Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna Research Articles

High-gain TM11 mode equilateral triangular patch antenna with shorting pins and triangular short horn

Abstract Normally, the reported gain of the microstrip patch antenna is within 8 dBi. Using properly located three shorting pins on three bisectors, the present work reports a method to convert the non-radiating TM11 mode of equilateral triangular patch antennas (ETPAs) to a deformed TM11 radiating mode. The boresight gain of ETPA operating in TM11 mode is enhanced from −10.75 to 12.1 dBi at 5.43 GHz. The boresight measured gain is further enhanced to 14.2 dBi at 5.52 GHz by using a triangular surface-mounted short horn (SMSH) of about ${{\lambda }}/5$ height. The aperture efficiency of the ETPA with the shorting pins is 84.2%. The aperture efficiency is further improved to 94.2% using the SMSH. The measured boresight cross-polarization and side-lobe level are −40 and −29 dB, respectively. The nature of the electricfield and surface current distribution is analyzed, using both the characteristic mode analysis method and high-frequency structure simulator, to understand the role of shorting pin and coaxial feed in converting the non-radiating TM11 mode to the radiating mode. A systematic design process also is presented for a fast design of shorting pin-loaded ETPA on the suitable substrate at a specified frequency.

Wideband Three-Port Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna Generating Three Uncorrelated Waves for 5G MIMO Access Points

A wideband three-port equilateral triangular (ET) patch antenna capable of generating three uncorrelated broadside-radiation waves for 5G MIMO access-point application is presented. The three-port ET patch antenna has a simple structure for easy implementation. To our best knowledge, using a simple ET patch antenna to generate three uncorrelated waves for MIMO application is reported for the first time. The ET patch is mounted 11.5 mm above the ground plane and has three L-strip capacitive feeds placed below the patch’s three triangular tips. Three isolated fundamental TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> modes polarized in three different directions can be excited to generate three uncorrelated waves at the same time. With a patch length of only 38 mm ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.48\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 3.75 GHz), the three-port ET patch antenna covers 3.3-4.2 GHz (5G N77 band) with impedance matching < −10 dB and port isolation >15 dB. Details of the three-port ET patch antenna are presented.

A Simple Model to Compute Resonant Frequency of an Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna Backed by Equilateral Triangular Cavity

In this article, we have proposed a simple model to compute the resonant frequency of a triangular metallic cavity enclosed triangular patch antenna with variable air-gap height. The same investigation is carried out with an Electromagnetic simulator. The results obtained from both methods are compared and close agreement is revealed.

Simple Model to Investigate a Three Layer Electromagnetically Coupled Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna for Enhancement in Bandwidth and Gain

An analytical model is proposed for computing the resonant frequency, quality factors, bandwidth, input impedance, and gain of electromagnetically coupled stacked equilateral triangular patch antennas. The model is simple, fast, and suitable to apply directly in the computer-aided design (CAD) programs. The accuracy of the present model is computed against our newly performed and previously reported experimental results for various sets of relative permittivity and thickness of microstrip structure. We have also employed commercial software to validate the model.

Investigation of equilateral triangular patch antenna covered with several dielectric layers: theoretical and experimental study

In this article an analytical model is proposed to compute the resonant frequency, quality factor, bandwidth, gain and input impedance of a co-axial probe-fed equilateral triangular patch antenna, covered with several dielectric layers. This model is very simple and fast and directly applied to the CAD programs. The computed values, employing the present model, are compared with simulation and new experimental results for various sets of relative permittivity and thickness of different multilayered structures. The present model shows excellent agreement with simulation and experimental result for a wide variation of thickness and permittivity of multi-dielectric structure. We have also measured the radiation patterns of triangular patch antenna with different multilayered structure.

