Equal Channel Angular Pressing Research Articles

Effect of equal channel angular pressing on strain deformation behavior of ultrafine grained during low temperature superplasticity of AA5083

AA5083 with ultrafine grain structure was produced through equal channel angular pressing using different levels of ECAP tensions, underwent a series of tensile tests. The superplasticity temperature 573 K at low temperatures. This study investigate how varying the ECAP strain influences the distinctive microstructure of the alloy and its impact on deformation mechanisms within the low-temperature superplasticity range. A fraction of the high angle borders increased when the equal channel angular pressing strain was increased from 1 to 2, while the sub-grain size stayed nearly same. This was the most applicable microstructural evolution. After double passes, the material showed superplastic elongations, but after single pass, it did not show low temperature superplasticity. Upon analyzing the mechanical data using typical deformation mechanisms, it was determined that dislocation climb controlled the samples deformation after the first pass, whereas grain boundary sliding was responsible for the sample's low temperature superplasticity after the second pass. In the present study, we explored the differences in deformation mechanisms by considering the microstructures formed under various ECAP strains. Equal channel angular pressing with a BC route and an effective strain of 1∼2, we created an ultrafine-grained AA5083. A significant increase was seen in the fraction of particles measuring 1.8–3.8 μm under the current ECAP conditions. The implementation of equal channel angular pressing, there was a significant increase in the occurrence of voids with sizes ranging from 0.8 to 1.8 μm. According to the current analysis and results, if moderate superplastic elongation is guaranteed, it may be preferable to have fewer equal channel angular pressing passes than those that result in the largest elongation while taking into account cavitation damage and the low temperature superplasticity of ultrafine grained AA5083 used in commercial applications.

Effect of equal channel angular pressing on magnesium alloys − A review

Magnesium (Mg) alloys own excellent properties that includes better castability, low density and great specific strength. Mg and its alloys are easily available and economical. Necessity of Mg and its alloys for manufacturing and engineering purposes has increased, predominantly in the area of aircraft and automobile applications. The known limitation of magnesium is its poor formability at room temperature, with inadequate slip systems due to hexagonal closed packed construction of magnesium. Formability of magnesium alloys will be enhanced at room temperature by grain structure refinement which improves ductility with grain refined structure. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) procedure induces extreme strain within the sample to produce ultrafine grained structure. Additionally, few shortcomings of magnesium is increased wear mass loss and corrosion rate obstructing the use of Mg and its alloys in several industrial appliances. Wear resistance and corrosion behaviour can be enhanced by SPD thereby increasing the requirement of magnesium alloys for engineering applications. Among SPD, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an efficient approach to develop and vary the mechanical and microstructural properties as per the need. In ECAP approach, the workpiece undergoes shear deformation and large strains are induced in the workpiece with no variation in cross sectional aspect of the workpiece. Microstructure plays a very important role in achieving the required mechanical properties. ECAP process creates ultrafine-grained microstructure with different number of ECAP passes with varying temperatures inducing high strain rate.

Simulating equal channel angular pressing of commercially pure aluminium using Johnson–Cook model

Optimizing the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) process for a new material can be a complex endeavour, given the multiple variables such as Coefficient of Friction (COF), channel angle, temperature, etc. To address the need for a material model that can account for temperature-dependent plastic flow, the present study applies the Johnson-Cook plasticity model for simulating ECAP. The present study reports the effects of varying the channel angle (90°, 120°, 150°) and COF (ranging from 0 to 0.15) at room temperature. The results show that the channel angle plays a significant role in influencing the behaviour of the aluminium, with stress and strain exhibiting an inverse relationship with the channel angle. Additionally, the aluminium material experiences a maximum stress distribution and higher flow stress within the COF range of 0 to 0.15 for a channel angle of 90°, as compared to 120° and 150°. This behaviour can be attributed to the restriction of movement at higher COF values. Notably, a maximum shear stress of 56 MPa was observed when the channel angle was set to 90° with a COF of 0.15. Furthermore, across all simulations involving channel angles of 90°, 120°, and 150°, an increase in COF lead to a decrease in curvature. These simulated results are consistent with existing literature. Thus, the Johnson-Cook plasticity model, with appropriate modifications, serves as a viable approach for studying the ECAP process.

