The growth of the digital economy brings both challenges and opportunities for regional economic development, especially in areas where infrastructure and human resources are unevenly distributed. This study examines how digital infrastructure and socio-economic factors influence ICT competence, which is a key driver of digital economic progress in Eastern Indonesia. Using data from 13 provinces between 2016 and 2023, the study applied a Fixed Effects Model (FEM) to analyze regional and time-based differences. The results show that Internet access has a strong positive impact on ICT competence, highlighting the critical role of digital infrastructure in boosting participation and reducing the digital gap. Education also plays a significant role, with improved education helping to build digital literacy and better prepare the population for technological change. On the other hand, income does not seem to have a significant effect on ICT competence, suggesting that economic factors are not yet the main drivers of technological skills in the region. Overall, the findings emphasize that digital development in Eastern Indonesia is primarily influenced by the availability of infrastructure and the quality of human resources. To support inclusive and sustainable digital growth, policies should focus on ensuring equal access to the Internet and incorporating digital literacy into education.

Exploring experiences of reasonable adjustments in cancer care among patients with disabilities and their carers: A focus group study in South West England.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is taking on a growing significance in reshaping the education sector, offering automation, personalized learning, and intelligent support systems. This paper examines the recent progress in AI, with particular attention to the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their application within both K- 12 and higher education environments. Adopting a systematic literature review approach, the study identifies c ore domains benefiting from AI , such as adaptive learning platforms, automated assessment tools, and virtual tutoring systems. The analysis shows that AI has the potential to greatly enhance teaching methods and improve student learning experiences by offering more tailored and efficient educational solutions. However, the merging of AI systems technologies also brings several Issues requiring resolution. Ethical issues around data privacy, algorithmic bias, and issues related to equal access to technology are prominent. Technological limitations, such as the need for robust infrastructure and skilled human support, are also critical factors to consider.

Augmented Reality (AR) is changing modern education by connecting physical learning spaces with digital experiences. This study introduces Edu Vision AR; a unique educational app developed with Unity 3D and Vuforia SDK to improve interactive learning. The main goal of this research is to create an AR learning tool that works offline, supports multiple languages for audio narration, and includes interactive quizzes to boost student engagement and understanding. The application has eight main parts: AR Visualization, Audio Narration, Interactive Quiz, Offline Functionality, Language Support, User Interface, Data Storage, and System Integration. Each part aims to provide a smooth learning experience that encourages students to engage actively through visual and sound interactions. The system uses marker-based AR tracking to display 3D models, developed in C# for functionality and interactivity. This research follows a design and implementation process that starts with analyzing user needs. This is followed by developing models and testing them in a classroom-like setting. The evaluation looked at usability, performance, and educational impact. The findings show that students had a better understanding of the concepts and felt more motivated when using AR-based content than when using traditional 2D learning methods. The results indicate that EduVision AR’s offline capability and support for multiple languages make it especially useful for rural or low-connectivity areas. This ensures that all students have equal access to quality education. By combining interactive visuals, localized audio, and offline features, this study concludes that AR-based learning can be a powerful tool for personalized and culturally relevant education.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought revolutionary opportunities to the education system across the world, providing new solutions to pedagogy, research, and management processes. In Nigeria, where the education sector is under sieged by limited resources, poor infrastructures and lack of pedagogies, AI presents a channel through which Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be accelerated by offering equal access to quality education. However, the implementation and putting AI technologies into practice are still disjointed due to the lack of an all-inclusive legal and regulation framework. This paper explores the current situation with AI in the context of higher education in Nigeria, compares it with the trends in the rest of the world, and critically evaluates the implications on sustainable development. It highlights key legal, ethical, and governance barriers, such as privacy of data, bias in the algorithm, intellectual property, and institutional inefficiency. The paper based on the international best practices claims that a responsive legal and regulatory environment should be promoted not to only enable the responsible innovation of AI, but also to protect the rights of the stakeholders. It is suggested to develop a multi-stakeholder, proactive strategy, which implies cooperation of governmental institutions, universities, and the business world. The article concludes that, without a carefully designed legal framework, Nigeria will not only run the risk of not fully harnessing the transformative ability of AI but also intensify the level of inequalities that already exist in its educational framework. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the laws and innovate policies to make AI a tool of inclusive, ethical, and sustainable development.

