Equipment In Industrial Applications Research Articles

2-(4-fluorobenzyl)Chromeno[2,3-c]Pyrozol-3(2H)-One as Copper Corrosion Inhibitor in HNO3: Gravimetric and Quantum Chemical Investigation Methods

The use of organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors has become a principal means of protecting metal equipment in industrial applications. This work therefore set out to evaluate the inhibiting properties of 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)chromeno[2,3-c] pyrozol-3(2H)-one for copper corrosion in 1M nitric acid solution. These properties were investigated using gravimetric method and quantum chemical calculations. Inhibition efficiency increased with temperature, inhibitor concentration and immersion time. Adsorption of this molecule on copper surface occurs according to Langmuir isotherm, while the thermodynamic parameters of absorption and kinetics prove that adsorption is spontaneous and dominated by chemisorption. Quantum chemical parameters derived from density functional theory (DFT) revealed that there is a strong interaction based on electronic exchange between the inhibitor and copper. Global and local reactivity parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital energy, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, energy gap, Fukui functions and dual descriptor were used to understand the molecule-metal interface and to design more appropriate organic corrosion inhibitors. Theoretical results proved to be consistent with the experimental data obtained.

A strategy of mixed tube bundle to improve anti-deposition performance and heat transfer

Ash deposition is a key issue that limits the energy utilization and safety operation of high-energy-consuming equipment in industrial applications, and the clarification of the heat and mass transfer process under ash deposition is vital. To improve the anti-deposition performance of tube bundles and mitigate heat transfer deterioration, a mixed strategy with attached small cylinders arranged behind the tube has been proposed, which overcomes the difficulties faced by irregular and extended surface tube bundles in manufacturing, cleaning, maintenance, and energy consumption. A CFD model incorporating multiple deposition mechanisms is established to investigate the dynamic deposition behavior, heat transfer characteristics, and comprehensive performance of the tube bundles. In particular, the dynamic growth process of the deposition layer on heat transfer surface in this work is achieved through a dynamic mesh smoothing method based on inverse distance weighting interpolation. Parametric studies are conducted on different arrangements and angles (α = 15° - 65°) of the attached cylinders to obtain the optimal comprehensive performance design. The results show that the attached cylinders suppress the formation and development of the wake vortex caused by the primary tube bundle, significantly enhancing the anti-deposition performance of the tube bundles. The length of vortex evolution increases and the separation point of the boundary layer extends with the angles, leading to a transition of the vortex shedding regime between tube bundles. Compared to the benchmark case, Case 1 exhibits a higher anti-deposition and heat transfer performance, where the deposition mass decreases by 43.98% and the PEC reaches the maximum value of 1.11 at α = 45°, which delivers the best comprehensive performance. The results can provide more realistic predictions for the practical design, operation, and maintenance of thermal equipment.

Gas Insulated Substation Equipment for Industrial Applications

An electrical substation is an assembly of components used to direct the flow of electrical energy and, with interrupting and protective devices, to ensure the security of an electrical power system. Until recently the only available method for construction of high voltage systems was to use exposed air insulated equipment supported on porcelain columns. The past decade has witnessed the introduction and wide acceptance of compressed gas insulated equipment as a viable alternative to the conventional substation system. The characteristics of gas insulated substations (GIS) and their application for industrial use at service voltages at 69 kV and above are discussed.

The Italian Heavy Mechanical Engineering Industry

This paper is divided into two parts. The first deals with the Italian heavy mechanical engineering industry in general. It contains a brief history of the industry from the nineteenth century to the present day and then considers three important factors at present affecting the industry: technological progress; the growth of labour-training facilities as the number of men employed increases; the increase in size of companies. The second part deals in some detail with the following sectors of the industry: power-generating machines; thermal power-generating equipment for industrial applications; machine tools; pumps and compressors; lifting and handling equipment. In all these sectors significant progress has been made.

Industrial Applications of X-Ray Techniques

The attempt has been made to give a general picture of the field covered by x-ray equipment for industrial applications rather than to give detailed information about specific applications. The wide assortment of such applications calls for a wide variety of equipment designs and much specialized knowledge on the designers' part, not only of x-ray physics but of electrical and electronic apparatus and circuitry and of the particular industrial field for which the equipmnent is intended to be applied.

940 - 960 megacycle communications equipment for industrial applications

Discussions on the reasons for development,the technical details,and the application of microwave comunications equipment have been presented previously. A study of the schematics for these equipment will make it obvious that microwave equipment is made up of arrangements of parts which differ widely fom those normally encountered in electronic equipment for industrial applications. The purpose of this paper is to show why this difference exists. For example, it will be shown why a microwave receiver may need 20 or more tubes and a power-line carrier receiver may require only one tube. To illustrate why microwave equipment is different,an analysis will be made of portions of the Westinghouse type FB940 960-megacycle communications equipment.