Size-Reduced Equilateral Triangular Metamaterial Patch Antenna Designed for Mobile Communications

A size-reduced equilateral triangular metamaterial patch antenna (ETMPA) is proposed for the 5G mobile communications. The new ETMPA is formed from a conventional equilateral triangular patch antenna (ETPA) by additionally loading triangular-shaped mushroom metamaterials. One ETMPA is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown to resonate at 3.488GHz. The side length is only 0.483λg, which is much smaller than that for a conventional ETPA with a length of 0.66λg. Despite its compactness, the ETMPA has an acceptable bandwidth of 2.1% and antenna gain of 6.3dBi in measurement. These performances make the compact ETMPA proposing to be used in the wireless communications at 3.5GHz.

Closed-form model to determine the co-axial probe reactance of an equilateral triangular patch antenna

AbstractA simple closed-form analytical formula is proposed to compute the probe reactance of an equilateral triangular patch antenna. The variation of the probe reactance with the variation of antenna dimension, substrate electrical parameters, and probe location is examined thoroughly. The computed values employing the present model show excellent agreement with experimental and simulation results.

Bandwidth Enhancement of a Differential-Fed Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna via Loading of Shorting Posts

A comprehensive study on the mechanism of bandwidth enhancement for an equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) under differential excitation is presented in this paper. Attributing to the way of differential excitation, the radiation directivity of TM11 mode in such a patch has been improved a lot, and field distributions for both TM10 and TM11 modes are found to be simultaneously excited for radiation. Next, two shorting posts are introduced to thisMPA so as to generate an additional mode, i.e., zero mode, which resonates in a frequency between TM10 and TM11 modes. With the proper arrangement of these three modes in proximity to each other, a wide bandwidth for radiation can be satisfactorily achieved. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed concept, a prototype antenna is finally designed and fabricated. As theoretically expected, the impedance bandwidth of the final designed patch antenna has been increased to 50.46% and the gain is around 6.5 dBi. Both simulated and measured results exhibit wide bandwidth and good performance of radiation.

Development of computational model for tunable characteristics of graphene based triangular patch antenna in THz regime

Design of antennas in terahertz regime demands for efficient design methodologies as miniaturization limits the performance in terms of higher geometric uncertainty, improper characterization of the antenna leading to fabrication difficulties. New material such as graphene having a number of desirable electromagnetic and mechanical properties can play a significant role in overcoming the limitations for miniature antenna using a well defined shape of antenna while maintaining the key antenna parameters like return loss, gain, directivity, VSWR, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency. The equilateral triangular patch antenna has been designed here using graphene as the patch conductor. The design procedure presented in this paper incorporates the electrical and non-electrical properties of graphene for initializing the tunable conductivity which is further coupled to electromagnetic simulator for analyzing the radiation properties of the graphene antenna. The mathematical modeling of the antenna is performed using ANSYS Maxwell and high frequency simulation software. The tunable characteristics of the antenna are validated from return loss and radiation plots. Sufficient radiation efficiency is achieved at resonant frequencies in the range 1---3 THz. The antenna absorption cross section variations due to tunable surface conductivity owing to applied bias voltages is also analyzed.

Miniaturisation of the triangular patch antenna by the novel dual‐reverse‐arrow fractal

A novel geometry called the dual-reverse-arrow fractal (DRAF) is introduced, which is the combination of two dual Koch fractals. It is implemented on an equilateral-triangular patch antenna. This structure has smaller dimensions compared to the rectangular structure and has wide applications in arrays to reduce their size. Furthermore, the use of triangular elements in array leads to the decrease of side-lobe levels. Four cases of the triangular patch are compared to show that the presented fractal geometry is effective in the miniaturisation of patch antenna and decreasing its resonance frequency, while the antenna bandwidth and efficiency are kept constant. To increase the antenna efficiency, an air space is placed under the patch. Finally, a portion of the corner of fractal triangle is cut to generate circular polarisation by proper positioning of the feed points. The proposed DRAF antenna achieved 40% reduction in size compared to the similar triangular antenna. The proposed DRAF geometry has potential applications in various radiating systems and microwave devices.