This research is entitled Normative Study of the Right to Space in the Installation of Digital Infrastructure, which aims to analyze the legal and justice aspects in the use of space for the development of digital infrastructure in Indonesia. The development of digitalization demands the availability of legal and equitable space for the installation of towers, fiber optic networks, and other supporting devices. In a legal context, the right to space originally focused on physical development, but has now expanded to encompass the need for digital space as a vital public facility. The method used is doctrinal legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach, examining the suitability of legal norms governing the management of physical space as regulated in Spatial Planning Law Number 26 of 2007 and digital. The study results show that the regulation of spatial rights for digital infrastructure must guarantee the principles of legality, social justice, transparency, and public participation. The state plays a central role in regulating and ensuring equal access, data protection, and equitable distribution of digital benefits for all members of society. This research emphasizes the importance of adaptive and equitable digital legal transformation so that infrastructure development does not create disparities, but rather realizes inclusive, safe, and sustainable spatial planning in the era of technological transformation.

ABSTRACT Since its establishment in 1945, UNESCO’s approach to gender equality in education has progressed through four key phases: legal provision for equal access to educational resources, education to enable female participation in economic development, addressing power dynamics to advance female development, and gender mainstreaming for empowerment. These shifts reflect a dynamic interaction between institutional frameworks, global priorities, and evolving theoretical perspectives. However, the gender equality strategies promoted by UNESCO have not fundamentally addressed the structural inequities within educational systems. The limitations of these strategies include the reproduction of gendered power relations, biases in global universalist narratives, and the absence of intersectional perspectives. UNESCO’s reliance on a liberal feminist framework tends to reduce complex gender politics to technocratic solutions that align with neoliberal ideals, thus limiting more radical critiques of the Global North’s dominant discourse. To foster true gender equality, it is essential to transform educational systems, decolonize knowledge, and strengthen the agency and voice of intersectionally marginalized groups.

This review explores how two cutting-edge technologies—telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI)—are reshaping diabetes care. Diabetes remains one of healthcare’s toughest challenges, demanding round-the-clock monitoring and treatments that adapt to each patient’s needs. During COVID-19, telemedicine proved its worth as a vital tool for maintaining patient care and improving health outcomes. Meanwhile, AI—through machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)—brings fresh capabilities for catching diabetes early, assessing patient risk, and spotting complications like eye and nerve damage before they become serious. We examined recent research on these technologies, particularly their roles in predicting who might develop diabetes, using Natural Language Processing (NLP) to decode messy patient records, and supporting doctors through clinical decision support systems (CDSS). Our findings reveal that telemedicine works—it helps patients control their blood sugar better and keeps them satisfied with their care. However, not everyone has equal access to technology, and some healthcare providers remain skeptical. AI diagnostic tools, especially for eye screening, now match human doctors in accuracy. Though merging these technologies could revolutionize personalized diabetes care, we first need to tackle real-world obstacles: ensuring fair access for all patients, protecting sensitive health data, and making different systems work together seamlessly.

This article is an in-depth study of the significant, but often underestimated, contribution of prominent Ukrainian historians, educators, and public figures Ivan and Maria Luchytsky to the development of women's education in Ukraine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It reveals the multifaceted activities of the couple, which included not only the theoretical justification of the urgent need for equal access to education for women, but also active practical steps to implement it. The article analyzes in detail the key aspects of their educational work. In particular, it highlights the Luchytsky's initiatives to establish and financially support educational institutions for girls, focusing on specific examples and their impact on the formation of the educational landscape. It examines their active participation in pedagogical discussions of the time, where they consistently defended the ideas of progressive education and the expansion of women's rights. It analyzes how their views and actions influenced the formation of liberal and progressive views on the role of women in society, contributing to the rethinking of traditional ideas. Based on the analysis of sources, the article reveals in the context of historical events the difficult development of women's education in Ukraine and the educational activities of Ivan and Maria Luchytsky, showing how their efforts contributed to overcoming conservative ideas and laid the foundations for the further development of women's education in Ukraine. The study emphasizes the relevance of their legacy in the context of modern challenges related to achieving gender equality, ensuring equal access to quality education for all, and forming an inclusive society.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) follows a social gradient; however, access to health-related services and amenities in urban areas may also impact its prevalence. This study investigates the association between characteristics of the built environment and T2DM prevalence in Milan, Italy. Utilising administrative health care data and open access territorial information, we examined the relationship between neighbourhood-level features and T2DM among the Milanese population in 2019. The analysis focused on six domains: food environment, physical activity infrastructure, cultural facilities, neighbourhood disorder, health care accessibility, and public transportation. We employed spatial analysis techniques based on road network buffers to evaluate potential access to health-related resources. Multilevel Poisson regression models, stratified by age group and sex, were applied to explore associations while adjusting for average neighbourhood educational attainment. Several built environment indicators demonstrated significant associations with T2DM; however, these associations lost statistical significance after controlling for area-level education. The influence of the built environment on health outcomes may differ in Milan's unique context compared to those settings where previous research has yielded consistent findings, particularly in the American context, which involves larger metropolises with greater urban heterogeneity and low- and middle-income countries characterised by notable urban/rural differences.

