Equality Test Research Articles

Secure Data Integrity Check Based on Verified Public Key Encryption With Equality Test for Multi-Cloud Storage

Secure Data Integrity Check Based on Verified Public Key Encryption With Equality Test for Multi-Cloud Storage

Secure PUF-Based Authentication Systems.

The Internet of Things faces significant security challenges, particularly in device authentication. Traditional methods of PUF-based authentication protocols do not fully address IoT's unique security needs and resource constraints. Existing solutions like Identity-Based Encryption with Physically Unclonable Functions enhance security but still struggle with protecting data during transmission. We show a new protocol that leverages PUFs for device authentication by utilizing Paillier homomorphic encryption or the plaintext equality test to enhance security. Our approach involves encrypting both the challenge-response pairs (CRPs) using Paillier homomorphic encryption scheme or ElGamal encryption for plaintext equality testing scheme. The verifier does not need access to the plaintext CRPs to ensure that sensitive data remain encrypted at all times and our approach reduces the computational load on IoT devices. The encryption ensures that neither the challenge nor the response can be deciphered by potential adversaries who obtain them during the transmission. The homomorphic property of the Paillier scheme or plaintext equality testing scheme allows a verifier to verify device authenticity without decrypting the CRPs, preserving privacy and reducing the computational load on IoT devices. Such an approach to encrypting both elements of the CRP provides resistance against CRP disclosure, machine learning attacks, and impersonation attacks. We validate the scheme through security analysis against various attacks and evaluate its performance by analyzing the computational overhead and the communication overhead. Comparison of average computational and communication time demonstrates Paillier scheme achieves approximately 99% reduction while the plaintext equality test achieves approximately 94% reduction between them.

Towards declarative comparabilities: Application to functional dependencies

In real life, data are often of poor quality as a result, for instance, of uncertainty, mismeasurements, missing values or bad inputs. This issue hampers an implicit yet crucial operation of every database management system: equality testing. Indeed, equality is, in the end, a context-dependent operation with a plethora of interpretations. In practice, the treatment of different types of equality is left to programmers, who have to struggle with those interpretations in their code. We introduce a lattice-based declarative framework to address this problem. It allows specification of numerous semantics for equality at a high level of abstraction. To go beyond tuple equality, we study functional dependencies (FDs) in the light of our framework. First, we define abstract FDs, generalizing classical FDs. These lead to the consideration of particular interpretations of equality: realities. Building upon realities and possible/certain answers, we introduce possible/certain FDs and give some complexity results.

Broadcast signcryption scheme with equality test in smart transportation system

With the generation of massive traffic information in the smart transportation system, the traffic control center efficiently utilizes broadcast communication to send multiple messages to multiple vehicles. Besides, diversified privacy disclosure and security attack issues also emerged spontaneously. To achieve secure communication between the traffic control center and vehicles in the smart transportation system, we design a broadcast signcryption scheme with equality test in the smart transportation system based on the certificateless cryptosystem and equality test. The scheme realizes message confidentiality and vehicle privacy by using the Lagrange interpolation theorem to encrypt messages and vehicle identities, while also achieving classify ciphertext by using the equality test and facilitate road traffic information management. Through numerical experiment analysis, the proposed work has higher operation efficiency and is more suitable for application in smart transportation systems.

Pairing-free Proxy Re-Encryption scheme with Equality Test for data security of IoT

The construction of IoT cloud platform brings great convenience to the storage of massive IoT node data. To ensure security of data collected by the IoT nodes, the data must be encrypted when the nodes upload it. However, it arises some challenge problems, such as efficient retrieval on encrypted data, secure de-duplication and massive data recovery. Proxy Re-Encryption with Equality Test (PREET) can be used to solve these problems. But, existing PREET schemes are based on bilinear pairings, which have low operational efficiency. In order to improve the overall operational efficiency, this paper constructs a Pairing-Free PREET scheme (PF-PREET). Security of this scheme is guaranteed by the Gap Computational Diffie–Hellman assumption in random oracle model. It is demonstrated that the PF-PREET scheme can achieve ciphertext indistinguishability for malicious users and one-wayness for malicious servers. It still has the same security level compared to existing PREET schemes by expanding the scope of the equality test. We discussed the efficiency of the proposed PF-PREET scheme in terms of overall running time, average running time of each phase and time overhead of tag test. The simulated experiment shows a certain improvement compared to PREET schemes using bilinear pairing.

