Epoxy Acrylate Research Articles

Influence of copper layer on epoxy acrylate based solder mask surface chemistry and the effect on epoxy adhesion

The influence of the presence of copper on the network formation and the surface chemistry of an epoxy acrylate based solder mask system were investigated, with regards to the application of solder masks on copper layer. The presence of copper within the bulk volume of the solder mask was characterized by utilizing scanning electron microscopy/focused ion beam and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The copper originates from the copper layer underneath and decreases towards the surface. Differences in the network structure were analyzed by applying infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode, which showed no changes in the network structure due to a copper layer underneath. The surface chemistry of two solder masks with different curing agents, amine and anhydride, was investigated for differences caused by changes in the curing behavior depending on copper complex formation. Surface chemistry was analyzed by applying X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Measurable differences in the surface chemistry with regards to copper content are generated due to the copper layer underneath. However, through the optical contact angle method and pull-off test, no differences concerning wetting or adhesion behavior between the solder mask and an epoxy adhesive were observed.

Study on curing behaviors of epoxy acrylates by UV with and without aromatic component

Two kinds of epoxy acrylates, aromatic BAGEDA (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate) and aliphatic BDGEDA (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether diacrylate), were prepared from BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and BDDGE (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether) respectively by reacting with acrylic acid. Synthesis and change in functional groups were confirmed by FTIR spectra. In the studies of UV curing behaviors by Photo-DSC (differential photocalorimetry), rate constants and conversions under isothermal conditions (T cure =30-80 °C) were determined by exothermic heat flows. Thus, maximum reaction rates of BAGEDA and BDGEDA were 4.06×10-2 s-1 and 5.01×10-2 s-1 respectively. UV curing behaviors were confirmed to follow Kamal equation model. Activation energies were 23.5 kJ/mol (E a1) and 12.0 kJ/mol (E a2) for BAGEDA, and 25.0 kJ/mol (E a1) and 11.3 kJ/mol (E a2) for BDGEDA. In the UV curing reaction of BAGEDA, the maximum reaction rate constants and conversions were increased by increasing reaction temperatures (T cure ), while in that of BDGEDA those were increased until 60 °C followed by a gradual decrease above 60 °C. These phenomena were understood by Gillham’s time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram in which curing behavior was determined by the glass transition temperature (T g ) of cured material at each reaction temperature.

Synthesis and properties of a low-viscosity UV-curable oligomer for three-dimensional printing

A novel photosensitive low-viscosity epoxy acrylate resin was synthesized by utilizing polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGGE) and acrylic acid (AA) as starting materials. The structure of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether diacrylate (PEGGEA) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 2-Isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDAB) and 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl) phenyl]-1-butanone (369) as photoinitiators and trihydroxymethyl propane triacrylate (TMPTA) as monomer were mixed with PEGGEA to prepare a kind of UV-curable resins, which may be utilized to boost the resin curing under UV light. The UV-curing properties and the thermal stability of the prepared resins with different contents of oligomer were investigated using FTIR-attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy and TGA. The viscosity of the oligomers and the mechanical properties of the cured resins were also studied. The results showed that the content of oligomer will affect the UV-curing properties and the thermal stability of the UV-curing resins. The viscosity of the prepared UV-curing resins was less than 200 mPa s at 25 °C, and the hardness of cured resins was high than 6H, which could meet the requirements for three-dimensional printing (3DP).

Modified epoxy acrylate resin for photocurable temporary protective coatings

Abstract A series of UV-curable oligomers based on bisphenol-F epoxy resin were synthesized via end-capping of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in different ratios. Along with the increase of AMPS content, viscosities of modified resins reduced obviously. Integrated performance of cured films was also evaluated. Water swelling and contact angle tests indicated that the hydrophilicity was enhanced by the incorporation of sulfonate and amide groups into the coatings. Thermal degradation behaviors showed that the char residue, as well the glass transition temperature of the cured films was increased with the rising AMPS proportion, though the initial decomposition temperature declined. Moreover, doping of plentiful AMPS caused a remarkable enhancement in elongation at break, which was ascribed to greater flexibility of polymer chains and reduced density of crosslinking structure. Cured films with AMPS modified showed strong adhesive strength resulted from strong hydrogen bonding formed between amide sulfonate groups from AMPS and polar surface of glass substrates. For pure AA modified film, it was unaffected in NaOH solution (2 wt%) for 24 h. While for AMPS modified film, the film could be completely removed in several minutes when exposed to alkali solution. The modified epoxy films with these attractive features had prospective applications in temporary protective coatings, which could resist acid and organic solvents while would be easily wiped off from the substrate by soaking in the alkali solution.

