tapanuli District, Indonesia

The study of figs or Ficus in west block of Batang Toru forest has been conducted to obtain information regarding species diversity and the distribution of Ficus. Study site was determined using purposive random sampling and data was collected in 20 plots measuring 500 × 10 m in size. The study found 28 species of Ficus found in the area in which 12 species were found inside the plot. Of all the species, 14 species (50%) were semi-epiphyte, 13 species (46%) were terrestrial and only one species (4%) was liana. The most dominant species for trees, poles, saplings, and seedlings was represented by Ficus xylophylla, F. globosa, F. globosa, and F. villosa. Figs diversity for trees, poles, and saplings was categorized as medium according to the Shannon’s index with the value of 1.47-1.70, while seedlings diversity was categorized as low with the value of 0.22. The equitability index of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings was about of 0.32-0.95. Most species inhabited secondary forest in the altitude of 700-1000 masl. However, two species (Ficus crassiramea and F. curtipes) were also observed in the altitude more than 1000 m above sea level. The study then presented the baseline information about figs in west block of Batang Toru forest as conservation region.

English

Field investigations were made to record the diversity of butterflies at six forest ranges in Nagarahole National Park (NNP), Karnataka during 2014 to 2015. 138 butterfly species were recorded from 94 genera, which belong to five families such as Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Species composition varied significantly (F = 93.85; P < 0.05) among forest ranges in NNP; 113 butterfly species were common at different forest ranges in NNP, but 25 species were confined to specific forest ranges. Nymphalidae had the highest (47) species composition compared to other families. The genus Junonia was represented by six species, followed by Papilio and Eurema with five species each. The Shannon diversity index ranged between 4.49 and 4.59 and the Fisher alpha value ranged between 20.88 and 22.92. The Simpson and Shannon ‘J’ (Equitability) indices were 0.98 and 0.94, suggesting evenness between the six forests ranges. Thus, the present investigation provided insight into the butterflies of NNP and has instigated further research for restoration of forest habitats in NNP.   Key words: Diversity, butterflies, protected area, Nagarahole National Park, Karnataka. &nbsp

The influence of cultivation frequency on weed species composition and diversity in flood recession farming in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

IntroductionFlood recession farming, locally known as molapo farming, is an important livelihood activity for the subsistence farming community around the Okavango Delta. The study was aimed at investigating the influence of cultivation frequency on non-crop species composition. It was carried out in the peripheral settlements of Shorobe, Makalamabedi and Lake Ngami.MethodsVegetation sampling was conducted from March to April 2016 in 36 fields of varying historical cultivation frequencies. The cultivation frequencies were 5, 10 and 15 years with an uncropped control site. Sampling was done in 1-m2 quadrats placed 10 m apart along a line transect. Shannon’s diversity and equitability indices were used to compare diversity for each cultivation frequency within and across the study sites. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to investigate significant differences in diversity between cultivation frequencies. Rank of abundance was used to determine the association of weeds with the cultivation frequencies.ResultsCultivation frequency did not influence species diversity (p > 0.05) at either Lake Ngami or Shorobe. Species evenness was significantly different (p < 0.05) between the cultivation frequencies at Shorobe, but not at either Makalamabedi or Lake Ngami. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in diversity indexes across the four cultivation frequencies. The 5-year frequency recorded the highest median score (Md = 1.352) while the 15-year frequency recorded the lowest median score (Md = 1.035). Corchorus tridens was the most abundant non-crop species at the 5- and 15-year frequencies. Cynodon dactylon was most abundant in the 10-year frequency while Cyperus esculentus was most abundant in uncropped fields.ConclusionsCultivation frequency influenced weed species diversity and composition in flood recession farming. Flood recession farming fields were dominated by common weed species which are also troublesome in dryland arable farming. Uncropped sites were composed of wetland species that tolerate some dry periods or seasonal flood plains.