Privacy-preserving pathological data sharing among multiple remote parties

The sharing of pathological data is highly important in various applications, such as remote diagnosis, graded diagnosis, illness treatment, and specialist system development. However, ensuring reliable, secure, privacy-preserving, and efficient sharing of pathological data poses significant challenges. This paper presents a novel solution that leverages blockchain technology to ensure reliability in pathological data sharing. Additionally, it employs conditional proxy re-encryption (C-PRE) and public key encryption with equality test technology to control the scope and preserve the privacy of shared data. To assess the practicality of our solution, we implemented a prototype system using Hyperledger Fabric and conducted evaluations with various metrics. We also compared the solution with relevant schemes. The results demonstrate that the proposed solution effectively meets the requirements for pathological data sharing and is practical in production scenarios.

Quantifying Environmental Degradation through Renewable Energy, Financial Development and Economic Sustainability: Insights from Panel Quantile Regression Analysis

The degradation of the environment is a global concern that needs serious attention, including the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. This article examines the effects of renewable energy, financial development and economic sustainability on the environmental quality of newly industrialized countries (NICs) from 1998 to 2021 in light of the increasing severity of environmental problems associated with industrialization. This study utilized different panel cointegration estimation techniques and panel quantile regression (PQR) estimates to obtain robust findings by examining the variance of each quantile. The results of the cointegration tests confirm the long-run relationship among the variables. Nevertheless, the outcomes from the PQR unveiled that renewable energy negatively and significantly influences CO2 emissions in NICs, namely in the lower and middle quantiles (20th–50th). Financial development showed heterogeneity in the results of all the quantiles. It results in an increase in CO2 emissions from the 70th to 90th quantiles in NICs. The EKC hypothesis is relevant to these findings as this study presents the economic sustainability index, which postulates that when NICs achieve sustainability, they give greater importance to environmental preservation and sustainability. This shift is characterized by reduced emissions throughout all quantiles, ranging from the 10th to the 90th. Economic sustainability corresponds to the falling part of the U-shaped curve of the EKC, wherein sustainability gets priority, resulting in reduced CO2 emissions. Analogous results have been confirmed by comparing heterogeneous panel estimators; nonetheless, there was a significant variation in the intensity of their parameters. Moreover, the robustness analysis through quantile slope equality and symmetric quantiles tests proved legitimate results. The study’s findings offer policymakers with valuable policy recommendations. JEL Codes: C1, F36, F43, O44, Q56

Heterogeneous Signcryption Scheme From PKI to IBC With Multi-Ciphertext Equality Test in Internet of Vehicles

Heterogeneous Signcryption Scheme From PKI to IBC With Multi-Ciphertext Equality Test in Internet of Vehicles

SM9 Identity-Based Encryption with Designated-Position Fuzzy Equality Test

Public key encryption with equality test (PKEET) is a cryptographic primitive that enables a tester to determine whether two ciphertexts encrypted with same or different public keys have been generated from the same message without decryption. Previous studies extended PKEET to public key encryption with designated-position fuzzy equality test (PKE-DFET), enabling testers to verify whether plaintexts corresponding to two ciphertexts are equal while ignoring specific bits at designated positions. In this work, we have filled the research gap in the identity-based encryption (IBE) cryptosystems for this primitive. Furthermore, although our authorization method is the all-or-nothing (AoN) type, it overcomes the shortcomings present in the majority of AoN-type authorization schemes. In our scheme, equality tests can only be performed between a ciphertext and a given plaintext. Specifically, even if a tester acquires multiple AoN-type authorizations, it cannot conduct unpermitted equality tests between users. This significantly reduces the risk of user privacy leaks when handling sensitive information in certain scenarios, while still retaining the flexible and simple characteristics of AoN-type authorizations. We use the Chinese national cryptography standard SM9-IBE algorithm to provide the concrete construction of our scheme, enhancing the usability and security of our scheme, while making deployment more convenient. Finally, we prove that our scheme achieves F-OW-ID-CCA security when the adversary has the trapdoor of the challenge ciphertext, and achieves IND-ID-CCA security when the adversary does not have the trapdoor of the challenge ciphertext.