Synthesis of Radiation Curable Palm Oil–Based Epoxy Acrylate: NMR and FTIR Spectroscopic Investigations

Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing demand for bio-based polymers and resins in industrial applications, due to their potential lower cost and environmental impact compared with petroleum-based counterparts. The present research concerns the synthesis of epoxidized palm oil acrylate (EPOLA) from an epoxidized palm oil product (EPOP) as environmentally friendly material. EPOP was acrylated by acrylic acid via a ring opening reaction. The kinetics of the acrylation reaction were monitored throughout the reaction course and the acid value of the reaction mixture reached 10 mg KOH/g after 16 h, indicating the consumption of the acrylic acid. The obtained epoxy acrylate was investigated intensively by means of FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and the results revealed that the ring opening reaction was completed successfully with an acrylation yield about 82%. The UV free radical polymerization of EPOLA was carried out using two types of photoinitiators. The radiation curing behavior was determined by following the conversion of the acrylate groups. The cross-linking density and the hardness of the cured EPOLA films were measured to evaluate the effect of the photoinitiator on the solid film characteristics, besides, the thermal and mechanical properties were also evaluated.

Surface Coating of Acrylate Polymer on Sengon Wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Using UV Irradiation

SummaryAn experiment on surface coating of sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) using ultra violet (UV) irradiation has been conducted. Epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins were used as coating materials after addition of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and a photoinisiator, Darocure 1173. Irradiation was conducted using UV light at the conveyor speed of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/min. Parameters observed were glossyness, adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance and chemical, solvent and stain resistance. The superior results of the epoxy acrylate films were obtained to show excellent adhesion on the surface of wood meeting with the standard because of greater remaining values than 50% (ASTM 2571‐71), together with the high degrees of abrasion, hardness, glossyness and torelance against chemicals, solvent, and stain except against 10% NaOH solution.

Synthesis of epoxy acrylate and preparation of dual-curable ECAs based on conductive ceramic powders

To achieve both excellent mechanical property and good electrical conductivity for electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs), epoxy acrylic resins were employed as polymer matrix as well as modified BaTiO3 ceramic powders as conductive fillers by means of UV–thermal dual-curing method. In this paper, the epoxy acrylic resins with different esterification ratios were synthesized. Experimental studies show that epoxy acrylic resin with the esterification ratio of 5/8, has excellent performances on mechanical properties, gel ratio and thermal stability, and thus this specific material is suitable for polymer matrix. Based on the given esterification ratio of epoxy acrylic resin, the effects of diluent, photo-initiator, thermal initiator, thermal-curing agent, conductive fillers on mechanical and conductive properties of the ECAs were investigated. An optimum proportion of the ECAs’ ingredients is determined containing epoxy acrylic resin as matrix, 20 wt% of propylene oxide as diluent, 3.5 wt% of 2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl-diphenyl phosphine oxide (TPO) as photo-initiator, 1.5 wt% of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as thermal initiator, 10 wt% of triethanolamine as thermal-curing agent and 60 wt% of conductive ceramic powders as conductive fillers. In such condition, the volume resistivity of the ECA decreases to 5.30 × 10−2 Ω m, and the ECA still has a moderate mechanical property with the peel strength of 5.71 MPa and peel strength of 2.10 kN m−1. The ECA also exhibits excellent performance on thermal stability, and the SEM results show that the conductive fillers are well dispersed in the epoxy matrix without obvious agglomeration. The ECAs with epoxy acrylic resin and conductive ceramic powders have wide application prospects and potential economic value for electronic packing industry.

