Operating Costs Of Equipment Research Articles

Analisis Biaya Operasional Alat Berat pada Pekerjaan Timbunan

Heavy equipment plays an important role in construction work, especially road construction work. The advantage of using heavy equipment is that it can get the job done faster. Improper use of heavy equipment will cause losses, so an analysis of operational costs is very necessary. Accurate and complete calculation of heavy equipment operational costs will help companies to make decisions, especially from a financial perspective. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of the operating costs of heavy equipment, and to know the proper and proper handling of heavy equipment. Cost analysis on heavy equipment is expected to provide benefits to be able to plan heavy equipment management in a coordinated, effective and sustainable manner. This research was conducted on the project Peningkatan Jalan Alun-Alun Suka Makmue-Jalan Lingkar Timur Ibu Kota Tahap II which is located in the district Nagan Raya. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, namely research that seeks to describe problem solving based on data that will be obtained in the field. This research was conducted on four types of heavy equipment, namely excavators, motor graders, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks. The results of the calculation of the operational cost analysis of excavator heavy equipment Rp. 738,617 per hour, motor grader Rp. 572,401 per hour, vibrator roller Rp. 499,735 per hour and water tanker truck Rp. 348,859 per hour. From the results obtained, it shows that for heavy equipment excavators and motor graders there has not been a return on capital, while for heavy equipment vibrator rollers and water tankers there has been a return on capital. So for heavy equipment, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks, it is feasible to replace them with new tools

Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Hydrogen Blending Gas and Demand Response

In the context of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking, in order to achieve low carbon emissions and promote the efficient utilization of wind energy, hydrogen energy as an important energy carrier is proposed to mix hydrogen and natural gas to form hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG). It is also injected into the natural gas pipeline network to achieve the transmission and utilization of hydrogen energy. At the same time, the participation of demand response is considered, the load’s peak and trough periods are adjusted, and the large-scale consumption of renewable energy and the reduction in carbon emissions are achieved. First of all, a fine model of hydrogen production and hydrogen use equipment is established to analyze the impact of adding hydrogen mixing on the economy and the low-carbon property of the system. With green certificates and demand response, the utilization rate of hydrogen energy is improved to further explore the energy utilization rate and emission reduction capacity of the system. Secondly, on the basis of modeling, the optimal scheduling strategy is proposed with the sum of energy purchase cost, equipment operation cost, carbon emission cost, wind curtailment cost, and green certificate income as the lowest objective function. Considering the constraints such as hydrogen blending ratio and flexible load ratio of the pipeline network, a low-carbon economic scheduling model of hydrogen mixed natural gas was established. The model was linearized and solved by using MATLAB 2021a and CPLEX solver. By comparing different scenarios, the superiority of the model and the effectiveness of the strategy are verified.

Optimizing the Use of Heavy Equipment on Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road

Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road Construction Project in 2019 include activities of digging, moving, displacing, leveling, forming the road body and compacting embankment soil in a loose volume of 375,000.00 m3 in solid with laterite soil type (chosen fill) . The heavy equipment used will be calculated for productivity, tool requirements and operational costs for each tool, namely: Komatsu PC 200 Excavator, Nissan Hino FM 260 JD 16 m3 Dump Truck, Catterpillar D6R Bulldozer, Catterpillar 120 G Motor Grader and Vibratory Roller Bomag Komatsu BW 217 D. Analysis and calculations using data analysis methods include material analysis, work implementation methodology, equipment production calculations, tool requirements, and equipment operating costs to complete the work. The results of the analysis show that Excavator productivity is 150.70 m3/hour, number of 3 units, operational costs Rp. .77m3/hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 1,617,521,830.24, Motor Grader productivity 1,392 m3 / hour, quantity 1 unit, operational costs Rp. 247,830,796, 12 and Vibratory Roller productivity 241.07 m3 / hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 757. 806,142.93. with a total cost of using heavy equipment for earthworks of Rp. 8,481,158,634.27

Modeling method for optimal scheduling of Park comprehensive energy source load storage and consumption considering customer portrait

Aiming at the problems of energy consumption optimization of park integrated energy source load storage system in power grid dispatching, a modeling method of park integrated energy consumption optimization dispatching considering user portrait is proposed. Firstly, an improved k-means portrait method is proposed for park users; Secondly, on the premise of considering the constraints of equipment operation in the park, cluster users in the park, and establish an energy consumption optimization scheduling model with the objective function of user satisfaction, net income of wind power consumption and equipment operation cost; Finally, SAPSO algorithm and fuzzy theory are used for decision-making. The example simulation shows that the proposed model is correct and effective, which is more precise and objective than the traditional model.