Effects of High Impact Grazing on Species Diversity and Plant Functional Groups in Grasslands of Northern Argentina

High impact grazing (HIG) was proposed as a management option to reduce standing dead biomass in Northern Argentinean (Chaco) rangelands. However, the effects of HIG on grassland diversity and shifts in plant functional groups are largely unknown but essential to assess the sustainability of the impact. During a two-year grazing experiment, HIG was applied every month to analyze the seasonal effects on plant species composition and plant functional groups. The results indicate that irrespective of the season in which HIG was applied, the diversity parameters were not negatively affected. Species richness, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and the Shannon’s equitability index did not differ from the control site within a 12-month period after HIG. While plant functional groups of dicotyledonous and annual species could not benefit from the HIG disturbance, C3-, C4-monocotyledonous and perennials increased their absolute and relative green cover. Our results suggest that HIG, if not applied in shorter frequencies than a year, neither alters diversity nor shifts the plant species composition of the grassland plant community, but instead it promotes previously established rather competitive species. HIG could therefore contribute as an alternative management practice to the sustainable land use intensification of the “Gran Chaco” grassland ecosystem and even counteract the encroachment of “low value” species.

Evaluation De La Dégradation De La Chamaeropaie Du Versant Sud Du Mont « jbelLakraa » (Maroc) Etudes Floristique Et Morphométrique

Our study is devoted to the chamaeropaie degradation assessment of the jbel Lakraa southern slope, located in the northern Middle Atlas in the Ribat Al Khair region. The floristic study revealed a specific richness of 124 species belonging to 95 genera and 33 vascular plants families, as well as a specific diversity relatively high with a Shannon-Weaver index of 3.88. A relatively high specific diversity with a Shannon-Weaver index of 3.88 was observed. However, the floristic composition showed a disturbance expressed by the index of equitability which is 0.58 and a strong therophytisation of 63% with a very high perturbation index of 69%. This disturbance is also illustrated by the toxic or spiny species proliferation such as Asphodelus ramosus, Drimia maritima and Scolymus hispanicus. The morphometric study was carried out on two strata (stratum 1 anthropized - stratum 2 wooded). The Statistical analysis showed that the diameter and height of the foliage, as well as the number of leaves per individual of the tree stratum are significantly higher than those of the anthropized stratum. Furthermore, an absence of correlations between the morphometric variables was recorded in the anthropized stratum. The chamaeropaie degradation state is alarming as indicated by the floristic and morphometric results, urgent measures must be taken to regulate its exploitation and preservation.

Spatial Variability of Soil Fauna Under Different Land Use and Managements

Geostatistics allows the evaluation of the distribution pattern of data with high spatial variability in agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of biological diversity indices of soil fauna under different land (agriculture and forest). Samples were collected in seven areas (millet, soybean, corn, eucalyptus, pasture crops, and preserved and disturbed Cerrado), in Maranhão state, Brazil. The soil fauna was caught trapped in pitfall traps, installed 3 m away from each other. In each area, 130 traps were maintained for seven days. After this period, they were removed and their content transferred to bottles and taken to the laboratory, where the insects were screened and identified at the level of orders and families. Eight indices were calculated, namely: individuals trap-1 day-1, Jackknife richness estimator, the Simpson, McIntosh, Shannon, and total diversity, and Simpson dominance, and Pielou equitability indices. The spatial variability was derived from the semivariograms fitted to Gaussian, spherical, and exponential geostatistical models. Statistical analysis showed medium values of the coefficient of variation for millet, except for the indices individuals trap-1 day-1 and McIntosh diversity, which were considered high. The values of the correlation matrix were negative for some indices, suggesting an inverse relationship. For millet, corn, eucalyptus, disturbed Cerrado, and pasture areas, the Shannon diversity index exhibited a pure nugget effect. For the areas of millet, corn, disturbed Cerrado and pasture, the total diversity index was adjusted to the Gaussian model. The degree of spatial dependence was considered high for the individuals trap-1 day-1 and Pielou equitability indices for millet. Only for soybean and pasture similarity in the scaled semivariograms was observed for the spatial variability of the indices, indicating similarity of performance. Soil management and land use affect the patterns of soil fauna abundance, richness, and diversity. The presence of groups such as Araneae, Diplura, and Poduromorpha are related to ecological equilibrium, quality, and sustainability of the agricultural systems studied.

