Equatorial State Research Articles

Effects of Armed Conflicts on The National Security of Post Conflicts States, A Case Study of Juba County in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan

This paper assessed the nature of existing armed conflicts and their effect on security management, established the influence of the local and regional dynamics of conflicts on security management and finally examined the effect of the emerging security threats on security management strategies in Juba County, South Sudan. The study was guided by two theories; Conflict Transformation and National Security theories. The study used descriptive survey research design and Purposive sampling technique to enlist 210 respondents for this study. The main method of data collection was the interview. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and reported in narrative form. The study established a dichotomy of existing armed conflicts; external and internal conflicts in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan that had serious implication on both Security Management and National security. The second objective established the influence of local and regional dynamics that affected security management that included; Interlocking political and tribal division aspects of conflict, the influence of insurgents and armed cross border militia groups; greed for livestock by political elites that saw them arm their tribal militia with modern guns and military hardware for ease of livestock theft, amongst others. The third objective established the effect of several emerging security threats on Security Management strategies in Juba County, which included migrant migration for domestic and international child soldiering recruitment in the context of the on-going civil war and also for soldiering elsewhere outside the country. This paper establishes a regional policy concern that South Sudan is largely unsafe, and by implication the whole region is unlikely to be safe. This calls for an immediate action by all security stakeholders, UN agencies, Non State Actors, security pundits and think tanks to brainstorm and chart a way forward for South Sudan and the entire region.

Enhancing hierarchical remote preparation of an arbitrary n-qudit equatorial state by weak measurement and measurement reversal

Based on the demand for safer and more efficient quantum network communication, we propose two deterministic protocols to achieve the remote preparation of an arbitrary n-qudit equatorial states among multiple agents by selecting appropriate entanglement resources. The level of the agents varies depending on their authorities to restore the secret state. The superior agent requires the cooperation of the residual superior agents and any one of the subordinate agents, while the subordinate agent needs the help of all the other agents. To be emphasized, the recovery operations are deduced by general formulas that distinctly elucidate their relevance with the measurement outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the impact of amplitude damping noise and utilize weak measurement and measurement reversal to suppress noise.

Bidirectional controlled remote state preparation in four-dimensional systems

In this paper, two novel schemes for bidirectional controlled remote state preparation (BCRSP) and asymmetric bidirectional controlled remote state preparation (ABCRSP) in four-dimensional systems are proposed. The first scheme uses a six-particle entangled state as the quantum channel. Under Charlie’s supervision, Alice and Bob can simultaneously create a single-particle four-dimensional equatorial state at each other’s location. Moreover, in the second scheme, using a seven-particle entangled state as the quantum channel, Alice remotely prepares a two-particle four-dimensional equatorial state for Bob, while Bob remotely prepares another single-particle four-dimensional equatorial state for Alice under the supervision of controller Charlie. Both schemes employ quantum operations such as control-not, projective measurement and unitary transformation in four-dimensional systems. It is worth noting that the proposed schemes have a total success probability of 100% in ideal environment. In addition, we also investigate the proposed two schemes in the noisy environment. The fidelities of output states are calculated and the effect factors are discussed. Finally, we give the advantages of these schemes compared to other schemes.

Influence of Technological Innovations on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan.

The researcher aim was to ascertain what exactly affects the financial performance of Commercial banks in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan, a case of KCB South Sudan, African National bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Ethiopian Commercial Bank-South Sudan and Ivory Bank branches in Juba. There are numerous elements that affect performance, this study focused on technological innovations that are thought to drive financial performance. The study was divided into three main common areas that have recently caught the attention of the banking industry namely internet banking, agency banking and mobile banking that affect the financial performance of KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan and Ethiopian Commercial Bank-South Sudan in Central Equatorial State. Central Equatoria State has been chosen since it hosts Juba as the capital City and an epicenter of numerous commercial activities. The study’s specific objectives were to determine the influence of agency banking, mobile banking, Automated Teller Machines and debit and credit cards on financial performance of commercial banks in Central Equatorial State. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted population of 294 respondents. The sample size was 169 staff of KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia-South Sudan and Ivory Bank spread across the branches in Juba, Central Equatoria State. Respondents were selected using purposive random sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents while secondary data was obtained from the annual financial reports from KCB South Sudan, African Nation bank, Ecobank-South Sudan, CFC Stanbic Bank-South Sudan, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia-South Sudan and Ivory Bank of South Sudan. Measures of central tendencies were used to describe the results and data was presented using graphs charts and tables. The influence of dependent and independent variable was depicted by use of multiple regression. The study found that agency banking significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.889; p=0.000). The study revealed that mobile banking significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.613; p=0.000). The study established that automated teller machines significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.744; p=0.000). The study found that debit and credit cards significantly influences performance of commercial banks in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan (β= 0.640; p=0.000). The study concluded agency banking, mobile banking, automated teller machines and debit and credit cards significantly influences financial performance of commercial banks in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. The study recommended that commercial banks in South Sudan should ensure that bank agent’s guarantees security of data and information that is operated on the agency banking platform. The study recommends that commercial banks in South Sudan should work with regulatory authorities to establish a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework for agency banking including guidelines on risk management, customer protection, and agent licensing. The study also recommends that commercial banks in South Sudan should implement stringent security protocols and fraud prevention mechanisms for ATMs. 