An UV‐curable epoxy acrylate oligomer with high refractive index containing fluorene: Preparation, characterization, and application

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel UV‐curable epoxy acrylate oligomer (BPEFPGMA) with high refractive index is successfully prepared through semi‐esterification reaction of 9,9‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene and phthalic anhydride, followed by end‐caping of glycidyl methacrylate. After 15 times’ repetitions, the process and properties of this oligomer are stable and reliable. The resulting BPEFPGMA exhibited low solvent content (≤1600 ppm), low viscosity (1900–2500 mPa s at 60°C), high refractive index (1.587 ± 0.003 at 20°C), and normal Mw (2550–3536 g/mol). The coating formulations of 1.57 UV‐curable glue are mixed with BPEFPGMA as reactive oligomer. Through the technology of UV‐curing forming, the corresponding brightness enhancement films are obtained. The resulting films exhibit normal structure, excellent adhesion (5B), good scratch resistance (50 g), and good abrasion resistance (50 g). They show excellent performance, and have reached the quality standard for use in liquid crystal display industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42386.

UV curable EA-Si hybrid coatings prepared by combination of radical and cationic photopolymerization

Abstract A series of UV curable EA-Si hybrid coatings were prepared by a simple approach combining radical and cationic photopolymerization, with epoxy acrylate (EA) as monomer, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as inorganic precursor, benzophenone (BP) as free radical photo initiator and a diaryliodonium salt DPIHFP as cationic photo initiator. The chemical structures of EA-Si hybrid coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal and optical properties of hybrid coatings were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV–vis transmission spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicated that cross-linked network structure of Si O Si formed in the hybrid coatings, which led to the decrease in crystallinity and of EA-Si hybrid coating. The final conversion of C C bonds was also decreased because of the addition of GPTMS. The thermal stability of EA-Si hybrid coatings was enhanced in the second decomposition stage (300–400 °C) because of the existence of organic–inorganic cross-linked network structures. The transparency of coatings at around 346 nm tended to increase with increasing concentration of inorganic precursor GPTMS.

Enzymatic transesterification of waste vegetable oil to produce biodiesel

An experimental study on enzymatic transesterification was performed to produce biodiesel from waste vegetable oils.Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia was covalently immobilized on a epoxy–acrylic resin support. The immobilized enzyme exhibited high catalytic specific surface and allowed an easy recovery, regeneration and reutilisation of biocatalyst.Waste vegetable oils – such as frying oils, considered not competitive with food applications and wastes to be treated – were used as a source of glycerides. Ethanol was used as a short chain alcohol and was added in three steps with the aim to reduce its inhibitory effect on lipase activity.The effect of biocatalyst/substrate feed mass ratios and the waste oil quality have been investigated in order to estimate the process performances. Biocatalyst recovery and reuse have been also studied with the aim to verify the stability of the biocatalyst for its application in industrial scale.

Developing a polymer-based crack repairing material using interpenetrate polymer network (IPN) technology

Crack repairing is considered a cost-effective method in the repair and rehabilitation work for concrete, provided that right repairing materials are selected and properly applied. This paper proposes a polymer-based crack repairing material named EMP by synthesizing epoxy acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and polyurethane (PU) prepolymer utilizing interpenetrate polymer network (IPN) technology. The physical and mechanical properties of EMP were evaluated through a series of experiments, and the bonding behavior of the material for the crack repairing of concrete structure was also evaluated with composite specimens. The findings from the study demonstrate the repairing material has great potential for repairing concrete cracks with desirable operability, adhesive strength and cracking resistance, and its properties could be adjusted within a certain range through various mix proportions to accommodate different requirements for applications.

Studies on the electro-optical and the light-scattering properties of PDLC films with the size gradient of the LC droplets

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films with the size gradient of the LC droplets were prepared based on the epoxy/acrylate hybrid polymer matrix. The ultraviolet (UV) intensity gradient was induced by the UV-absorbing dye over the thickness of the samples. Taking advantage of the difference between the epoxy monomers and acrylate monomers in polymerisation rates and the UV intensity gradient, the gradient distribution of the LC droplet size was formed in PDLC films. The effect of the size gradient of the LC droplets on the electro-optical and the light-scattering properties of PDLC films was investigated. The results showed that due to the size gradient distribution of the LC droplets, PDLC films could exhibit the strong light scattering in the UV-visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) region. Consequently, it provides a potential approach for modulating NIR light transmittance.