DIAGNÓSTICO DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE A ARBORIZAÇÃO E A DIVERSIDADE DE ABELHAS SEM FERRÃO (APIDAE: MELIPONINI) NO CAMPUS TAPAJÓS E NO BOSQUE MEKDECE LOCALIZADOS EM SANTARÉM, PA

RESUMO: O estudo objetivou caracterizar a significância da arborização como instrumento de conservação da biodiversidade de abelhas sem ferrão no Campus Tapajós e no Bosque Mekdece, localizados na cidade de Santarém, PA. Cada ninho encontrado foi georreferenciado, fotografado, mediu-se sua altura em relação ao solo, para substratos arbóreos mediu-se também a Circunferência do tronco a 1,30 m. As abelhas coletadas foram identificadas a partir da arquitetura de entrada do ninho e de chave de identificação. Verificou-se a riqueza, abundância e diversidade. Foram encontrados ao todo 12 ninhos, pertencentes a 6 espécies diferentes: Trigona guianae (N=2), Melipona (Melikerria) interrupta (N=3), Melipona seminigra aff pernigra (N=1), Trigona pallens (N=3), Tetragona clavipes (N=2), Scapitotrigona sp. (N=1). Os índices de diversidade Shannon-Wiener (H’) foram 1,56 no Campus Tapajós e 1,04 no Bosque Mekdece, já os índices de equitabilidade de Pielou (J) foram 0,97 no Campus Tapajós e 0,95 no Bosque Mekdece, a densidade dos ninhos foi de 1 ninho por hectare (Campus) e 3 ninhos por hectare (Bosque). Com relação à nidificação em árvores, no Campus Tapajós foram identificados 5 ninhos em Dalbergia spruceana e 1 ninho em Copaifera martii, já no Bosque Mekdece identificou-se 3 ninhos em uma mesma espécie arbórea (Inga heterophylla). Quanto à nidificação de abelhas no solo foram encontrados 2 ninhos da espécie Trigona guianae no Campus e 1 ninho de Trigona pallens no Bosque. Constatou-se nos dois locais de estudo que a maioria dos ninhos (75%) estava associada a substratos arbóreos e 25% dos ninhos encontrados estavam localizados no solo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Abelhas sem ferrão, Conservação, Nidificação.

Levantamento Etnobotânico de Quintais Agroflorestais em Agrovila no Município de Altamira, Pará

Os sistemas agroflorestais surgiram como alternativas de uso da terra, capazes de conciliar a produção agrícola e florestal, concomitantemente à conservação dos recursos naturais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os quintais agroflorestais em Agrovila no município de Altamira, Pará, em relação à composição e diversidade florística, além dos usos das plantas. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 26 quintais estabelecidos na agrovila Princesa do Xingu, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos informantes-chave, selecionados através da técnica bola de neve. Para analisar o uso e relevância das espécies levantadas foram calculados os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, equitabilidade de Pielou e valor de importância (IVs). Foram identificadas 118 espécies vegetais pertencentes a 52 famílias botânicas, destacando-se: Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Anacardiaceae, sendo a maioria utilizada especialmente na alimentação das famílias. Dentre as espécies com maior valor de importância para os entrevistados, destacaram-se a laranja, coco, manga, cacau, cupuaçu, limão e açaí. As categorias alimentar e medicinal foram as mais importantes para os entrevistados, as quais indicaram preocupação com a segurança alimentar e saúde para a comunidade rural, respectivamente. Os índices de Shannon-Wiener e de equitabilidade de Pielou indicaram, respectivamente, diversidade moderada e menor heterogeneidade de indivíduos por espécies nos quintais da agrovila Princesa do Xingu.

Penicillium and Talaromyces Communities of Sugarcane Soils (Saccharum officinarum L.): Ecological and Phylogenetic Aspects

Penicillium and Talaromyces are fungal genera with high ecological and biotechnological importance. However, studies on exploration and ecology of these fungi in soils are scarce. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the species diversity of these genera in soils of sugarcane and fallow. Identification of the isolates was performed by morphological examination and partial sequencing of Beta-tubulin. For ecological analyses, indexes were applied and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. A total of 1,344 isolates were obtained: 1,108 of Penicillium (13 species) and 236 of Talaromyces (three species). Seven isolates did not cluster with any known species. The diversity and equitability indexes were similarly high for the two areas analyzed. Penicillium wotroi and Talaromyces murroi were more abundant. The PCA was significant and showed 2 groups: fallow and cultivated. Soils of sugarcane cultivation present distinct communities of Penicillium and Talaromyces species that are rare and/or not yet described by science.