Deterministic remote preparation of multi-qubit equatorial states through dissipative channels

We investigate the influence of a noisy environment on the remote preparation of the multi-qubit equatorial state, and specifically deduce the final states and fidelities of the remote preparation of the three-qubit and four-qubit equatorial states under diverse types of noisy environments, namely, amplitude damping, bit flip, phase damping, phase flip, bit-phase flip, depolarization, and non-Markov environments. The results show that when the decoherence factors of the front six noises are equal, the influence degrees of phase damped noise, bit flip noise, phase flip noise, and bit-phase flip noise are similar, while the information loss caused by the amplitude damped noise and depolarizing noise is less. In particular, the bit flip noise and depolarizing noise may have more complex effects on the remote state preparation (RSP) schemes depending on the phase information of the target states, even for the ideal cases where the fidelity values are always 1 for specific phase relations. In the non-Markov environment, owing to the back and forth of information between the environment and systems, fidelities exhibit oscillating behavior and the minimum value may stay greater than zero for a long evolutionary time. These results are expected to have potential applications for understanding and avoiding the influence of noise on remote quantum communication and quantum networks.

Cyclic controlled remote state preparation in the three-dimensional system

In this work, we propose a novel protocol for cyclic controlled remote state preparation (CCRSP) with single-qutrit equatorial states. In this protocol, three distant parties, Alleyn, Breden and Carden, are not only senders but also receivers. Alleyn wants to remotely prepare a single-qutrit equatorial state at Breden’s site, while at the same time, Breden (Carden) wishes to help Carden (Alleyn) remotely preparing another single-qutrit equatorial state. It is shown that, only if the three senders and the controller collaborate with each other, the CCRSP can be completed. To present this protocol more clearly, only maximally entangled channel is considered.

Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant driver of year-to-year climate variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacts climate pattern across the globe. However, the response of the ENSO system to past and potential future temperature increases is not fully understood. Here we investigate ENSO variability in the warmer climate of the mid-Pliocene (~3.0–3.3 Ma), when surface temperatures were ~2–3 °C above modern values, in a large ensemble of climate models—the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. We show that the ensemble consistently suggests a weakening of ENSO variability, with a mean reduction of 25% (±16%). We further show that shifts in the equatorial Pacific mean state cannot fully explain these changes. Instead, ENSO was suppressed by a series of off-equatorial processes triggered by a northward displacement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone: weakened convective feedback and intensified Southern Hemisphere circulation, which inhibit various processes that initiate ENSO. The connection between the climatological intertropical convergence zone position and ENSO we find in the past is expected to operate in our warming world with important ramifications for ENSO variability. Suppressed El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period was caused mainly by a northward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone, according to an analysis of a large ensemble of climate model simulations.

An asymmetric controlled bidirectional remote preparation protocol of three- and four-qubit equatorial states

A scheme for asymmetric controlled bidirectional remote state preparation by utilizing 15-qubit entangled state as quantum channel is proposed. In this paper, we present a new protocol that Alice prepares a three-qubit equatorial state for Bob and Bob prepares a four-qubit equatorial state for Alice at the same time under Charlie’s control. The success of this scheme cannot be separated from the controller Charlie. In addition, we give some analysis and conclusions by comparing with other schemes. The auxiliary qubits and operations are not required in our scheme. In particular, the success probability of the receivers restoring the prepared states can reach 100%. Thus, our scheme has better performance.