Achieving strength-ductility synergy in Al-4.5 wt.%Cu binary alloy through semisolid isothermal treatment coupled with ECAP

Bulk nanostructured (NS) aluminum alloys typically have high strength but with extremely limited ductility. An advanced two-step thermomechanical processing, i.e. semisolid isothermal treatment coupled with equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), was adopted to achieve high strength (413±2.5MPa) and high elongation (12.0±0.6%) in bulk NS Al-4.5wt.%Cu binary alloy. The broken nanoscale Al2Cu particles (~50-80nm) from lamellar eutectic, dynamic precipitations Al2Cu (~30-60nm), refined grains, and high-density dislocations are believed to be key contributors for the high strength. The bimodal grain structure, which caused a well-balanced work hardening and a good deformation compatibility, is critical for the enhanced strength-ductility synergy. This work demonstrates a new approach for improving strength-ductility synergy in interdendritic-eutectic type aluminum alloys.

The Effect of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Structure Formed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing in AA7075 on Wear and Friction in Sliding against Steel and Ceramic Counterbodies

The mechanical characteristics and sliding friction behaviors of AA7075 samples were studied in regard to structural states formed in them by ECAP and depending on the ECAP pass number. In addition, the effect of a counterbody’s material on the tribological characteristics of the samples was investigated by the examples of AISI 52100 steel, alumina Al2O3 and silicon nitride Si3N4. Vibration acceleration and acoustic emission signals with parameters such as acoustic emission energy and median frequency were used for characterizing the sliding regimes. The structural state and mechanical properties of the ECAPed AA7075 samples significantly affected their wear behaviors in dry sliding. The counterbody material had a significant influence on the formation of a transfer layer and the subsurface deformation of samples. The dynamic behavior of the tribosystem was studied and the relationship between the sliding parameters, vibrometry and acoustic emission signals was established.

Optimization of wear parameters for ECAP-processed ZK30 alloy using response surface and machine learning approaches: a comparative study

The present research applies different statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to predict and optimize the processing parameters on the wear behavior of ZK30 alloy processed through equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. Firstly, The ECAPed ZK30 billets have been examined at as-annealed (AA), 1-pass, and 4-passes of route Bc (4Bc). Then, the wear output responses in terms of volume loss (VL) and coefficient of friction (COF) have been experimentally investigated by varying load pressure (P) and speed (V) using design of experiments (DOE). In the second step, statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D response surface plots, and ML have been employed to predict the output responses. Subsequently, genetic algorithm (GA), hybrid DOE–GA, and multi-objective genetic algorithm techniques have been used to optimize the input variables. The experimental results of ECAP process reveal a significant reduction in the average grain size by 92.7% as it processed through 4Bc compared to AA counterpart. Furthermore, 4Bc exhibited a significant improvement in the VL by 99.8% compared to AA counterpart. Both regression and ML prediction models establish a significant correlation between the projected and the actual data, indicating that the experimental and predicted values agreed exceptionally well. The minimal VL at different ECAP passes was obtained at the highest condition of the wear test. Also, the minimal COF for all ECAP passes was obtained at maximum wear load. However, the optimal speed in the wear process decreased with the number of billets passes for minimum COF. The validation of predicted ML models and VL regression under different wear conditions have an accuracy range of 70–99.7%, respectively.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu-Ni-Sn-Si-Al alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing

Cu-Ni-Sn alloys have attracted attention in the electronics and electrical industries for their good mechanical properties and resistance to stress relaxation. The effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on the microstructural and properties of a Cu-9.0Ni-1.0Sn-0.5Si-0.5Al alloy were systematically investigated by means of hardness tests, tensile tests, conductivity measurements and electron microscope observations. After 8 ECAPed passes, initial coarse grains were significantly refined, and the average grain size decreased to 0.5 μm. Grain refinement was related to the rotation of deformation twin and the movement of dislocations in the grains during ECAP processing, the strength increment of Cu-Ni-Sn-Si-Al alloy during ECAP was mainly attributed to the low-angle boundaries strengthening (σSGB). After aged at 400 °C for 300 min, the tensile strength, elongation and electrical conductivity of the 8 pass ECAPed sample were 976 MPa, 5% and 13.7% IACS, respectively. The spherical Ni3Al/Ni3Si and Ni3Sn precipitates with the size of about 6 nm formed in 8 pass ECAPed samples after aging. The orientation relationship (OR) between the Cu matrix and precipitates was [1̅1̅1]Cu//[1̅1̅1]p and [2̅00]Cu//[1̅00]p.

Effect of equal-channel angular pressing on microstructure, aging kinetics and impact behavior in a 7075 aluminum alloy

Among the precipitation hardenable 7xxx series aluminum alloys, AA7075 alloys (one of the most important engineering alloys) due to their low density (lightweight), high toughness and strength, and enhanced fatigue behavior have been used over the years in aerospace, aircraft, automotive, construction and marine applications. In the present study, the influence of the artificial aging through conventional heat treatment (i.e., precipitation hardening) and the thermomechanical treatment (equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) + post-ECAP aging) on the quasi-static tensile, impact toughness and precipitation behavior as well as on the microstructure of an AA7075 alloy is investigated systematically. The results indicate that the ECAP process as well as post-ECAP aging result in considerably increased strength and hardness of the AA7075 alloys because of the superimposed effects of grain boundary strengthening (Hall-Petch relation), strain hardening (by means of the increased dislocation density) and precipitation hardening (due to the fine precipitates formed in Al matrix). Multi-pass ECAP processing has been found to result in a considerable decrease of the impact toughness (from 15.3 J·cm−2 to 7.6 J·cm−2) associated with the failure mode (i.e., ductile-to-brittle transition) of the AA7075 alloys, whereas the artificial peak aging leads to a marked improvement (∼67 %) in the impact toughness in ECAPed conditions. Moreover, the ECAP process noticeably accelerates the precipitation kinetics of AA7075 alloys: The peak aging time in the ECAPed alloy is reduced significantly – from 30 h to 4 h. The results of the present study provide a deeper understanding of the combination of ECAP and heat treatment, and their effect on the fracture mode and toughness under impact loading, the aging kinetics and the microstructural evolution of an AA7075 alloy.

Excellent strength-ductility synergy properties of Mg–Sn–Zn–Zr alloy mediated by a novel differential thermal ECAP (DT-ECAP)

The application of structural magnesium (Mg) alloys in engineering industry is usually impeded by the challenge of strength-ductility synergy. In this study, a considerable ductility (elongation, ∼27–33 %) and high ultimate tensile strength (UTS, ∼340–370 MPa) Mg–Sn–Zn–Zr alloy was developed by a combination of aging, extrusion and novel differential thermal equal-channel angular pressing (DT-ECAP) process. Both dislocation slip and (double) cross-slip are primary deformation mechanisms of the alloy. Furthermore, jogs or kinks induced by the interaction between high density of dislocations were also observed in the alloy before and after tensile test, indicating good deformability. More importantly, based on the two-beam bright-filed TEM under three g conditions, multiple slip systems containing pyramidal <c + a>, prismatic and basal <a> dislocations were activated to accommodate both c-axis and a-axis strains of the alloy, leading to superior work-hardening effect and thus superb ductility. On the other hand, the DT-ECAP process was in favor of grain refinement and ultrafine second phases with ∼54–63 nm. Therefore, the principal strengthening mechanisms of the DT-ECAPed alloys were grain boundary strengthening, precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The contributions of the three strengthening mechanisms to TYSs of second pass (2P) and forth pass (4P) alloys are ∼77 MPa and ∼66 MPa, ∼30 MPa and ∼27 MPa, ∼34 MPa and ∼27 MPa, respectively. The current work develops a novel DT-ECAP process for preparing a new Mg–Sn–Zn–Zr alloy with strength-ductility synergy and provides a strategy to break the strength-ductility tradeoff dilemma of rare-earth-free Mg alloy.