Диагностика электротехнических компонентов гидротехнического оборудования: эффективность комплексного подхода

Diagnostics of electrical components of hydrotechnical equipment used in agricultural production within the planned maintenance intervals with continuous analysis of residual resource is useful for reducing equipment operation costs. The use of inexpensive universal diagnostic equipment in conjunction with primary analysis of the state of units makes it possible to detect 60 to 80% of pre-failure states. To ensure efficient application of complex approach to primary diagnostics of electrical components of hydraulic equipment used in agricultural production, the authors considered the most common electric motors of pumping units, electrohydraulic distributors and switching equipment. Complex diagnostics included the use of a thermal imager, vibration signal processing systems and current signal control systems. The vibrograms of equipment control points were analyzed, the state of bearing units, cavitation characteristics of pumps were assessed by methods of acoustic and vibration diagnostics, hydraulic equipment leaks were searched, power cables breakdown zones were detected in accordance with methodical instructions for determining the breakdowns of power cables with voltage up to 10 kV RD34.20.516‑90. The article shows the possibilities of applying the diagnostics methodology based on surface thermograms to determine typical defects. Particularly discussed are the parameters of current signals from the electromagnet coils observed in case of distribution equipment malfunction. The authors give comparative evaluation of diagnostics methods with calculated efficiency determination. It is established that the method of combined diagnostics using the analysis of external thermal fields can halve the time of preliminary diagnostics of faults with a stable forecast of the failure time 2‑3 months before the critical state. This reduces the costs for detection of unit failures and simplifies the planning of maintenance procedures.

Moving target defense of FDIAs for battery energy storage systems in smart distribution networks

Accurate state of charge (SoC) estimation of battery energy storage systems is essential for ensuring the security, stability, and economy of smart distribution networks. However, SoC estimation is vulnerable to false data injection attacks (FDIAs). To address this challenge, this paper proposes an improved approach to moving target defense (MTD) that takes into account the grid-connected nature of the energy storage system. Specifically, we introduce perturbations to the reactance on the AC side of the battery energy storage systems and the inductance of the distribution network to enhance the traditional MTD. Furthermore, we design a cost-minimizing solution to mitigate the potential impact of MTD on the system. Our defense strategy considers the change in active power loss and the equipment operation cost as the system defense cost. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms conventional MTD in IEEE13 and IEEE33 bus systems, with close-time usage, in terms of defense against FDIAs.

Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch for Integrated Energy System Through the Dynamic Reward and Penalty Carbon Emission Pricing Mechanism

The integrated energy system (IES) plays a key role in energy conservation and emission reduction. In order to realize the low-carbon economic dispatch of the IES, current studies usually utilize the fixed and the ladder-type pricing mechanism-based carbon emission unit cost (CEUC) in the optimal dispatch model. However, those mechanisms fail to take carbon emissions levels of the system into account, and the relevant parameters, such as the interval length, are hard to set. In order to tackle this challenge, a CEUC model with a dynamic reward and penalty pricing mechanism (DRPPM) is constructed. And then an optimal dispatch model to minimize the comprehensive operation cost, including the carbon emission cost, the energy purchasing cost, and the equipment operation cost, is proposed. At last, an actual electricity–heat–cooling–gas IES is employed to analyze the impact of parameters of the CEUC model on the dispatch.