Artikulasi Teologi Sunni di Indonesia: Sejarah, Ekspresi dan Gerakannya

Indonesia is the largest Muslim population in the world. As a country with diverse traditions and ethnicities, Islam in this equatorial state has also managed to co-exist in harmony with the local culture. This reality is allegedly the result of the Islamic understanding embraced by most Muslims in Indonesia. It is ahlu sunnah wal jamaah, or in the western tradition known as the Sunni. Throughout history, the Sunni sect was supported by a majority of Muslims. He is recognized as the ideology of various groups - both large and small - in multiple parts of the Islamic world.

Variance of the Equatorial Atmospheric Circulations in the Reanalysis

The structure of the equatorial atmospheric circulation, as defined by the zonal mass streamfunction (ZMS), computed using the new fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather (ERA-5) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction NCEP–US Department of Energy reanalysis (NCEP-2) reanalysis products, is investigated and compared with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP 6) ensemble mean. The equatorial atmospheric circulations majorly involve three components: the Indian Ocean cell (IOC), the Pacific Walker cell (POC) and the Atlantic Ocean cell (AOC). The IOC, POC and AOC average monthly or seasonal cycle peaks around March, June and February, respectively. ERA-5 has a higher IOC intensity from February to August, whereas NCEP-2 has a greater IOC intensity from September to December; NCEP-2 indicates greater POC intensity from January to May, whereas ERA-5 shows higher POC intensity from June to October. For the AOC, ERA-5 specifies greater intensity from March to August and NCEP-2 has a higher intensity from September to December. The equatorial atmospheric circulations cells vary in the reanalysis products, the IOC is weak and wider (weaker and smaller) in the ERA-5 (NCEP-2), the POC is more robust and wider (feebler and teensier) in NCEP-2 (ERA-5) and the AOC is weaker and wider (stronger and smaller) in ERA-5 (NCEP-2). ERA-5 revealed a farther westward POC and AOC compared to NCEP-2. In the CMIP 6 model ensemble mean (MME), the equatorial atmospheric circulations mean state indicated generally weaker cells, with the IOC smaller and the POC greater swinging eastward and westward, respectively, while the AOC is more westward. These changes in equatorial circulation correspond to changes in dynamically related heating in the tropics.

Controlled cyclic remote state preparation of single-qutrit equatorial states

The scheme for controlled unidirectional cyclic remote state preparation of single-qutrit equatorial states is put forward. Alice, Bob, Charlie, and David share a seven-qutrit entangled state as the quantum channel. Under the control of David, Alice can remotely prepare a single-qutrit equatorial state at Bob’s site, Bob can remotely prepare a single-qutrit equatorial state at Charlie’s site, Charlie can remotely prepare a single-qutrit equatorial state at Alice’s site simultaneously. The direction of controlled unidirectional cyclic remote state preparation can be reversed by changing measured qutrits of the quantum channel. The scheme for controlled bidirectional cyclic remote state preparation of single-qutrit equatorial states is also proposed. The schemes can be generalized to controlled unidirectional and bidirectional multi-party cyclic remote state preparation of single-qudit equatorial states.

The Effect of Disputes and Conflict Resolution on Organizational Performance: In South Sudan

The study investigated the effect of disputes with a particular reference to C state in South Sudan. The objectives of the study were to; examine the Relationship between the effect of dispute and conflict resolution in South Sudan, assess the indicators of effect of disputes in South Sudan and to examine the relationship between conflict resolution and organization performance in south Sudan. The descriptive design using a case study of Jonglei state and both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. The study population was 182. Sampling technique was purposive and simple random. The Sample size was 55 respondents from the employees and beneficiaries of Equatorial State in South Sudan and Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis option of SPSS version (20.0). The major findings of the study were that there is a significant positive correlation between; effect of disputes and organization performance (r = 0.632, P-value < 0.01), conflict resolution and organizational performances (r = 0.512, P-value < 0.01) and the attributes explained 59% of the variance of effect of disputes (R Square =.518) as the level to which they can predict the level of organization performance in Jonglei State of South Sudan. Such that unit change in effect disputes processeswill contribute to a change in the possibility of organization by (.581) while a one unit change in Conflict resolution and effect of disputes will contribute to a change in the organization performance sinjonglei State and other states of South Sudan (343). The study recommends that the State and Country leaders should develop foreign relations with other international communities that aim at empowering people with education values and promoting an electoral process that serves the purpose of national renewal and peace commitment, need to make more use of an integrated application of litigation, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and traditional justice systems in the management of natural resource conflicts and alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, fact finding facilitation and mediation should be adopted since they have the potential to enhance environmental justice since they allow parties to enjoy autonomy over the process and outcome; they are expeditious, cost-effective, flexible and employ non-complex procedures.