Heterogeneous Signcryption Scheme With Group Equality Test for Satellite-Enabled IoVs

Heterogeneous Signcryption Scheme With Group Equality Test for Satellite-Enabled IoVs

More Efficient Adaptively Secure Lattice-Based IBE with Equality Test in the Standard Model

More Efficient Adaptively Secure Lattice-Based IBE with Equality Test in the Standard Model

Expressiveness of SHACL Features and Extensions for Full Equality and Disjointness Tests

SHACL is a W3C-proposed schema language for expressing structural constraints on RDF graphs. Recent work on formalizing this language has revealed a striking relationship to description logics. SHACL expressions can use three fundamental features that are not so common in description logics. These features are equality tests; disjointness tests; and closure constraints. Moreover, SHACL is peculiar in allowing only a restricted form of expressions (so-called targets) on the left-hand side of inclusion constraints. The goal of this paper is to obtain a clear picture of the impact and expressiveness of these features and restrictions. We show that each of the four features is primitive: using the feature, one can express boolean queries that are not expressible without using the feature. We also show that the restriction that SHACL imposes on allowed targets is inessential, as long as closure constraints are not used. In addition, we show that enriching SHACL with "full" versions of equality tests, or disjointness tests, results in a strictly more powerful language.

Cryptanalysis and improvement of “group public key encryption scheme supporting equality test without bilinear pairings”

Public key encryption with equality test (PKEET) is a novel primitive which supports equality comparisons on two encrypted messages. Currently, most of the existing PKEET schemes are based on bilinear pairing and require heavy computational overheads. To address this issue, Shen et al. recently proposed an efficient group public key encryption supporting equality test without bilinear pairings scheme. Compared with other schemes, their scheme reduces the usage of expensive bilinear pairing operations and enjoys higher computation efficiency. They claimed that their scheme achieved one-wayness security in the random oracle model and resisted offline message recovery attack. In this letter, we analyze Shen et al.'s scheme through two concrete attacks and demonstrate that their scheme can not support the above two security requirements. An improved scheme is provided to overcome the security vulnerabilities in their scheme. Performance analysis shows that our improved scheme has certain advantages in both computation overhead and storage overhead.

Charting an Economic Sustainability Path: Quantile Regression Analysis of Green Finance and Financial Development in Newly Industrialized Economies

Sustainability, once a fringe concept, has become a central theme in global discourse, commanding the attention of governments, industries, and individuals alike. Newly industrialized countries (NICs) stand as exemplars of economies in transition, teetering on the precipice of prosperity and vulnerability. The present study aimed to chart economic sustainability through green finance and financial development in NICs. The study uses Panel Quantile Regression (PQR) and robustness analysis using annual data from 1998 to 2022. Overall, the study results indicate heterogeneity in the impacts of green finance, financial development, and foreign direct investment on the economic sustainability of NICs. The findings from the PQR unveiled that green finance contributes to economic sustainability in lower and middle quantiles (15th, 25th and 50th quantiles) while showing negative but insignificant effects in higher quantiles (75th and 95th quantiles). Financial development is proxied through three distinct variables; however, the heterogeneity in the results of all the quantiles can be witnessed. In addition, the positive and significant impacts of FDI were validated approximately across all quartiles (15–75th), but positive and insignificant effects are endorsed in the 95th quantile. Compared heterogeneous panel estimators support analogous results; however, the amplitude of their parameters varied substantially. Finally, quantile slope equality and symmetric quantiles test as robustness analysis confirmed the authenticity of the results. Therefore, this study’s empirical findings can assist policymakers in comprehending how green finance, financial development, and FDI can achieve economic sustainability and address sustainability issues. JEL Classification F43, F65, O11, Q20

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Matematika Knisley terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa Kelas X

This research aims to determine the effect of the Knisley mathematics learning model on the understanding of mathematical concepts in class X SMA Negeri 2 Kabanjahe. This research was conducted using a sample of 2 classes, namely the Experiment class and the Control class. The form of test that is tested on students is an initial test (pretest), then the researcher provides treatment in the experimental teaching class using the Knisley Mathematics Learning Model and in the control class using the direct learning model, Then a posttest was given to both classes. The data obtained were analyzed using the t test. The results showed that the pretest average in the experimental and control classes was the same as tested using the average similarity test (two-way test) and met namely so accepted. For the posttest average equality test (right side test), it was concluded that the posttest average in the experimental class was greater than the control class because it met the requirements, namely 11.6111559 > 1.66907, so was rejected and the conclusion was obtained that there was an influence Knisley's mathematics learning model for understanding mathematical concepts for class X.