Thermal and flame retardant properties of transparent UV-curing epoxy acrylate coatings with POSS-based phosphonate acrylate

A novel branched phosphonate acrylate monomer containing phosphorus and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes was successfully synthesized and then incorporated into epoxy acrylate resins in different ratios using ultraviolet curing technology.

Design of Formulation and Performance Research of Water-Borne Epoxy Modefied by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl Methacrylate Anti-Corrosion Coatings

A waterborne anticorrosive coatings was prepared with homemade organic silicone 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate modified epoxy acrylate emulsion as basic material, glass flake as anticorrosive filter and titanium dioxide as pigment and other additives. The anti-acid alkali salt, AC impedance, polarization curve tests were done to evaluate the coatings’ anticorrosion properties and to optimal its formula and process. The results showed that the best formula was: glass flake 35%, particle size 80 meshes, titanium dioxide as anticorrosive pigment 18% and the emulsion with epoxy at 45% content as base material. In this case, the coatings’ anti-acid, alkali and salt’s properties is good, the impedance values was up to eight orders of magnitude, the corrosion current was 9.59 × 10-8A and every indicator met the requirements of the JB/T224-2007 "Building with Steel Structure Anticorrosion Coatings". The water-epoxy anti-corrosion coating has safe environmental protection, zero VOC, excellent anti-corrosion properties and other indexes meet national standards.

Polymers with Customizable Optical and Rheological Properties for Printable Single-mode Waveguides

We report an easy way to tune the optical refractive index and viscosity of an epoxy acrylate-based host-guest system. This allows fast and precise modification of the material system for different applications like hot embossing, inkjet printing or spin coating. In combination with previous results our latest research established a method to achieve high refractive index differences by the use of two different comonomers while retaining the specific viscosity needed for replication and production methods. We used a commercially available UV-curable epoxy acrylate based polymer matrix to investigate the influence of benzyl methacrylate (BMA). This paper will show the first application of the presented material system.The viscosity of the mixtures decreased at 20°C linearly from 46 Pa·s (0 wt% BMA) to 3.5 mPa·s (100 wt% BMA), whereas the refractive index increased at the same time from 1.550 to 1.569 (@589nm, 20°C).

Study on the Combination Mechanism of the Water-Based UV Curable Ink and Paper

The bonding mechanism between water-based UV curable ink and active groups on paper’s fiber during curing process was studied in this paper. Low viscosity water-based UV-cured resin was synthesized by epoxy resins, epoxy diluent, acrylic acid and maleic anhydride in the presence of catalyst. The viscosity of the synthesis system and synthetic products were significantly reduced when epoxy diluent was added to replace parts of the epoxy resin. Epoxy diluent was very useful in reducing the viscosity of the product, but over-dose would have negative effects on the quality of the cured film. The water-based epoxy acrylate prepolymer was used as the substitution for the ink to investigate the binding mechanism between the active groups of prepolymer and fiber under UV irradiation. The prepolymer and photoinitiator were mixed and the mixture was diluted to an appropriate viscosity by a small amount of water, then printed on the paper by the method of analog printing and curred by UV curing machine. The printed paper was used to extract lignin by enzymatic/mild acidolysis. FT-IR was used to characterize the changes of the active groups in lignin. The results showed that the changes of active groups in lignin were founded in the existence of ultraviolet and photoinitiator, which consistent with the change of double bonds in prepolymer. The free radicals produced by photoinitiator in curing process not only promoted the double bonds to polymerize, but also accelerated the active groups of lignin binding. Experiments show that chemical bonds exist between them.

New method for fabricating an α‐fetoprotein affinity monolithic polymer array

ABSTRACTBisphenol A based epoxy acrylate (BABEA), a commercial UV‐curable material, was introduced as a crosslinker for the fabrication of an epoxy‐functionalized monolithic polymer array through UV‐initiated copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate as the functional monomer and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 as the porogen. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the monolithic poly(bisphenol A based epoxy acrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) [poly(BABEA‐co‐GMA)] exhibited a well‐controlled skeletal and well‐distributed porous structure. The α‐fetoprotein (AFP) immunoaffinity monolithic polymer array prepared by the immobilization of AFP on epoxy‐functionalized monolithic arrays was used as an immunosensor for chemiluminescent AFP detection. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the AFP antibody was successfully immobilized on the monolithic poly(BABEA‐co‐GMA) array. With a noncompetitive immune‐response format, the proposed AFP immunoaffinity array was demonstrated as a low‐cost, flexible, homogeneous, and stable array for AFP detection. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41792.

