Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm Research Articles

Developing a management and operation model for water and wastewater components using the equilibrium optimization algorithm

Abstract A novel optimization model was developed using the equilibrium optimization algorithm to define the most appropriate management process according to the current state of urban water components in utilities. The basis of the optimization model is the current status analysis and management system, which consists of 11 main headings and 231 components. This model is applied for three utilities, and the results are presented in comparison with real-time data. Currently, the number of components with 0 or 1 score is 28, 19 and 69, respectively. The current average scores of the components in the utilities were obtained as 2.84, 3.43 and 2.48, respectively. Then, the improvement process of these components is optimized by the equilibrium optimization algorithm. The most appropriate targets were defined as 3.90, 4.15 and 3.71, respectively, with the optimization algorithm by considering the current scores in the utilities. The target scores for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment components are determined as 3.81, 4.05 and 3.84 for utility I; 4.03, 4.18 and 4.22 for utility II; and 3.51, 3.56 and 4.05 for utility III. The proposed model will be a reference for defining the most appropriate target and determining the management process.

The Optimal Model for Copy-Move Forgery Detection in Medical Images.

Digital devices can easily forge medical images. Copy-move forgery detection (CMFD) in medical image has led to abuses in areas where access to advanced medical devices is unavailable. Forgery of the copy-move image directly affects the doctor's decision. The method discussed here is an optimal method for detecting medical image forgery. The proposed method is based on an evolutionary algorithm that can detect fake blocks well. In the first stage, the image is taken to the signal level with the help of a discrete cosine transform (DCT). It is then ready for segmentation by applying discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The low-low band of DWT, which has the most image properties, is divided into blocks. Each block is searched using the equilibrium optimization algorithm. The blocks are most likely to be selected, and the final image is generated. The proposed method was evaluated based on three criteria of precision, recall, and F1 and obtained 90.07%, 92.34%, and 91.56%, respectively. It is superior to the methods studied on medical images. It concluded that our method for CMFD in the medical images was more accurate.

Micro aneurysm detection using optimized residual-based temporal attention Convolutional Neural Network with Inception-V3 transfer learning.

In this manuscript micro aneurysm detection using residual-based temporal attention Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Inception-V3 transfer learning optimized with equilibrium optimization algorithm (MA-RTCNN-Inception V3-EOA) is proposed. The proposed research work contains four phases: (1) pre-processing, (2) segmentation, (3) post-processing, and (4) classification. At first, guided box filtering for contrast enhancement and background exclusion of input image. The proposed MA-RTCNN-Inception V3-EOA based classification framework is implemented in MATLAB using several performances evaluating metrics like precision, sensitivity, f-measure, specificity, accuracy, classification error rate, and Matthews's correlation coefficient and RoC analysis. The experimental outcome demonstrates that the proposed method provides 23.56%, 14.99%, and 21.37% higher accuracy and 31.26%, 57.69%, and 21.14% minimum classification error rate compared to existing methods, such as diabetic retinopathy identification utilizing prognosis of micro aneurysm and early diagnosis for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy depending on deep learning approaches (DRD-CNN-NPDR), a magnified adaptive feature pyramid network for automatic micro aneurysms identification (MAFPN-AMD-MAFP-Net) respectively. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Micro aneurysm detection using residual-based temporal attention Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed. To get rid of the retina background, guided box filtering is applied. COAT is used for segmenting the images into smaller parts RTCNN is used for accurate micro aneurysms disease classification. RT-CNN algorithm successfully identifies the micro aneurysms using EOA.

Accelerating biomedical image segmentation using equilibrium optimization with a deep learning approach

<abstract> <p>Biomedical image segmentation is a vital task in the analysis of medical imaging, including the detection and delineation of pathological regions or anatomical structures within medical images. It has played a pivotal role in a variety of medical applications, involving diagnoses, monitoring of diseases, and treatment planning. Conventionally, clinicians or expert radiologists have manually conducted biomedical image segmentation, which is prone to human error, subjective, and time-consuming. With the advancement in computer vision and deep learning (DL) algorithms, automated and semi-automated segmentation techniques have attracted much research interest. DL approaches, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNN), have revolutionized biomedical image segmentation. With this motivation, we developed a novel equilibrium optimization algorithm with a deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation (EOADL-BIS) technique. The purpose of the EOADL-BIS technique is to integrate EOA with the Faster RCNN model for an accurate and efficient biomedical image segmentation process. To accomplish this, the EOADL-BIS technique involves Faster R-CNN architecture with ResNeXt as a backbone network for image segmentation. The region proposal network (RPN) proficiently creates a collection of a set of region proposals, which are then fed into the ResNeXt for classification and precise localization. During the training process of the Faster RCNN algorithm, the EOA was utilized to optimize the hyperparameter of the ResNeXt model which increased the segmentation results and reduced the loss function. The experimental outcome of the EOADL-BIS algorithm was tested on distinct benchmark medical image databases. The experimental results stated the greater efficiency of the EOADL-BIS algorithm compared to other DL-based segmentation approaches.</p> </abstract>

CFDMI-SEC: An optimal model for copy-move forgery detection of medical image using SIFT, EOM and CHM.