Exploration plays of the Potiguar Basin in deep and ultra-deep water, Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Following the discoveries on West Africa conjugated margin since 2007 (Jubilee, Tweneboa, Venus, Mercury, and other fields) and in the Guiana-Suriname Basin since 2011 (Zaedyus field and Liza Complex/Exxon's Stabroek block), the Potiguar Basin deep/ultra-deep waters represents one of the most important exploratory frontier basins, like others on the Brazilian Equatorial Margin. Aiming to apply similar plays of these discoveries, was performed a 2D seismic interpretation supported by well data in deep/ultra-deep waters of the Potiguar Basin. Thus, based on the seismic horizons corresponding to the main tectono-sedimentary events, five chronostratigraphic intervals were interpreted: U1, U2, U3, U4, and U5. Moreover, there were interpreted three petroleum systems: Pendência-Pescada (!), Alagamar–Alagamar (!) and Quebradas-Ubarana (.). Pendência Formation source rocks are late Berriasian-early Barremian lacustrine shales. Alagamar Formation source rocks are Aptian-Albian evaporitic marine shales and marls of the Galinhos Member and Ponta do Tubarão Beds. Quebradas Formation source rocks are Cenomanian-Turonian deep water marine shales. Among these source rocks, the best is Galinhos Member/Ponta do Tubarão Beds, reaching up to 21% TOC, Type I, II, and III kerogens, excellent petroleum potential for oil/gas generation, and with thermal maturity at the studied area. Quebradas Formation, which is correlated to Cenomanian-Turonian source rocks of the West Africa Equatorial Margin and Guyana-Suriname basins, reaches up 6% TOC, Type I/II kerogen, very good to excellent petroleum potential for oil generation, and adequate thermal maturity at the studied area. Three plays were interpreted: Strike-slip, Anticlinal, and Late Cretaceous Turbidites, whose water-depth varies from 1,500 m to 1,900 m. Considering the sea bottom as a datum, reservoir rocks (fluvio-deltaic and turbidites sandstones) are about 3,050 m to 5,800 m, and source rocks nearly 3,500 m to 6,500 m. Seal rocks could be Late Cretaceous marine shales. Traps are mainly stratigraphic (pinch-out). Migration pathways are mainly lateral (Late Cretaceous Turbidites play) or also vertical through transtensive faults (Strike-slip and Anticlinal plays). The oil window top estimated depth based on well geochemical profiles is about 2,600 m below the sea bottom. Besides that, studies in West Africa Equatorial Margin basins state the oil window top occurs approximately at 2700 m below the sea bottom. Therefore, all the source rocks to the three interpreted plays are below the oil and/or gas window top. In such a way, the studied area in deep/ultradeep waters of PB has great exploration potential for both oil and/or gas.

Multiparty probabilistic controlled joint remote preparation of an arbitrary <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial state with a pure entangled quantum channel

<p indent="0mm">The quantum equatorial state, a special kind of quantum state, has attracted much attention because of its potential for applications in quantum information processing. The remote preparations of arbitrary two-qudit, three-qudit equatorial and <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial states have been studied via different entangle quantum channels. In this paper, we propose two protocols for the controlled joint remote preparation of an arbitrary <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial state with a pure entangled quantum channel. The first is for the controlled joint remote preparation of the <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial state by using <italic>m</italic> multiparticle GHZ-class states as the quantum channel, and the second is for the controlled joint remote preparation of the <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial state via a multiparticle entangled state. All senders share information about the prepared state and perform <italic>m</italic>-particle projective measurements on their entangled particles according to their information about the prepared state. All controllers perform generalized X-basis measurements on their entangled particles. If a receiver cooperates with all the senders and controllers, he can prepare the original state probabilistically by performing unitary operations on his entangled particles and an auxiliary qubit. This protocol is more convenient for applications because it only requires nonmaximal entanglement for the controlled joint remote preparation of an arbitrary <italic>m</italic>-qudit equatorial state.

An Optimized Scheme for JRSP of an Equatorial Four-Qubit Cluster State with Minimum Resource

We propose a scheme for joint remote state preparation of an equatorial four-qubit cluster state via the quantum channel composed of two same GHZ states. In our scheme, the number of participants for JRSP can be arbitrary. The participants share the phase information of the target state. Each participant carries out corresponding measurements and informs the result to the receiver. Finally, by introducing auxiliary particles and performing appropriate unitary operations, the receiver enables to recover the equatorial four-qubit cluster state. Compared with other JRSP schemes, we have been able to achieve the preparation of an equatorial four-qubit cluster state with 100% success probability. Our scheme is of high efficiency due to the consumption of minimum resource.