Phytoplankton community as bioindicator of fertility in belawan river

Belawan River is an important river for the Medan residents and its surroundings. It serves as the main raw material for the local drinking water company, as well as domestic, industrial, hotel and tourism. Many human activities had led to the declining condition of water in the river throughout the year. One way to approach the concept of bioindicator is by knowing Abundance, Relative Abundance, Frequency of Attendance, equitability, dominance, and diversity of the phytoplankton itself. Results indicated that the phytoplankton community was from 3 different classes: Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. Phytoplankton individual abundance was around 2612 to 17755 ind / L. The diversity index was around 2.15 to 2.58, which is considered to have low to moderate diversity with high pollution level. Equitability Index was approaching 0, with relatively high domination from Sphaeroplea and Asterionella. The water quality that influences the diversity of phytoplankton as bioindicator was dissolved oxygen.

Komunitas Makrozoobentos sebagai Indikator Biologis Kualitas Air Sungai Masang Kecil yang Menerima Limbah Cair Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Kinali Pasaman Barat

The industrial liquid waste of crude palm oil contains organic material that can lead to degradation of water quality and ultimately affect the macrozoobenthos communities living on the river bed. The Masang Kecil River in Kinali Pasaman Barat receives the liquid waste of the palm oil industry. The research aimed to find out the composition and structure of macrozoobentos community in Masang Kecil River and determine the water quality of river based on macrozoobenthic community structure was done in June 2017. The research was conducted by survey method with purposive sampling technique. Samples were collected on 3 stations: Station I before entering the liquid waste of palm oil industry, Station II after entering the waste, Station III is located after Station II which has been entered by Anak Aia stream. In each station collected three samples of macrozoobentos with a surber net size of 30x30 cm2. The results showed that macrozoobenthos community found 43 species consist of 33 species of Insecta, Oligochaeta 4 species, Gastropoda 3 species, Hirudinae 2 species, Arachnida and Turbellaria one species respectively. The largest number of individuals was shown by Insecta (71.89%) followed by Hirudinea (25.1%) and the other class was not more than 3%. The highest density is found at station III and the lowest at station I. The dominant species on station I were Stenelmis sp. and Psephenoides sp., stations II and III were Erphobdella sp. and Hydropsyche elisoma. The diversity index ranges from 1.49 to 3.01. The index of equitability ranges from 0.47 to 0.89, the dominant index ranges from 0.06 to 0.43. The similarity of communities between station ranged from 38.46 - 55.0%. Based on the index of diversity, water quality in Station I was classified as not polluted, Station II and III classified as moderate.

Habitat characteristic of macrozoobenthos in Naborsahan River of Toba Lake, North Sumatra, Indonesia

This research described the relative abundance, dominance index, and index of macrozoobenthos equitability in Naborsahan River of Toba Lake, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The purposive random sampling at three stations was used to characterize the biological, chemical, and physical parameters of macrozoobenthos. The highest relative abundance of macrozoobenthos found at station 2 (99.96%). By contrast, the highest dominance index was at station 3 (0.31), and the maximum equitability index found at station 1 (0.94). The present results showed diversity parameters among the stations. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos. PCA analysis depicted that six parameters studied, brightness, turbidity, depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) play a significant role on the relative abundance, dominance index, and equitability index. PCA analysis suggested that station 3 was suitable habitat characteristic for the life of macro-zoobenthos indicating of the negative axis. The present study demonstrated the six parameters should be conserved to support the survival of macrozoobenthos.