Morphology and mechanical properties of dual‐curable epoxyacrylate hybrid composites

ABSTRACTA dual‐curable epoxyacrylate (EA) oligomer with one epoxide group and one vinyl group at each end was synthesized for the application as adhesive sealant in the liquid crystal display panels. However, after UV and thermal cure, the EA resin was brittle with a poor resistance to crack initiation and propagation. Liquid rubbers with different functional end groups were thus tried as toughening agents for the EA resin. Among all the rubber‐toughened EAs, the EA‐V5A5 added with vinyl‐terminated and amino‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymers (VTBN and ATBN) each at 5 phr had the highest fracture toughness, tensile strength, and elongation at break but a lower initial modulus. To raise the modulus, submicron‐sized silica particles (∼170 nm) with surface vinyl functional groups were further added to the EA‐V5A5 to prepare the hybrid composites. Because of interfacial chemical bonding provided by the surface vinyl functional groups, both modulus and fracture toughness were increased by adding silica particles, without any appreciable decrease in extensibility. For the hybrid composite at 20 phr silica particles, the initial modulus, fracture toughness, and fracture energy were raised by 10.3, 100, and 267%, respectively, when compared to the neat epoxyacrylate. Owing to their strong interfacial bonding, the increase of fracture toughness was mainly due to the crack deflection and bifurcation on silica particles, in addition to the rubber particle bridging and tearing as evidenced by SEM pictures on the fracture surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41820.

Preparation and characterization of printable solder resist inks based on hyperbranched polyester

ABSTRACTTwo novel solder resist inks containing hyperbranched epoxy resin (HBPE) for thermal curing and hyperbranched epoxy acrylate resin (HBPEA) for UV‐curing were introduced in this work. Different generations of HBPE and HBPEA were synthesized and their chemical structures were determined by FT‐IR. Both curing reactions were monitored under differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and photo‐DSC. For HBPE, the curing temperature of 7th generation was only 91°C and for HBPEA, the curing duration of 7th generation was under 10 s. The thermal stabilities of cured resins were much more stable than linear resin, as the decomposition temperatures of HBPE and HBPEA were both over 400°C. The ink containing HBPE or HBPEA jetted by piezoelectric printer showed excellent accuracy and consistency of linewidth and the morphologies of cured pattern were observed through a stereo microscope. Other performances of solder masks were tested under China Printed Circuit Association (CPCA) standard (CPCA/JPCA 4306‐2011), which satisfy all requirements of printed circuit board soldering procedure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41805.

Percolation of glassy regions during photopolymerization of epoxy acrylate in DMF

• Many reactions in industry are carried out in organic solvents rather than in bulk. • Photo-DSC method is useful to determine the effect of the solvent content on photo-induced polymerization. • An increase in solvent concentration inversely affected the rate of polymerization. • Gel fraction critical exponent ( β ) displayed no variation during photo-gelation with various DMF contents. The gelation of epoxy acrylate (EA) 80% and tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) 20% was studied through the use of photo-differential scanning calorimetric (photo-DSC) technique in the presence of a thioxanthone based initiator. Photo-induced polymerization reactions were performed under identical conditions of temperature, initiator concentration and UV light intensity in various N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) contents. Photo-DSC technique allowed us to monitor the gelation without disturbing the system mechanically, and to test the universality of the gelation as a function of DMF content. During gelation, it was observed that all conversion curves presented useful sigmoidal behavior which was predicted by employing a percolation model. Observations around the glass transition point, t g , revealed that gel fraction exponent β obeyed the percolation picture. A significant solvent effect on the photopolymerization kinetics of EA/TPGDA was observed with changes in DMF content. DMF is used as solvent, which acts as a diluent and proton donor during photogelation.