Image forgery is one of the issues that can create challenges for law enforcement. Digital devices can easily Copy-move images, forging medical photos. In the insurance industry, forensics, and sports, image forgery has become very common and has created problems. Copy-Move Forgery in Medical Images (CMFMI) has led to abuses in areas where access to advanced medical devices is unavailable. The proposed model (SEC) is a three-part model based on an evolutionary algorithm that can detect fake blocks well. In the first part, suspicious points are discovered with the help of the SIFT algorithm. In the second part, suspicious blocks are found using the equilibrium optimization algorithm. Finally, color histogram Matching (CHM) matches questionable points and blocks. The proposed method (SEC) was evaluated based on accuracy, recall, and F1 criteria, and 100, 97.00, and 98.47% were obtained for the fake medical images, respectively. Experimental results show robustness against different transformation and post-processing operations on medical images.

A Novel Dynamic and Self-Adaptive InCre Technique Based on PI Control and EO Optimization for Hybrid PV-TEG Conversion Systems

This work presents an improvement of the incremental conductance technique by adding PI controllers optimized by the recent equilibrium optimization algorithm. It addresses the main weaknesses of the incremental conductance algorithm consisting of the choice of step-size and the elimination of oscillations around the MPP. The proposed approach makes the MPPT control more dynamic and self-adaptive against the atmospheric conditions change. It has been applied for a photovoltaic generator, the thermoelectric generator and for the hybridization of the two generators. The simulation results, and the comparative study with the optimized step-size P&O and Incremental conductance methods, prove the efficiency and superiority of the proposed technique in terms of energy extraction and speed. The introduced work is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Enhancing PV distributed generator planning in medium‐voltage DC distribution networks: A multi‐design techno‐economic analysis with load demand response

AbstractDistributed generators have grown in significance for the technical and financial operation of electric power systems in recent years. The integration of these generators into the electrical distribution network (EDN) has experienced rapid growth, primarily driven by advancements in renewable energy sources (RESs), particularly photovoltaic distributed generators (PVDGs). With the increasing implementation of solar energy as a RES, designing the optimal integration of PVDGs into medium voltage direct current (MVDC) networks is crucial to comprehensively analyzing technical and economic factors. To address this issue, a new multiple objective function (MOF) is proposed, which combines various techno‐economic parameters such as total active power loss (APL), voltage deviation (VD), and the investment cost of PVDGs (ICPVDG) installed in the test system. The objective is to minimize the MOF simultaneously to achieve the optimal incorporation of PVDGs. This study aims to solve the allocation problems related to the location and size of PVDG units in the modified MVDC test systems IEEE 27 and 33‐bus. Simulation results demonstrate the superior accuracy and effectiveness of the equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA) in achieving the minimum MOF. The utilization of multiple PVDG units reduces overall active power losses and improves voltage profiles across all buses.

Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Enabled Prostate Cancer Detection on MRI Images.

The enlargement of the prostate gland in the reproductive system of males is considered a form of prostate cancer (PrC). The survival rate is considerably improved with earlier diagnosis of cancer; thus, timely intervention should be administered. In this study, a new automatic approach combining several deep learning (DL) techniques was introduced to detect PrC from MRI and ultrasound (US) images. Furthermore, the presented method describes why a certain decision was made given the input MRI or US images. Many pretrained custom-developed layers were added to the pretrained model and employed in the dataset. The study presents an Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning-based Prostate Cancer Detection and Classification (EOADL-PCDC) technique on MRIs. The main goal of the EOADL-PCDC method lies in the detection and classification of PrC. To achieve this, the EOADL-PCDC technique applies image preprocessing to improve the image quality. In addition, the EOADL-PCDC technique follows the CapsNet (capsule network) model for the feature extraction model. The EOA is based on hyperparameter tuning used to increase the efficiency of CapsNet. The EOADL-PCDC algorithm makes use of the stacked bidirectional long short-term memory (SBiLSTM) model for prostate cancer classification. A comprehensive set of simulations of the EOADL-PCDC algorithm was tested on the benchmark MRI dataset. The experimental outcome revealed the superior performance of the EOADL-PCDC approach over existing methods in terms of different metrics.