Greening wallets or worsening landscapes: Exploring carbon footprints of renewable energy, tourism, and financial development indices

AbstractSustainable development goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 of the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasize cheap and clean energy and climate action, respectively. The relentless pursuit of sustainable development has spurred a growing interest in understanding the intricate relationships between carbon footprints, renewable energy practices, tourism, and financial development indices. This research embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the interplay among these critical factors, aiming to unravel the nuanced dynamics that shape our environmental and economic landscape of the top 10 tourist countries from 1991 to 2021. This investigation was conducted through quantile‐based modeling, where the long‐run estimates are achieved through lower, middle, and higher quantiles. Nevertheless, findings suggest that a 1% increase in tourism development will approximately result in a 0.109% to 0.298% increase in carbon footprint in the lower quantile quantiles, that is, the 10th to 30th quantile. In the middle and higher quantiles (40th to 60th and 70th to 90th), 0.313% to 0.565% and 0.721% to 1.369%, respectively. However, renewable energy and financial development index are the significant sources of reducing carbon footprints from the 10th to the 90th quantiles. Still, the intensity of their impacts is heterogeneous among different quantiles. Empirical findings demonstrate that financial development stimulates a growing demand for environmentally sustainable energy sources. Utilizing renewable energy decreases the presence of greenhouse gases in the environment in contrast to the use of fossil fuels. However, renewable energy, tourism, and financial development indices are concluded to be the cornerstones concerning carbon footprints through their distinct impacts. This study's quantile slope equality and symmetric quantile tests further corroborated the findings. Upon the conclusion of the current study, this research has offered policy implications for regulatory bodies and has deliberated on potential avenues for future investigation.

Identity-Based Matchmaking Encryption with Equality Test.

The identity-based encryption with equality test (IBEET) has become a hot research topic in cloud computing as it provides an equality test for ciphertexts generated under different identities while preserving the confidentiality. Subsequently, for the sake of the confidentiality and authenticity of the data, the identity-based signcryption with equality test (IBSC-ET) has been put forward. Nevertheless, the existing schemes do not consider the anonymity of the sender and the receiver, which leads to the potential leakage of sensitive personal information. How to ensure confidentiality, authenticity, and anonymity in the IBEET setting remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we put forward the concept of the identity-based matchmaking encryption with equality test (IBME-ET) to address this issue. We formalized the system model, the definition, and the security models of the IBME-ET and, then, put forward a concrete scheme. Furthermore, our scheme was confirmed to be secure and practical by proving its security and evaluating its performance.

Controllable forward secure identity-based encryption with equality test in privacy-preserving text similarity analysis

Text similarity measures have become increasingly pivotal in text-related research and applications, encompassing tasks such as information retrieval, text classification, document clustering. Unveiling the equality relationship between encrypted words is fundamental for ensuring privacy-preserving text similarity. Identity-based encryption with equality test (IBEET) emerges as a promising solution for computing similarity over encrypted data in cloud environment. However, prevalent IBEET schemes often lack control over the lifespan of trapdoors, potentially leading to misuse and unauthorized disclosure of users' privacy. In this paper, we introduce a novel primitive known as controllable forward secure identity-based encryption with equality test (CFS-IBEET), designed to support both permanent trapdoor and temporary trapdoor. We present a concrete CFS-IBEET scheme based on bilinear pairing and conduct a comprehensive security analysis against two types of adversaries in random oracle model. The comprehensive performance evaluation shows that our CFS-IBEET scheme offers significant advantages of high efficiency of encryption, decryption, trapdoor generation and test algorithms as well as the guarantee of controllable forward security, showcasing its applicability for collaborative filtering recommendation system in E-commerce age.

Traceable Attribute-Based Encryption With Equality Test for Cloud Enabled E-Health System.

The emerging Internet of Things (IoTs) and cloud technologies spark dramatic growth in efficiency and productivity for the conventional e-health sector. However, the extensive applications of the communication network also expose the sensitive medical data to the unprecedented cyber threats. To protect the data privacy in IoTs-based e-health cloud environments, we propose an adaptively secure data sharing scheme with traceability and equality test (T-ABEET). The T-ABEET not only allows flexible access control to the massive data but also provides the functionality of traitor tracing to identity the users who leak their decryption keys. Meanwhile, through carrying out the equality test, the target ciphertext can be retrieved efficiently without revealing anything about the plaintext. Particularly, distinct from previous traceable ABE works, the tracing cost in our T-ABEET scheme keeps constant even with the increasing number of users. Also, by introducing the multi-authority mechanism, our T-ABEET can avoid the inherent key escrow problem of ABE. Furthermore, our T-ABEET is demonstrated adaptively secure under subgroup decision assumption. Finally, performance comparison reveals that our T-ABEET has superior practicality, efficiency, and security in cloud-enabled e-health systems.

Efficient revocable identity-based encryption with equality test

Efficient revocable identity-based encryption with equality test