Research on multi-heat-source scheduling strategy of heating system based on improved fireworks algorithm

In this paper, the heating system of the airport energy station is taken as the research object. Aiming at the existing scheduling strategy of multi-heat-source heating system is difficult to achieve the optimal system working condition on the premise of meeting the needs of users. An intelligent scheduling strategy based on an improved FWA is studied. Firstly, the multi-heat-source heating system is analyzed, and the energy consumption model of operating equipment is established. According to the actual situation of the equipment, the multi-objective scheduling model is established. Then, the improved multi-objective fireworks algorithm is studied, including the initialization definition method of fireworks operator, the calculation method of fitness, mutation operator, the calculation method of explosion spark radius, and the concept of Pareto solution set in genetic algorithm with elite strategy is introduced. Finally, a multi-objective optimization function is established to minimize the equipment operation cost and heat source cost, and the multi-objective optimization problem is solved. Compared with the existing airport energy station dispatching scheme, the total operation cost of the optimized system is saved about 28.44%, and the energy waste is reduced based on the excellent operation of the heating system, achieved the optimal working condition

Optimal Internet of Things Technology Adoption Decisions and Pricing Strategies for High-Traceability Logistics Services

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology-based tracking system can reduce freight loss/damage during delivery, thereby avoiding wasting social resources. In this study, we address the issue of whether an E-retailer with a logistics arm should provide high-traceability logistics value-added service (based on IoT technology) in two customer segments and analyze their pricing decision. We found that companies always adopt IoT when equipment operation cost is low and not when the cost is high. Otherwise, the optimal IoT adoption strategy for a company depends on multiple factors, for example, the internal operation efficiency of a company. Providing high-traceability service as one kind of public service does not necessarily optimize social welfare even if the overall delivery failure is reduced. The customers’ preference for traceability significantly affects the company’s decision. Hence, we suggest that the company should implement a comprehensive investigation before launching a specific strategy.

Методи розподілу витрат на утримання і експлуатацію обладнання при визначенні собівартості промислової продукції

The method of costs allocation for equipment maintenance and operation has been analyzed. It is especially important to properly allocate costs by type of product at those industrial enterprises, where a complex range of products is produced as a result of a single production process. The main method for calculating the product cost unit in industry is calculating the product cost and expense budget. Differentiated methods should be used in allocating indirect costs between particular products or types of products, depending on the nature of a cost, its economic nature, and its connection with the process of forming production cost. In calculating production cost, costs for production maintenance and management are identified, having a very diverse composition. A big group of expenses connected with equipment operation (depreciation on operating equipment and vehicles; maintenance repair of the equipment and shop-floor travelers; wear of low-value tools; the wages of workers engaged in equipment maintenance; maintenance materials) is singled out in a special spending pattern. It is established that quite accurate results are also used in a number of industries. For example, the method of allocation of indirect costs allows the maintenance costs and equipment operation costs to be reasonably allocated, thus making it possible to more accurately calculate the production cost and make management decisions on this basis. It should be noted that, since indirect costs include a large number of various production costs, which differ in many economic respects, allocation of all indirect costs should not be carried out on a single basis.

Research on urban new energy repeated conversion method oriented to municipal planning

In order to overcome the waste of energy in the utilisation of traditional urban new energy sources, a new urban renewable energy conversion method oriented to municipal planning is proposed. Based on the energy purchase cost, equipment operation cost and penalty cost of the new energy conversion system, the new energy conversion objective function is set up. The original constraints and lower optimisation problems are combined by KKT condition. Fortuny - A mat McCarl method is selected to transform the combined problems. For linear constraints, all models in the system are solved, and the unified and coordinated planning of multi-energy forms such as electricity, natural gas and heat energy is completed. The experimental results show that the method can transform the new urban energy, alleviate the pressure of transmission network and achieve energy optimisation; at the same time, it can effectively store energy and realise the repeated conversion of new energy; and the average conversion cost is only 200,100 Yuan, with high economic benefits.

Part cost estimation in injection moulding

The part cost optimization is one of the major problems in plastics industry. The designers must take into account a lot of aspects regarding the functional role of the part, the mechanical loads, and least but not last, the part cost. The part cost depends on the mould cost, the equipment operation cost and the material cost. The paper presents a methodology to estimate the part cost, focusing on the equipment operation cost. In addition, a spreadsheet is provided in order to estimate the equipment operation cost.