A New MPPT-Based Extended Grey Wolf Optimizer for Stand-Alone PV System: A Performance Evaluation versus Four Smart MPPT Techniques in Diverse Scenarios

Photovoltaic (PV) systems play a crucial role in clean energy systems. Effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are essential to optimize their performance. However, conventional MPPT methods exhibit limitations and challenges in real-world scenarios characterized by rapidly changing environmental factors and various operating conditions. To address these challenges, this paper presents a performance evaluation of a novel extended grey wolf optimizer (EGWO). The EGWO has been meticulously designed in order to improve the efficiency of PV systems by rapidly tracking and maintaining the maximum power point (MPP). In this study, a comparison is made between the EGWO and other prominent MPPT techniques, including the grey wolf optimizer (GWO), equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and sin cos algorithm (SCA) techniques. To evaluate these MPPT methods, a model of a PV module integrated with a DC/DC boost converter is employed, and simulations are conducted using Simulink-MATLAB software under standard test conditions (STC) and various environmental conditions. In particular, the results demonstrate that the novel EGWO outperforms the GWO, EOA, PSO and SCA techniques and shows fast tracking speed, superior dynamic response, high robustness and minimal power fluctuations across both STC and variable conditions. Thus, a power fluctuation of 0.09 W could be achieved by using the proposed EGWO technique. Finally, according to these results, the proposed approach can offer an improvement in energy consumption. These findings underscore the potential benefits of employing the novel MPPT EGWO to enhance the efficiency and performance of MPPT in PV systems. Further exploration of this intelligent technique could lead to significant advancements in optimizing PV system performance, making it a promising option for real-world applications.

Diversity enhanced Equilibrium Optimization algorithm for solving unconstrained and constrained optimization problems

Diversity enhanced Equilibrium Optimization algorithm for solving unconstrained and constrained optimization problems

An efficient approach to medical image fusion based on optimization and transfer learning with VGG19

Medical image fusion is the process of combining information from multiple medical images of the same body region acquired using different imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) into a single image. It is widely used in clinical applications such as oncology, neurology, and cardiology. Deep learning-based approaches have been used to solve this problem. However, some medical image fusion approaches based on pre-trained models still have limitations because these models may not be trained on a diverse set of medical images, which may lead to inefficiencies in extracting features from medical images. Therefore, it is not effective to use feature-based fusion rules extracted from a pre-trained model. In this study, we use the transfer learning technique to build a modified VGG19 model (called TL_VGG19) and use this model to extract features as well as build an efficient fusion rule for detail components. Furthermore, to ensure that the composite image is not degraded in terms of quality. We propose an adaptive fusion method for the base components based on the Equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA). The seven latest synthesis methods were used for comparison. The experimental results clearly indicate that the methodology employed in this study outperforms existing the latest methods.

A discrete equilibrium optimization algorithm for breast cancer diagnosis

Illness diagnosis is the essential step in designating a treatment. Nowadays, Technological advancements in medical equipment can produce many features to describe breast cancer disease with more comprehensive and discriminant data. Based on the patient’s medical data, several data-driven models are proposed for breast cancer diagnosis using learning techniques such as naive Bayes, neural networks, and SVM. However, the models generated are hardly understandable, so doctors cannot interpret them. This work aims to study breast cancer diagnosis using the associative classification technique. It generates interpretable diagnosis models. In this work, an associative classification approach for breast cancer diagnosis based on the Discrete Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm (DEOA) named Discrete Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm for Associative Classification (DEOA-AC) is proposed. DEOA-AC aims to generate accurate and interpretable diagnosis rules directly from datasets. Firstly, all features in the dataset that contains continuous values are discretized. Secondly, for each class, a new dataset is created from the original dataset and contains only the chosen class’s instances. Finally, the new proposed DEOA is called for each new dataset to generate an optimal rule set. The DEOA-AC approach is evaluated on five well-known and recently used breast cancer datasets and compared with two recently proposed and three classical breast cancer diagnosis algorithms. The comparison results show that the proposed approach can generate more accurate and interpretable diagnosis models for breast cancer than other algorithms.

A Hybrid Parallel Balanced Phasmatodea Population Evolution Algorithm and Its Application in Workshop Material Scheduling.

The phasmatodea population evolution algorithm (PPE) is a recently proposed meta-heuristic algorithm based on the evolutionary characteristics of the stick insect population. The algorithm simulates the features of convergent evolution, population competition, and population growth in the evolution process of the stick insect population in nature and realizes the above process through the population competition and growth model. Since the algorithm has a slow convergence speed and falls easily into local optimality, in this paper, it is mixed with the equilibrium optimization algorithm to make it easier to avoid the local optimum. Based on the hybrid algorithm, the population is grouped and processed in parallel to accelerate the algorithm's convergence speed and achieve better convergence accuracy. On this basis, we propose the hybrid parallel balanced phasmatodea population evolution algorithm (HP_PPE), and this algorithm is compared and tested on the CEC2017, a novel benchmark function suite. The results show that the performance of HP_PPE is better than that of similar algorithms. Finally, this paper applies HP_PPE to solve the AGV workshop material scheduling problem. Experimental results show that HP_PPE can achieve better scheduling results than other algorithms.