Equilateral triangular patch antenna for UHF RFID applications

This article proposes an equilateral triangule-shaped patch antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications in the 900 MHz (902–928 MHz) ultra high frequency (UHF) band. To achieve optimal impedance matching and 10-dB operating bandwidth at the desired band, the L-shaped probe-feed technique was used as the feeding structure of the proposed antenna. Furthermore, a near semicircular notch was also loaded into the patch so that good circularly polarized (CP) radiation can be generated from the proposed patch antenna. By simply shifting the position or radius of this notch, the CP frequency can be varied with ease. Here, 10-dB impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 25 and 3% were achieved. Furthermore, stable gain variation of approximately 6 dBi was also exhibited across the RFID UHF band. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:580–586, 2014.

Triangular Ring Antennas for Dual-Frequency Dual-Polarization or Circular-Polarization Operations

In this letter, triangular ring (TRG) antennas are proposed for dual-frequency dual-polarization (DFDP) and circular-polarization (CP) operations. By simultaneously exciting the two orthogonal modes of the TRG, the DFDP or CP performance is achieved. By varying the vertex angle of the TRG, the frequency ratio (FR) of the two orthogonal modes could be continuously tunable for the DFDP operation. By moving the FR close to 1, a CP antenna element is developed for the sequential-rotation array. Due to the geometry advantage of the TRG, the array could be designed to have a low sidelobe level (SLL). Measured results show that an overlapped bandwidth (of return loss, axial ratio, and gain) of 10% and an SLL of below <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex></formula> 20 dB are achieved. The fabricated 120 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex> </formula> TRG (for the DFDP operation) and the 75 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$ ^{\circ}$</tex></formula> TRG (for the CP operation) are 28.2% and 65.5% the size of the conventional equilateral triangular patch antenna, respectively.

Compact equilateral triangular patch antenna with slot loading

ABSTRACTThis article presents a comparative study on the effects of different slot shapes on the size reduction of a microstrip patch antenna. The antenna investigated consists of a triangular shaped patch using air as substrate which is primarily used for cost effectiveness and ease of fabrication. At first, the effect of slot loading on the patch antenna for compactness is investigated using circular slots and then triangular, rectangular, star shaped, and folded rectangular slots are introduced on the microstrip patch and their effects are studied too. The simulated and measured results show that the size reduction is achieved by 18.86, 27.35, 27.77, 29.8, and 43.47%, respectively, for these cases compared to a conventional triangular patch antenna operating at the same center frequency. It is worth mentioning that this communication presents maximum reduction in size reported so far for equilateral triangular patch antennas, apart from overcoming some significant drawbacks of other compact equilateral triangular patch antennas reported earlier in literature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:268–274, 2014

A rounded corner triangular patch antenna for dual‐frequency application

ABSTRACTA single layer of equilateral triangular patch antenna is achieved, which operates at 870 MHz and 2.45 GHz suitable for UHF and microwave radio frequency identification application. By shaping the corners of triangular patch, the antenna excites the radiation modes of TM10 and TM21 and suppresses the unwanted TM20 mode to give boresight of directed radiation patterns. This also alters the excited surface distribution of the radiating patch to enhance the antenna gain. A good agreement is obtained between the simulated and experimental results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:69–72, 2014

Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Characteristics of An Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna with and Without Variable Air Gaps

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a simple, fast, and accurate CAD oriented cavity model to predict accurately the resonant frequency, input impedance, bandwidth, efficiency, and gain of an equilateral triangular patch antenna with and without air gap in between substrate and ground plane. The present model shows very close agreement with the previously reported experiments for a wide range of antenna parameters and feed locations compared to the other models. The experimental values of input impedance, bandwidth, efficiency, and gain with air gap are not available in open literature. So, we have performed a set of experiments to validate the present model with air gap. The present model without air gap for different substrate parameters are also validated with our own experiments. The accuracy of the present model is calculated with respect to the HFSS computation and experimental results. This model will be very useful for designing the MIC on semiconductor materials with εr &gt; 10 and directly applied in portable wireless equipments. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2271–2277, 2013