Effect of Zinc and Severe Plastic Deformation on Mechanical Properties of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy.

This study investigates the effects of zinc (4 wt.%) and severe plastic deformation on the mechanical properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy through the stir-casting process. Severe plastic deformation (Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)) has been performed followed by T4 heat treatment. The microstructural examinations revealed that the addition of 4 wt.% Zn enhances the uniform distribution of β-phase, contributing to a more uniformly corroded surface in corrosive environments. Additionally, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) significantly reduces the grain size of as-cast alloys after undergoing ECAP. The attained mechanical properties demonstrate that after a single ECAP pass, AZ61 + 4 wt.% Zn alloy exhibits the highest yield strength (YS), ultimate compression strength (UCS), and hardness. This research highlights the promising potential of AZ61 + 4 wt.% Zn alloy for enhanced mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties, offering valuable insights for applications in diverse engineering fields.

Unraveling the mechanism for thermal stability of a high-strength Cu alloy produced by a novel cryogenic ECAP route

This investigation aimed to design a thermally stable microstructure of an ITER-grade Cu-0.7Cr-0.07Zr alloy. The chosen approach involved employing a novel Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) at cryogenic temperatures (CT), in which the temperature was strictly controlled, followed by subsequent ageing. Post-ECAP ageing at 400 °C for 15 min resulted in a substantial enhancement in yield strength in CT-processed specimens, with a remarkable increase of 22 % in comparison to their pre-aged counterparts. Additionally, ageing under these conditions yielded a more stable microstructure at elevated temperatures, with average grain size variation below to 1 μm. The observed stability was attributed to the formation of fine Cr-rich precipitates during ageing that hinder grain boundary motion, thereby preventing grain growth and potential softening of the CuCrZr alloy. These findings elucidate a promising thermomechanical processing avenue for strengthening microstructures processed by cryogenic severe plastic deformation and/or exposure to elevated temperatures. Finally, the adopted processing route in this study not only facilitated but distinctly culminated in attaining the paramount strength/ductility relationship for CuCrZr alloys with a stable microstructure at medium-to-high temperature range.

Refractory High‐Entropy Alloys Produced from Elemental Powders by Severe Plastic Deformation

A comparative investigation of two fundamentally different approaches for the synthesis, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of the refractory high‐entropy alloys (RHEA) HfNbTaTiZr and HfNbTiZr is performed. The two methods comprises conventional arc (button) melting and a powder route based on mechanical alloying and consolidation via severe plastic deformation. In particular, blended elemental powder is pre‐compacted and subjected to one or four passes of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 500 °C and then 10 revolutions of high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature to an effective strain between 4 and 40. Some samples are then annealed at 500 °C for 1 h to investigate the thermal stability of the phases. The four ECAP passes at 500 °C do not result in the formation of the body‐centered cubic (BCC) phase typical for the program RHEAs despite the presence of interfacial zones between particles and defect‐driven diffusion. Nevertheless, a single ECAP pass is sufficient to create a solid bulk sample for subsequent HPT. After 10 HPT revolutions, in contrast to melting route resulting in a single BCC phase alloy, both alloys form new phases comprising a Nb‐rich BCC phase and a ZrHf‐rich HCP phase in both alloys.

Impact of ECAP at 300 °C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the quenched Zr–2.5%Nb alloy

We investigated the microstructure of the Zr–2.5%Nb zirconium alloy after subjecting it to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and found that ECAP at 300 °C increases the strength by 140 to 180 %. Notably, unlike other studies, our alloy did not show complete dissolution of niobium particles, which may be due to the reduced diffusion rates at the lower deformation temperature of 300 °C. Pre-treatment involving quenching before severe plastic deformation was also studied, which developed a lamellar structure introducing additional boundaries that facilitated grain refinement during subsequent ECAP. The strength of the alloy was further enhanced by solid-solution hardening, achieved through the complete dissolution of the Nb particles into the matrix post-quenching. This process resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in yield strength after quenching plus ECAP compared to the initial coarse-grained state.