Abstract- This study looks at how digital technology is changing the way teachers teach and students learn in today’s classrooms. It highlights common tools like AI-based learning apps, multimedia lessons, and interactive platforms that make learning more interesting and help students improve their language skills and overall performance. The study is based on recent research and examples of how technology is already being used in schools. The findings show that digital tools allow students to learn at their own speed, stay more motivated, and understand lessons better. At the same time, the study also points out some challenges that schools still face while using technology. Many students do not have equal access to devices or internet facilities, and some teachers are not fully trained to use advanced tools effectively. The study suggests that schools should improve their digital infrastructure, provide proper training for teachers, and use technology in a planned and practical way. By doing this, technology can truly help improve the learning experience and support better results for all students. Key Word: Educational Technology, Digital Learning, Student Engagement, Language Development, Inclusive Education

Modern migration processes, caused by full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine, have led to an unprecedented increase in the number of persons who have acquired refugee status in the countries of the European Union. This situation has brought to the fore the issue of not only basic social guarantees, but also access to modern medical services, in particular, transplantation of anatomical materials and the use of assisted reproductive technologies. International legal documents that define the status of refugees provide for general principles of non-discrimination and equal access to medical care, but do not contain direct and clear guarantees of ensuring the right to access to highly specialized medical services. This creates significant gaps in the practical implementation of the rights of persons with refugee status and causes inequality in access to medical resources. The study found that key obstacles to the realization of these rights include language and cultural barriers, lack of medical documentation, lack of effective mechanisms for information exchange between countries, low awareness of refugees about their rights and available services, limited resources in health systems, and lack of coordination between different health care providers. These barriers, taken together, significantly limit access to transplantation and reproductive procedures, even despite the existence of general legal guarantees. The article analyzes international legal instruments regulating the status of refugees, in particular the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the EU Directive on Temporary Protection, and the provisions of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. In addition, it was found that the national health systems of individual EU countries demonstrate positive examples of integrating refugees into the health care system, in particular Poland, where equal access to medical care is ensured, information is translated into Ukrainian, and mechanisms for covering the cost of treatment have been created. At the same time, such practices remain fragmented and require greater consistency and coherence at the European Union level. It was concluded that in order to ensure effective and equal access of refugees to highly specialized medical services, it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework at both the international and national levels, create mechanisms for exchanging medical information, eliminate communication barriers, and introduce a holistic organizational approach in the health care system.

The article provides a comprehensive study of foreign experience in ensuring gender equality in the sphere of labor relations and reveals the specifics of legal regulation aimed at preventing gender-based discrimination in leading democratic states. It emphasizes that gender equality constitutes an integral element of sustainable development, social justice, and human rights protection, while its implementation serves as a key indicator of democracy and societal maturity. The research analyzes international standards of equal rights and opportunities, as well as the legal frameworks of France, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Lithuania, Moldova, the Czech Republic, Canada, and the United States. It is determined that the effectiveness of gender policy in labor relations depends on the combination of legislative norms, institutional mechanisms, and practical measures at the enterprise level. Among the most effective instruments are job quotas, wage transparency and control, gender budgeting, anti-discrimination training programs, and social initiatives of employers. Special attention is devoted to the European experience of integrating the principle of gender equality into employment policies and human resource management systems. It is demonstrated that consistent state policy, combined with effective control and corporate social responsibility, contributes to achieving real equality between women and men. For Ukraine, which is currently reforming its labor legislation, an important task is the implementation of best international practices and the harmonization of national law with the legal framework of the European Union. Given Ukraine’s course toward European integration, the national legal system should be oriented toward harmonization with international norms, which entails strengthening guarantees of equal access to employment, preventing discrimination, and promoting the development of social partnership in the field of labor relations. The article substantiates that the adaptation of foreign experience will enhance human rights guarantees, increase employment levels, reduce the gender pay gap, and promote the establishment of principles of social equality and non-discrimination in all spheres of public life. Such experience serves as a valuable source of scientific and practical guidance for improving the national labor law system and ensuring its compliance with contemporary international standards. Thus, the improvement of legal regulation of labor relations based on the principles of gender equality will contribute to strengthening democratic institutions, increasing employment levels, ensuring decent working conditions, and affirming Ukraine as a social, legal, and just state.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse the consequences of the fake news phenomenon under the effectiveness of the democratic system in South America, highlighting its institutional dimension - how they affect and are affected by institutions, habits and shared enabling myths. To do so, it starts with the concepts of democracy presented by Dewey, Dahl and Habermas, emphasizing the importance of knowledge and dialogue for the effectiveness of democracy. It is argued that fake news reinforces social bubbles and the prejudices that give rise to them, making it difficult to establish a collective logic. In addition, fake news is an obstacle to the realization of an effective democracy by weakening the dissemination of scientific knowledge and dialogue. In turn, one way of seeking to achieve it would be through social equality and broad access to education.