Characteristics of Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna on Suspended and Composite Substrates

A computer-aided design oriented cavity model is proposed in this article to predict the effect of composite and suspended substrates on the characteristics of an equilateral triangular patch antenna. The present model is very simple, fast, accurate, and valid for an entire range of permittivities and thicknesses of composite and suspended substrates as well as a single-substrate patch antenna. No design guide line or experimental results are available in the open literature to predict the characteristics of an equilateral triangular patch antenna on composite substrate. Also, the effect of a suspended substrate on input impedance, bandwidth, and gain of an equilateral triangular patch antenna has not yet been investigated, so commercial softwares (HFSS [Ansoft Corp., 2012] and CFDTD [Artech House, 2004]) was employed to validate the present model for a suspended and composite substrate triangular patch antenna. The computed values of a triangular patch on single substrate are compared with different theoretical and experimental values available in the open literature, and the present model shows very close agreements with the experimental results. This model is very useful for designing the microwave integrated circuit on semiconductor materials with εr ≥ 10.

Fast and accurate model of equilateral triangular patch antennas with and without suspended substrates

AbstractA set of closed‐form expressions based on cavity model and equivalent resonant circuits are proposed to compute accurately the resonant frequency, input impedance, bandwidth, and gain of an equilateral triangular patch antenna (ETMPA) with and without suspended substrates. The computed values for wide range of antenna parameters and feed locations of an ETMPA without suspended substrates are compared with different experimental and theoretical values available in open literature. The present model shows very close agreement with experiments. The experimental and theoretical values of input impedance, bandwidth, and gain of an ETMPA on suspended substrate are not available. So, we have employed a commercial simulator (HFSS) to validate the present model with suspended substrate. The present model is very fast, simple, and more close to the experiments compared to other theoretical models and full wave analysis. This model is very useful for designing the MIC on semiconductor materials with εr ≥ 10. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2663–2668, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27129

Improved formulae for the resonant frequencies of triangular microstrip patch antennas

In this article, an improved formula for the effective side length (a eff) of the equilateral triangular patch antenna is presented. The computed resonant frequencies for the first five modes, using this formula, are compared with the available experimental and theoretical results in the literature. It is shown that the proposed formula has better accuracy than other available expressions. Moreover, the 30°–60°–90° and 30°–30°–120° triangular patch antennas are studied. Specifically, improved formulae for the effective dielectric constant of these patches are derived.

A STACKED EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA WITH SIERPINSKI GASKET FRACTAL FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS

In present work, a microstrip Sierpinski modifled and fractalized antenna using multilayer structure to achieve dual band behavior for WLAN applications has been proposed. Due to the space-fllling properties of fractal geometry, the proposed antenna is smaller in size than the conventional Euclidean-type. An equilateral triangular patch antenna with Sierpinski Gasket fractal shape has been designed and studied. An electromagnetic coupled stacked structure of two difierent patches operating at two frequencies (2.4GHz Bluetooth and 5.8GHz Wireless LAN) has been designed for dual band WLAN applications.

Response of Ag thick film microstrip equilateral triangular patch antenna to overlay of moisture laden soybean

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on the Ku band microwave characteristics of moisture laden soya seeds using overlay technique.Design/methodology/approachKu band (13‐18 GHz) moisture dependent microwave permittivity, conductivity, penetration depth of moisture laden soybean (Glycine Max) using overlay on Ag thick film equilateral triangular patch antenna are studied. The change in the frequency response of the patch antenna due to change in moisture content of the soybean overlay has been used to obtain the various microwave properties.FindingsThe permittivities obtained are in the range expected of moisture laden soybean. As moisture content increases microwave dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and conductivity of soybean increases. Only the amplitude data have been used here.Originality/valueKu band characterization of soybean has been done using overlay technique. The thick film patch antenna is sensitive even to ∼4 percent moisture content in the overlay material. This can be used for even moisture sensing at low moisture levels. This paper is believed to be an original research report.