Electron Backscatter Diffraction Investigation on Microstructure Evolution of TiB2(p)/Al-Cu Composite after Single-Pass Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Formability Assessment

Electron Backscatter Diffraction Investigation on Microstructure Evolution of TiB2(p)/Al-Cu Composite after Single-Pass Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Formability Assessment

Effect of Sc/Zr ratio on superplastic behavior of ultrafine-grained Al–6%Mg alloys

Al–6%Mg-Sc-Zr alloys with a combined Sc and Zr ratio of 0.32 wt% make up the focus of this research. The content of Sc and Zr varied with an increment of 0.02%. Their ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure was formed with Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Superplasticity tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C and at a strain rate varying between 3.3·10−3 and 3.3·10−1 s−1. The values of strain hardening factor (n), strain rate sensitivity factor (m), and superplastic deformation threshold stress (σp) were determined. The microstructure and failure patterns of the alloys post superplasticity tests were studied. The effect of the Sc/Zr ratio on the superplastic behavior, cavitation fracture and dynamic grain growth of UFG Al–6%Mg alloys was investigated. The satisfiability of Hart's criterion for calculating uniform deformation value under superplastic conditions was verified. Grain boundary sliding and intragranular deformation make comparable contributions to superplastic flow in the UFG aluminum alloys under study. Al–6%Mg-0.20%Sc-0.12%Zr (Sc/Zr = 3.3 at.%) and Al–6%Mg-0.18%Sc-0.14%Zr (Sc/Zr = 2.8 at.%) alloys exhibit the highest superplasticity. Shown that changes in the Sc/Zr ratio affect the precipitating mechanism, spatial distribution and composition of the precipitating particles Al3(ScxZr1-x). The optimal Sc/Zr ∼2.6–3.3 (at.%) ratio for the Al–6%Mg alloy corresponds to an Al3(Sc0.5Zr0.5) and Al3Sc precipitated particles. The large Al3Zr particles formed through the discontinuous precipitation mechanism was detected at Sc/Zr < 1 (at.%).

Microstructure and properties of biodegradable Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2Sr alloys processed by ECAP

In recent years, Zn alloys had been regarded as biomedical materials with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the mechanical properties of Zn alloys were often not sufficient for the ideal orthopedic internal fixation implant. In order to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Zn alloys by strengthening and toughening, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method and Bc route were applied to process Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2 Sr alloys. Meanwhile, the effects of multi-pass ECAP on mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and microstructure were systematically investigated. As a result, ECAP could significantly refine the grain sizes of the as-cast Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2 Sr alloys. Only after 2 passes, the average grain sizes of the Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2 Sr alloy could be refined from 54.04 μm in as-cast to 1.20 ± 0.76 μm. In addition, the increase of ECAP passes promoted the precipitation of MnZn13 phase and reduced texture strength, which affected the strength and ductility. The UTS of the 2 P and 4 P alloys were 337.6 MPa and 320.4 MPa, respectively. And as ECAP passes increased from 2 to 8, the EL gradually increased from 24.9% to 46.3%. After ECAP, the corrosion rates of the Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2 Sr alloys increased. The corrosion rates of the 2 P and 4 P alloys measured by the weight loss method were about 0.022 mm/year and 0.019 mm/year. Thus, Zn-0.8Mn-0.5Cu-0.2 Sr alloy was expected to be a promising biodegradable material. Meanwhile, ECAP could be an effective avenue to achieve high comprehensive mechanical properties and suitable corrosion rates.

Microstructure Characterizations and Mechanical Properties of 1050-aluminum Deformed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Microstructure Characterizations and Mechanical Properties of 1050-aluminum Deformed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Overcoming the strength-ductility tradeoff of a 3D-printed Al-Si alloy by equal channel angular pressing