Synergy between traditional knowledge of use and tree population structure for sustainability of Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott. &amp; Endl in Benin (West Africa)

Cola nitida is a West African tree, commonly used for pharmaceutical purposes. In Benin, the species is used for many purposes ranging from traditional rituals to domestic consumption. Nowadays, the species, as well as its offspring, are hardly encountered. So far, research on the species focused on a single domain such as ethnobotany and phytochemistry. The current paper used a holistic approach to explain the species scarcity in the natural habitats using (1) the rural knowledge pattern on C. nitida and (2) the tree population structure. Semi-structured interviews (n = 170 respondents) were conducted and combined with ecological inventory (n = 38 plots) in the phyto-geographical districts of Coast and Pobe in southern Benin. The indices of diversity, equitability, and consensus quantified the range, the evenness, and the relative reliability of rural communities’ knowledge. Moreover, the plant part index gave the most used part of the tree. The knowledge on the species was unevenly distributed according to the gender, while the cofactor age did not have a statistically significant effect (P = 0.902) on the pattern. In addition, seeds represented the most used plant part (PPI = 0.59). C. nitida tree demographic structure showed a low density of seedling and sapling (1.05 ± 0.47 trees ha-1). Diameter size fitted with a two-parameter Weibull distribution indicated a threat of species extinction. The multiple uses of C. nitida seeds do not allow natural regeneration of the species. The domestication of C. nitida tree and the establishment of Cola garden/orchard in the surveyed districts are suggested for sustainable use of the species.

Fauna of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Goytacazes National Forest and surrounding area, State of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil

Abstract Mosquitoes comprehend a group with a major impact on public health, because some species transmit parasites vertebrate hosts. Comparative studies between preserved environment and disturbed areas provide important epidemiological information, due to the major knowledge on species populational dynamics and the possibility of a contact between vector species and human population. This work aims to characterize and compare the fauna of mosquitoes in the Goytacazes National Forest (GNF) and surrounding area, in the State of Espírito Santo, in Brazil. Collections occurred simultaneously in a preserved environment and in a peridomicile, from 15:00 to 18:00, between July 2008 and May 2009. In each environment, it was used a modified trap of Shannon type. As a result, 1,490 specimens from 14 genera and 19 identified species were collected. The species diversity (H = 1.95), species richness (S = 17), equitability index (J = 0.68) and the number of collected specimens (n = 1,100) were higher in the forest environment. The plentiful species were respectively Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani, 1848), Culex (Culex) nigripalpus Theobald, 1901 and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fulvus (Wiedemann, 1828). Our results demonstrate that the occurrence of vector species in this region increases the potential risk of diverse arboviruses occurrence, especially wild-type yellow fever.

Tree standing dynamics after 30 years in a secondary forest of Bali, Indonesia

Siregar M, Undaharta NKE. 2018. Tree standing dynamics after 30 years in a secondary forest of Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 22-30. Tree standing dynamics in 0.5 ha plot after 30 years in Bukit Tapak secondary forests, Batukahu Nature Reserve, Province 0f Bali was studied by using plot method. The results showed that the tree species richness is same, 33 species, but there are six species disappear and be replaced by another species as a newcomer. Eight species persist as major species based on the importance value, namely: Homalanthus giganteus, Vernonia arborea, Dendrocnide stimulans, Meliosma angustifolia, Saurauia reinwardtiana, Trema orientalis, Macaranga triloba and Polyosma integrifolia. Tree density decreased 19.7%, but the total basal area increased 12.2% with an average basal area per tree were also increased by 39.7%. Shannon diversity index (H`) and Equitability index (E) was increased in 2016. Forests in the plot categorized as old secondary forest are still in the process of maturation toward the primary forest. Species predicted would disappear with a succession of increasingly advanced process is Trema orientalis, while the predicted to survive for much longer are Homalanthus giganteus, Acronichia trifoliolata, Meliosma angustifolia, Polyosma integrifolia, Saurauia reinwardtiana and Dendrocnide stimulans.