Copy-Move Forgery Detection Using an Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm (CMFDEOA)

Image forgery detection is a new challenge. One type of image forgery is a copy-move forgery. In this method, part of the image is copied and placed at the most similar point. Given the existing algorithms and processing software, identifying forgery areas is difficult and has created challenges in various applications. The proposed method based on the Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm (EOA) helps image forgery detection by finding forgery areas. The proposed method includes feature detection, image segmentation, and detection of forgery areas using the EOA algorithm. In the first step, the image converts to a grayscale. Then, with the help of a discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm, it is taken to the signal domain. With the help of discrete wavelet transform (DWT), its appropriate properties are introduced. In the next step, the image is divided into blocks of equal size. Then the similarity search is performed with the help of an equilibrium optimization algorithm and a suitable proportion function. Copy-move forgery detection using the Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm (CMFDEOA) can find areas of forgery with an accuracy of about 86.21% for the IMD data set and about 83.98% for the MICC-F600 data set.

An evolutionary optimization method for selecting features for speech emotion recognition

Human-computer interactions benefit greatly from emotion recognition from speech. To promote a contact-free environment in this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID’19) pandemic situation, most digitally based systems used speech-based devices. Consequently, this emotion detection from speech has many beneficial applications for pathology. The vast majority of speech emotion recognition (SER) systems are designed based on machine learning or deep learning models. Therefore, need greater computing power and requirements. This issue was addressed by developing traditional algorithms for feature selection. Recent research has shown that nature-inspired or evolutionary algorithms such as equilibrium optimization (EO) and cuckoo search (CS) based meta-heuristic approaches are superior to the traditional feature selection (FS) models in terms of recognition performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of feature selection meta-heuristic approaches on emotion recognition from speech. To achieve this, we selected the rayerson audio-visual database of emotional speech and song (RAVDESS) database and obtained maximum recognition accuracy of 89.64% using the EO algorithm and 92.71% using the CS algorithm. For this final step, we plotted the associated precision and F1 score for each of the emotional classes.

Optimization of 3D WSN coverage based on equilibrium optimization algorithm

Optimization of 3D WSN coverage based on equilibrium optimization algorithm

Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Based Brain Tumor Segmentation and Classification on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Based Brain Tumor Segmentation and Classification on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Modified Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm With Deep Learning-Based DDoS Attack Classification in 5G Networks

Modified Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm With Deep Learning-Based DDoS Attack Classification in 5G Networks

Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Ensemble Learning Based Cervical Precancerous Lesion Classification Model.

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) with deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) has been extensively used to automate labor-intensive and time-consuming work and to help in prognosis and diagnosis. AI's role in biomedical and biological imaging is an emerging field of research and reveals future trends. Cervical cell (CCL) classification is crucial in screening cervical cancer (CC) at an earlier stage. Unlike the traditional classification method, which depends on hand-engineered or crafted features, convolution neural network (CNN) usually categorizes CCLs through learned features. Moreover, the latent correlation of images might be disregarded in CNN feature learning and thereby influence the representative capability of the CNN feature. This study develops an equilibrium optimizer with ensemble learning-based cervical precancerous lesion classification on colposcopy images (EOEL-PCLCCI) technique. The presented EOEL-PCLCCI technique mainly focuses on identifying and classifying cervical cancer on colposcopy images. In the presented EOEL-PCLCCI technique, the DenseNet-264 architecture is used for the feature extractor, and the EO algorithm is applied as a hyperparameter optimizer. An ensemble of weighted voting classifications, namely long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), is used for the classification process. A widespread simulation analysis is performed on a benchmark dataset to depict the superior performance of the EOEL-PCLCCI approach, and the results demonstrated the betterment of the EOEL-PCLCCI algorithm over other DL models.

Prediction of the Sound Absorption Coefficient of Three-Layer Aluminum Foam by Hybrid Neural Network Optimization Algorithm

The combination of multilayer aluminum foam can have high sound absorption coefficients (SAC) at low and medium frequencies, and predicting its absorption coefficient can help the optimal structural design. In this study, a hybrid EO-GRNN model was proposed for predicting the sound absorption coefficient of the three-layer composite structure of the aluminum foam. The generalized regression neural network (GRNN) model was used to predict the sound absorption coefficient of three-layer composite structural aluminum foam due to its outstanding nonlinear problem-handling capability. An equilibrium optimization (EO) algorithm was used to determine the parameters in the neuronal network. The prediction results show that this method has good accuracy and high precision. The calculation result shows that this proposed hybrid model outperforms the single GRNN model, the GRNN model optimized by PSO (PSO-GRNN), and the GRNN model optimized by FOA(FOA-GRNN). The prediction results are expressed in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), absolute error, and relative error, and this method performs well with an average RMSE of only 0.011.