Walker circulation controls ENSO atmospheric feedbacks in uncoupled and coupled climate model simulations

Many climate models strongly underestimate the two most important atmospheric feedbacks operating in El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the positive (amplifying) zonal surface wind feedback and negative (damping) surface-heat flux feedback (hereafter ENSO atmospheric feedbacks, EAF). This hampers a realistic representation of ENSO dynamics in these models. Here we show that the atmospheric components of climate models participating in the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) when forced by observed sea surface temperatures (SST), already underestimate EAF on average by 23%, but less than their coupled counterparts (on average by 54%). There is a pronounced tendency of atmosphere models to simulate stronger EAF, when they exhibit a stronger mean deep convection and enhanced cloud cover over the western equatorial Pacific (WEP), indicative of a stronger rising branch of the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC). Further, differences in the mean deep convection over the WEP between the coupled and uncoupled models explain a large part of the differences in EAF, with the deep convection in the coupled models strongly depending on the equatorial Pacific SST bias. Experiments with a single atmosphere model support the relation between the equatorial Pacific atmospheric mean state, the SST bias and the EAF. An implemented cold SST bias in the observed SST forcing weakens deep convection and reduces cloud cover in the rising branch of the PWC, causing weaker EAF. A warm SST bias has the opposite effect. Our results elucidate how biases in the mean state of the PWC and equatorial SST hamper a realistic simulation of the EAF.

Bidirectional controlled remote state preparation in three-dimensional system

We present a novel scheme for bidirectional controlled remote state preparation (BCRSP) in a three-dimensional system with a six-qutrit entangled state as the quantum channel. In this scheme, two distant parties, Alice and Bob, are not only senders but also receivers. Alice wants to remotely prepare a single-qutrit equatorial state at Bob’s site, while at the same time, Bob wishes to help Alice by remotely preparing another single-qutrit equatorial state. It is shown that, only if the two senders and the controller collaborate with each other, the BCRSP can be completed successfully.

A universal protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum state transmission

In this paper, we propose a universal protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum state transmission. The bidirectional transmission of $$ n_{1} $$ - and $$ n_{2} $$ -qubit equatorial states can be realized by using the $$ 2n_{1} + 2n_{2} + 1 $$ -qubit entangled state as the quantum channel, where $$ n_{1} ,n_{2} $$ are arbitrary nonzero positive integers. First, the quantum channel is constructed by using Hadamard (H) and CNOT operations. Furthermore, after the protocol completed, the desired state can be obtained simultaneously, securely and determinately. Second, two examples are given. One is a symmetric protocol which can complete the bidirectional transmission of two-qubit equatorial state. The other is an asymmetric protocol, where Alice transmits a single-qubit equatorial state to Bob and Bob transmits a four-qubit equatorial state to Alice. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to realize the bidirectional transmission of arbitrary-qubit equatorial state. At last, we analyze the performance of the protocol. Some comparisons with other protocols are described.

Controlled Joint Remote State Preparation of an Arbitrary Equatorial Two-Qubit State

We propose a scheme for controlled joint remote state preparation of an arbitrary equatorial two-qubit state by using a seven-qubit entangled state as the quantum channel. In this scheme, two senders wish to help a receiver to remotely prepare an arbitrary equatorial two-qubit state, and the receiver can obtain the original quantum state with 100% success probability by performing the appropriate unitary operations.

Multipurpose Quantum Simulator Based on a Hybrid Solid-State Quantum Device

This paper proposes a scheme to enhance the fidelity of symmetric and asymmetric quantum cloning using a hybrid system based on nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers. By setting different initial states, the present scheme can implement optimal symmetric (asymmetric) universal (phase-covariant) quantum cloning, so that the copies with the assistance of a Current-biased Josephson junction (CBJJ) qubit and four transmission-line resonators (TLRs) can be obtained. The scheme consists of two stages: cjhothe first stage is the implementation of the conventional controlled-phase gate, and the second is the realization of different quantum cloning machines (QCM) by choosing a suitable evolution time. The results show that the probability of success for QCM of a copy of the equatorial state can reach 1. Furthermore, the | W 4 ± ⟩ entangled state can be generated in the process of the phase-covariant quantum anti-cloning. Finally, the decoherence effects caused by the N-V center qubits and CBJJ qubit are discussed.