The article examines the legal mechanisms and problems of implementing the child’s constitutional right to education in the conditions of full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It is argued that ensuring equal access to quality education is not only a constitutional guarantee (Article 53), but also a key condition for protecting human rights, social justice and sustainable development of the state, since education during the conflict period performs critically important stabilizing, integration and protective functions, contributing to the psychological stability of children. The author notes that the significant destruction of the educational infrastructure and the mass displacement of Ukrainians led to the emergence of systemic discriminatory barriers that make it impossible to fully implement the right to education. The article systematizes these obstacles in detail by territorial basis: 1) IDP children: face documentary, organizational, psychological consequences of trauma and technical (digital) barriers associated with limited access to the Internet and gadgets; 2) children in TOT: suffer from ideological discrimination (forced Russification), persecution of parents/ teachers and educational isolation, which is a violation of international humanitarian law; 3) refugee children abroad: experience linguistic, legal (recognition of documents), psychosocial and cultural-value barriers that threaten the loss of national identity. The updated national legislation (Articles 6 and 571 of the Law of Ukraine «On Education») is analyzed, which enshrines the principle of non-discrimination and the need to create a safe educational environment as a state guarantee in conditions of martial law. Based on the analysis, a set of effective ways to overcome the identified barriers was identified: ensuring security (construction of shelters); developing flexible forms of education (distance and blended learning, external studies); overcoming digital inequality (providing technical support to IDPs); psychosocial support; as well as legal counseling and developing programs for the reintegration of children after de-occupation. It was concluded that overcoming discrimination and ensuring the continuity of education is of strategic importance for preventing “educational losses”, preserving human capital and is a constitutional prerequisite for strengthening the democratic system and successful post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Inclusive education aims to provide equal access to quality basic education by meeting diverse learners' needs. Tests, integral to academic assessment, can trigger anxiety in students, impacting their psychological-wellbeing. Students (with disabilities) with better coping strategies may handle testing situations more effectively, influencing their psychological-wellbeing. This study examined test anxiety, coping strategies, and psychological-wellbeing of students with disabilities in inclusive basic schools in Lagos State. The objectives were to assess the levels of test anxiety, coping strategies employed, psychological-wellbeing, and investigate test anxiety and coping strategies as predictors of psychological well-being. A correlational design was employed, with a population of 208 upper basic nine students with disabilities in public inclusive schools. Data was collected from 189 basic nine students with disabilities using validated instruments on test anxiety, coping strategies, and psychological-wellbeing. Findings revealed moderate levels of test anxiety and psychological-wellbeing, with problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies commonly used. Test anxiety and coping strategies are not significant predictors of psychological-wellbeing of students with disabilities. The study recommended that, Inclusive schools in Lagos State should organize Parent Teachers Conference on how to support children's psychological-wellbeing by understanding test anxiety and coping strategies.

Simple SummaryMetastatic bone disease is an important challenge in orthopaedic oncology, as improved cancer survival leads to more patients requiring surgery for skeletal stabilisation. Prognostic factors such as tumour type or pathological fractures are well known. Still, the influence of socio-economic determinants is less clear and has mainly been studied in the United States. In this retrospective analysis of 243 patients treated surgically for metastatic bone disease at a German sarcoma centre, we examined the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and postoperative survival. Socio-economic data were derived from patients’ place of residence and linked to national census indicators. While several variables showed associations in univariate analysis, only the size of the residential population remained significant in multivariate analysis. Patients from villages and large cities had worse survival compared with those from small or medium-sized towns. These findings suggest regional disparities and highlight the need to better understand geographic inequalities in cancer care.Background/Objectives: Metastatic bone disease (MBD) poses an increasing challenge in orthopaedic oncology due to prolonged survival. While clinical prognostic factors are well established, the role of socio-economic determinants remains unclear, particularly within universal healthcare systems. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 243 patients who underwent surgery for MBD (excluding spine) between 2005 and 2024 at a German sarcoma centre. Socio-economic indicators were derived from national databases and linked to patients’ residential districts. Survival was analysed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression, adjusting for clinical confounders. Results: Median postoperative survival was 22 months. Several socio-economic indicators—income, education, and employment—were associated with survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate models, only residential area size remained independently significant (p = 0.047). Patients from villages (<2000 inhabitants) and large cities (>100,000) had poorer survival than those from small or medium-sized towns. This effect persisted after adjustment for tumour type, pathological fractures, and year of surgery. Conclusions: Within a universal healthcare system, residential area size was associated with survival after surgery for MBD, suggesting that regional disparities may persist despite equal formal access to care. Further studies integrating individual-level socioeconomic data are needed to identify mechanisms and guide interventions to reduce geographic inequalities.