The integration of additive manufacturing and severe plastic deformation has produced an Al-Si alloy with superior mechanical properties. The novel processing pathway effectively avoids strength-ductility trade-off, resulting in an elongation increase of three times while maintaining a comparable yield strength to that of the original condition. The implementation of an intermediate annealing heat treatment (HT) before the subsequent equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing resulted in the most favorable combinations of strength and ductility. The ECAP process transformed the ultrafine interconnected eutectic network into ultrafine particles. This process also led to the formation of a heterogeneous grain size and the transformation of the 3-dimensional network of aluminides (Al2Cu) and Si-enriched precipitates into particles with varying sizes, ranging from 4 nm to 500 nm. In contrast, the ECAP processing without an intermediate annealing heat treatment led to a maximum yield strength increment of 22%. Notably, this enhancement in strength was achieved while preserving comparable levels of elongation to those observed in the as-built material. Hence, achieving the optimal combination of yield strength and ductility ratio demands a careful balance between various strengthening mechanisms, including subgrains and precipitates.

Enhanced superplasticity of ultrafine-grained WEQ612 magnesium alloy via the coupling effect of grain boundary segregation and dense precipitation

Achieving low-temperature, high-strain-rate (LTHSR) superplasticity is important for preparing rare-earth (RE)–Mg alloy products with complex shapes. Herein, an ultrafine-grained Mg–6.22Y–0.98Er–2.11Ag (wt%, WEQ612) alloy was prepared via equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). After 16 passes of ECAP and aging at 473 K for 58 h, an average grain size of 600 nm was achieved, and there was a high density of intergranular precipitates with an average size of approximately 180 nm. The WEQ612 alloy exhibited excellent superplasticity during superplastic deformation, with elongations of 451% at 523 K and 1 × 10−4 s−1, and 834% at 573 K and 1 × 10−2 s−1. The high density of intergranular precipitates, which were uniformly distributed at the grain boundaries, promoted dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during superplastic deformation and inhibited grain growth. The grain boundary co-segregation of Y and Ag further improved the grain boundary stability of the alloy. Despite the general consensus that grain boundary sliding (GBS) is the main mechanism of superplasticity, a more complex role of GBS and DRX was identified in this study. The identified mechanism provides a reference for GBS and grain boundary rotation as well as dislocation motion during superplastic deformation, and helps to describe the intermediate processes that occur during superplastic deformation. Thus, this study provides insights into the development of LTHSR superplastic RE–Mg alloys.

Nanostructuring of Ferritic Steel: A Review on Enhanced Surface Properties Using Ultrasonic Shot Peening

Nanostructuring of ferritic stainless steel refers to the process of intentionally reducing the grain size of the material at the nanoscale level. By manipulating the microstructure of the steel, it is possible to enhance its mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Nanostructuring can significantly improve the strength, hardness, and wear resistance of ferritic stainless steel, while still maintaining its corrosion resistance. The increased density of grain boundaries and the complex dislocation network within the nanostructured material contribute to these improved properties. Moreover, the nanostructured ferritic stainless steel exhibits enhanced thermal stability, leading to better high-temperature performance and resistance to creep deformation. The small grain size also allows for increased precipitation of secondary phases, such as carbides, nitrides, or intermetallic compounds, which can further improve the material's properties. There are several methods to achieve nanostructuring in ferritic stainless steel, such as severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques like high-pressure torsion, equal channel angular pressing, and accumulative roll bonding. These techniques impose extreme plastic deformation on the material. Leading to grain refinement below the micrometre range. Also, a novel method of surface nanostructuring ultrasonic shot peening (USP) is discussed in detail. Shot peening is a process in which small, spherical media, typically made of steel or ceramic, called "shots," are propelled onto the surface of a material at high velocities. Ultrasonic shot peening enhances the traditional shot peening process by introducing high-frequency vibrations to the shots. These vibrations are generated by an ultrasonic transducer, which is immersed in a bath of shots and liquid. The vibrations are transmitted through the liquid to the shots, causing them to collide with the surface of the ferritic steel at even higher velocities and energy levels than in traditional shot peening. In summary, nanostructuring of ferritic stainless steel offers great potential for tailoring the material's properties to meet specific application requirements, including improved strength, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature performance. USP is an effective surface treatment method for ferritic steel, offering advantages in terms of fatigue life, stress corrosion cracking resistance, surface hardness, and wear resistance.