Cost analysis in injection moulded plastic parts designing

One of the major problem in plastic part design consists in the cost optimization. The designer should take into consideration some relevant aspects that are related to the functional role of the part, the mechanical and thermal loads, and the part cost. The part cost depends on three main components: the mould cost, the equipment operation cost and the material cost. The injection cycle time, the part volume and the material nature can estimate the last two components of the part cost. The mould cost is more difficult to estimate, and current CAD software did not integrate such a feature. The paper present a methodology to estimate the mould cost, taking into consideration the part geometry and its dimensional prescriptions. In addition, a spreadsheet is provided in order to estimate the mould cost.

Switchgrass nitrogen response and estimated production costs on diverse sites

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been the principal perennial herbaceous crop investigated for bioenergy production in North America given its high production potential, relatively low input requirements, and potential suitability for use on marginal lands. Few large trials have determined switchgrass yields at field scale on marginal lands, including analysis of production costs. Thus, a field‐scale study was conducted to develop realistic yield and cost estimates for diverse regions of the USA. Objectives included measuring switchgrass response to fertility treatments (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) and generating corresponding estimates of production costs for sites with diverse soil and climatic conditions. Trials occurred in Iowa, New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Virginia, USA. Cultivars and management practices were site specific, and field‐scale equipment was used for all management practices. Input costs were estimated using final harvest‐year (2015) prices, and equipment operation costs were estimated with the MachData model ($2015). Switchgrass yields generally were below those reported elsewhere, averaging 6.3 Mg ha−1 across sites and treatments. Establishment stand percent ranged from 28% to 76% and was linked to initial year production. No response to N was observed at any site in the first production year. In subsequent seasons, N generally increased yields on well‐drained soils; however, responses to N were nil or negative on less well‐drained soils. Greatest percent increases in response to 112 kg N ha−1 were 57% and 76% on well‐drained South Dakota and Virginia sites, where breakeven prices to justify N applications were over $70 and $63 Mg−1, respectively. For some sites, typically promoted N application rates may be economically unjustified; it remains unknown whether a bioenergy industry can support the breakeven prices estimated for sites where N inputs had positive effects on switchgrass yield.

Carbon Footprint and Production Costs Associated with Varying the Intensity of Production Practices During Field-grown Shrub Production

This research uses a life cycle analysis and economic engineering approach to determine the costs and global warming potential (GWP) of production and post-production practices associated with Taxus ×media ‘Densiformis’, which is often grown using a more capital-intensive regime during the propagative and harvesting stages than the typical field-grown shrub. Total variable costs incurred during the rooted cutting stage were slightly over $0.24 per marketable rooted cutting. This was made up of $0.1966, $0.032, and $0.0127 for labor, materials, and equipment operating costs, respectively. The GWP of materials and equipment used during the rooted cutting stage of production was 0.0097 and 0.2762 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2e), respectively. Equipment costs in this phase were predominantly from heating the greenhouse (92%) and the greenhouse heating functions comprised 95% of the rooting cutting GWP. GWP during the post-farm gate stage was 2.4506 kg CO2e per marketable shrub but was offset by 12.5522 kg CO2 being sequestered in the shrub during its time in the landscape and weighted over the 100-year assessment period, leaving a net GWP of –8.1824 kg CO2e per marketable shrub by the end of the life cycle. Total takedown and disposal costs (labor) after an assumed 50-year life in the landscape were $9.0610. During the entire life cycle from cutting to landscape to takedown and disposal, total variable costs incurred were $17.9856 per shrub. These findings are consistent with previous studies in that the GWP is positive when considering the entire life cycle of the shrub from propagation to eventual removal from the landscape. Knowing the carbon footprint of production and distribution components of field-grown shrubs will help nursery managers understand the environmental costs associated with their respective systems and evaluate potential system modifications to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Reduced supplementation frequency increased insulin-like growth factor 1 in beef steers fed medium quality hay and supplemented with a soybean hull and corn gluten feed blend.