The study aims to analyze the application of John Rawls' Theory of Justice in Indonesia's health system policy, emphasizing how principles of justice can promote fairness and equality in the provision of health services, especially for disadvantaged populations.The method used was a judicial normative (doctrinal) approach. This study critically reviewed legal and philosophical texts relevant to the Indonesian health policy framework, integrating Rawls' theory as an analytical lens.The novelty of this research lies in the operationalization of Rawls' abstract philosophical principles into a structured evaluation framework (Rawlsian grid) and its application to the Indonesian socio-political and cultural context. This allows for a systematic assessment of inequalities in the health system and proposals for equitable policy solutions.The findings show that programs such as the National Health Insurance Scheme (JKN) have contributed to broader access to health care, but disparities remain in remote and underdeveloped areas. Using the Rawlsian grid, the study highlights challenges in budget allocation, health worker distribution, and infrastructure access. Recommended strategies include reallocating health budgets, fair distribution of health workers, expansion of telemedicine, and participatory planning.The concludes that integrating Rawlsian principles of justice through a structured evaluation framework can support a more inclusive and sustainable health system in Indonesia, ensuring fair and equal access to quality health services for all citizens.

ABSTRACT This study explores perceptions of fairness and effectiveness regarding demand-side push measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from leisure air travel. Aviation contributes approximately 2% of global CO2 emissions, and its climate impact is magnified by non-CO2 effects, necessitating an immediate reduction in demand. Using a qualitative approach, focus groups with leisure air travellers in Austria were conducted to assess four demand-side push measures in leisure air travel: an air ticket tax, a minimum price for air tickets, a personal carbon budget for leisure air travel and a ban on short-haul flights. Our findings indicate that the factor of perceived fairness, and particularly distributional fairness, critically influences the public acceptance of these policies. Participants primarily expressed concerns about the impact on vulnerable groups, such as low-income individuals and larger households. However, these distributional fairness concerns may also overlap with perceptions of personal unfairness to some extent. The equivalent arrays of life options fairness principle, which argues for equal access to travel opportunities, was frequently invoked, emphasizing the importance of enabling everyone – including the focus group participants – to afford at least one annual vacation flight. Concerns about procedural fairness, and especially transparency and privacy issues, were predominantly associated with the hypothetical implementation of a personal carbon budget. Participants proposed modifications to enhance policy fairness and effectiveness, such as levying a frequent flyer tax, expanding the carbon budget for leisure air travel to all areas of life, combining the ban on short-haul flights with a price cap for train tickets and earmarking tax revenues to extend rail infrastructure. The study underscores the need to design mixed policy packages that balance both push and pull measures, as this will enhance their social compatibility and fairness and achieve effective emission reductions in the leisure aviation sector.

Ensuring equal access to quality education is a worldwide issue, particularly for learners vulnerable to exclusion because of their ethnicity, language, religion, nationality, or disabilities. This research examines the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) to close disparities in inclusive education, particularly for undergraduate students with visual disabilities in Palestine. Employing a qualitative case study method, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 21 participants to obtain detailed insights. This study addresses three key inquiries: the role of Gen AI as a supportive instrument, essential technological features that foster inclusivity, and the ways in which Gen AI enhances access and participation. Thematic analysis revealed themes of adaptability, accessibility, supportive teaching, equity, and educational quality, as well as technological features including interactivity, user-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, scalability, integration, and multimodal learning. Results suggest that Gen AI improves tailored learning, streamlines content, assists teachers, and closes the digital gap. Ethical considerations are crucial for reducing biases and promoting fairness. This research contributes to models concerning adaptive learning technologies and provides practical insights for promoting inclusive educational settings.