Fish Diversity and Limnological Parameters Influencing Fish Assemblage Pattern in Chambal River Basin of Madhya Pradesh, India

An attempt was made to systematically study the fish diversity and assemblage patterns in response to limnological dynamics of Chambal river basin in central India. A total of 56 fish species belonging to 09 orders, 18 families and 39 genera were recorded in the present study. Group-wise distribution of fishes showed that catfishes were the most dominant (23.21%). The most dominant species as per total relative abundance of the river was Glossogobius giuris (6.84%). The abundance of fishes was found to be highest in winter. Six fish diversity indices—Shannon-Wiener, Dominance, Simpson, Margalef, Evenness and Equitability indices were calculated and ranged 3.05–3.61, 0.03–0.08, 0.94–0.96, 5.21–6.35, 0.49–0.85 and 0.81–0.96, respectively. Threat status of fishes suggests that 3 species were near threatened and 01 species (Tor khudree) as endangered. Water temperature plays the key role in influencing fish assemblage pattern. A 1 °C rise in water temperature alone may result in an increase in Shannon (+ 0.1 units), Simpson (+ 0.02 units), Margalef (+ 0.16 units) biodiversity indices while 1 °C rise and 10 ppm increase of total dissolved solids may increase Evenness by + 0.05 units. There are two distinct fish assemblage events prevalent in the river basin viz. winter assemblage (near 20 °C) and non-winter assemblage (above 25 °C). The winter assemblage is most likely to be threatened under climate change. Ranching and creation of a winter-time freshwater protected area is recommended at Ghatbilod (Indore, Madhya Pradesh) dedicated for conservation of T. khudree.

Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators of sweet cherry Prunus avium in Kashmir valley

The study was carried out in temperate conditions of Kashmir valley during 2013–2015. The patches of cherry crop were located in different landscape categories, and the maximum insect pollinator species richness of 45 was observed in Budgam, belonging to 5 orders, 31 families and 20 genera. Amongst these, the genus Lasioglossum was the most abundant flower visitor followed by the less abundant genera Xylocopa spp., Andrena spp., Megachile spp., Syrphus spp. and Musca spp. The maximum Simpson and Shannon diversity indices and Simpson's dominance were observed to be 8.319, 6.506 and 0.879, respectively in district Srinagar. The equitability index, Pielou's evenness, Nakamaru's richness, Menhinick's and Margalef's varied significantly across the landscapes studied. Species richness showed a corresponding and parallel increase with various indices estimated. The unequal distribution of species abundance on cherry allow the use of dominance index of Berger-Parker to express the proportion of individuals accounted for by the most abundant species (Lasioglossum marginatum) in each site. The mean dissimilarity coefficients of species richness were 6.57-halictid species (Lasioglossum spp.) exhibited hourly abundance commencing from early morning, but generally the pollinators increased in course of day, becoming maximum at mid day (÷2=0.97, p-valued”0.05%), and decrease in afternoon (1400-1500hr) and the least was observed late afternoon (1500-1600hr). Hymenoptera was the most abundant of all the insect orders with rank (K) one and K-dominance of 0.683 followed by Diptera with rank value 2 and K-dominance value-0.958.

Diversidad estacional de arañas en una reserva natural del Espinal en Corrientes, Argentina

Evaluar la diversidad de arañas es necesario para la conservación de la naturaleza ya que cumplen un rol importante en los ecosistemas como reguladoras de las poblaciones de insectos y son buenas indicadoras de calidad ambiental. La reserva contemplada en este estudio es singular dentro de la llanura del Espinal debido a sus afloramientos rocosos, que contienen una gran diversidad de especies, varias de ellas de carácter endémico. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron crear un inventario, describir la diversidad taxonómica y funcional del orden Araneae en bosques y pastizales en función de las estaciones climáticas. Los muestreos se realizaron mediante tamizado de hojarasca, golpeteo de follaje, aspirado de pastizal y captura directa nocturna. Para cada ambiente se calcularon índices de diversidad alfa y beta temporal y se probó el modelo de distribución de abundancia. Se identificaron 224 especies/morfoespecies. Theridiidae fue la familia con mayor riqueza y el gremio Constructoras de Telas Orbiculares el más abundante. Los índices de diversidad, dominancia y equidad mostraron diferencias significativas entre las estaciones cálidas y frías para bosques y pastizales, la distribución de abundancia de las especies se ajustó al modelo de distribución log-normal y la similitud de especies entre estaciones no superó el 41 %. Los resultados de este estudio aportan datos preliminares sobre los patrones estacionales de la comunidad de Araneae. Se reportan nuevas especies de arañas para Argentina, muchas ellas con registros escasos y aislados en Sudamérica, así como especies de importancia ecológica.