Reducing supplementation frequency in calf growing programs can reduce labor and equipment operation costs. However, little is understood about the metabolic response of ruminants to large fluctuations in nutrient intake. Eighteen Angus or Angus × Simmental cross steers (287 ± 20 kg and 310 ± 3.6 d of age) were individually fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments using Calan gates. Dietary treatments consisted of ad libitum hay and no supplement (NS), ad libitum hay and 1% BW (as-fed basis) of supplement daily (DS), or ad libitum hay and 2% BW (as-fed basis) of supplement every other day (SA). The supplement was 90% DM and contained (as-fed basis) 47% corn gluten feed, 47% soybean hulls, 2% feed grade limestone, and 4% molasses. Hay intake and ADG was measured over a 52-d period. Steers were then moved to individual tie stalls. Steers were fed at 0800 h and blood samples were collected every hour from 0600 to 1400 h and at 1800, 2200, and 0200 h over a 2-d period. Gains were increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation but did not differ (P = 0.68) due to supplementation frequency. Average daily gain was 0.45, 0.90, and 0.87 kg ·hd(-1)·d(-1) (SEM ± 0.05) for steers NS, DS, and SA, respectively. Across the 2-d supplementation cycle area under the concentration time curve (AUC) for plasma glucose was increased (P < 0.01) by supplementation but did not differ (P = 0.41) due to supplementation frequency. The AUC for plasma insulin was increased by supplementation (P < 0.01) but did not differ (P = 0.67) due to supplementation frequency. Plasma IGF-1 was increased (P = 0.01) by supplementation and was greater (P = 0.04) for steers supplemented SA than DS. Gains of steers supplemented with a soybean hull and corn gluten feed blend on alternate days did not differ from those supplemented daily suggesting the steers were able to efficiently utilize large boluses of nutrients fed every other day. The effect of less frequent supplementation on IGF-1 deserves further examination as this hormone has been shown to increase protein synthesis.

Market Obsolescence and Strategic Replacement Models

ABSTRACT Economic replacement models have been criticized for their inability to account for strategic factors when replacement concerns an upgrade in technology. This article distinguishes the concept of market obsolescence as an extension to replacement theory. Through the assessment of demand and price changes attributable to the employment of advanced production technologies, strategic implications of replacements can be economically evaluated. Salvage value and equipment operating costs are modeled as functions ol equipment age in traditional replacement models. Because strategic replacement involves changing demand levels, it is necessary to model salvage value and operating costs as functions of both age and cumulative equipmenl use. Two example problems demonstrate the extensions to replacement analysis.

Fuzzy Optimization for Economy-Security Coordination in Power System Planning

In the power system expansion planning, the sum of the equipment construction cost (fixed cost) and operation cost (variable cost) is used as a major criterion to be minimized, but, on the other hand, the supply reliability must also be maintained at a desirable level. In the present paper, the power system expansion planning is formulated as a reliability-economy coordination problem. The loss of load probability (LOLP) is selected as the reliability index while the equipment operation cost and the new equipment construction cost are used for the economy index. And, the Fuzzy set theory, which is an effective approach to the optimization problem having such an ambiguity and trade-off relation is applied. Also, an attempt is made to obtain the solution coordinating the two indices by setting up functions, known as the membership functions, which express the ambiguity of the constraints and objectives. And, the possibility of system planning reflecting the intentions of the planner by variously changing the membership functions will be shown. This approach will be applied to a test system to clarify its practicability and the problem to be solved for implementing in real systems.

Forest Harvesting Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs in 1984

Abstract Forest harvesting equipment purchase costs in 1984 were determined by a survey of equipment dealers and manufacturers operating in the South. Based on delivered purchase prices, fixed costs for equipment ownership were calculated using machine rate formulas. Equipment operating costs were estimated based on general guidelines, fuel consumption data, and historical records. The fixed and operating cost data can be used when considering equipment investments and analyzing actual or potential harvesting systems.

Loran-C Replacement Equipment (LRE)

A program was initiated by the U.S. Coast Guard during 1973 to develop a Loran–C Replacement Equipment (LRE) package to replace or improve the existing Loran–C ground station equipment. The overall goal of this program is to improve LORSTA operational performance while simultaneously reducing personnel and equipment operating costs. Evaluation of the LRE at 12 LORSTAs during the past two years has shown that the program goal has been achieved. In addition, use of the LRE permits operation of secondary LORSTAs in a semi-automated mode. This paper describes a joint effort by the Electronics Engineering Division, Coast Guard Headquarters (G–EEE) and Electronics Engineering Center, Wildwood, N.J. (EECEN) engineers to develop, evaluate, and plan for expansion of the LRE program. In addition, the function, operation, and interaction of each individual LRE unit is described.