Epistolary Heritage Research Articles

«I Know You as a Venerable Scholar and a Great Connoisseur of Oriental Nationalities, a Defender of Their Interests in the Academic Field...». Scholars and Educators G. Rakhim and G. Saadi (Unpublished Letters to Academician V.V. Bartold (1927–1929))

The period from the late 19th to the first third of the 20th century witnessed a revival and advance of national science, culture, and art. It was also marked by a growing sense of national identity and a historical and cultural pursuit by the Tatar intelligentsia. In the 1920s, the formation and development of national humanities research in Kazan were driven by the efforts of dedicated Tatar scholars and educators. Among the most prominent figures were Gali Rakhim (Mukhametgali Mukhametshakirovich Gabdrakhimov) (1892–1943)–a writer, poet, literary historian, and folklorist, Gabdrakhman Saadi (Saadi Gabdrakhman Gainanovich (1889–1956)–a literary critic and orientalist. They were the pioneers of the Tatar Renaissance and contributed substantially to the development of scholarly studies in history, literature, linguistics, and archeography of the Turkic peoples, with a particular focus on the Tatar people. Engaged in solving a variety of problems, they were the encyclopedists who determined modern academic and pedagogical trends in many university and educational centers of Kazan during the 1920s. This article considers their previously unknown epistolary heritage: one letter of G. Rakhim (1927) and two letters of G. Saadi (1928 and 1929) to V.V. Bartold, an outstanding orientalist and academician, from his personal collection stored in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch. These letters provide clear and strong evidence of the enduring professional and personal contacts between the Tatar scholars and leading Russian orientalists in the late 1920s.

Poet and traveler: N.I. Glazkov’s creative business trips (based on the poet’s correspondence with Tambov residents)

INTRODUCTION. The study is devoted to the creative biography of the poet and translator N.I. Glazkov (1919–1979), inextricably linked with his travels around the Soviet Union, which inspired him to new poems and translations. He shared his poems and impressions in letters to numerous correspondents, a significant part of whom lived in Tambov. N.I. Glazkov visited Tambov several times and lived there sometimes for several weeks. The purpose of the study is to supplement biographical information about the poet N.I. Glazkov.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material for the study was letters written by the poet to his Tambov acquaintances, his friendly messages and diary entries. During the analysis of these materials, historical-literary and literarybiographical methods were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. From the moment the poet first met Tambov, he developed strong friendly and creative relationships with the Tambov creative environment. The correspondence revealed by comparing the contents of N.I. Glazkov’s letters to Tambov addressees with the poet’s diary entries allows us to draw a conclusion about the autobiographical nature of these letters, as well as clarify some facts of the poet’s biography. CONCLUSION. N.I. Glazkov’s connection with the Tambov region is one of the most significant pages in his creative biography. The practical significance of this conclusion lies in the possibility of using the epistolary heritage for further research into the creative biography of the poet and establishing his influence on the literary process in Tambov in the 1950s–1970s.

Popularisation of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s Epistolary Heritage in Documentary and Communication Institutions of Ukraine

The aim of the article is to study the state and forms of populariІation of V. Vynnychenko’s epistolary by archival, museum and library establishments as institutions of social memory during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Research methods are presented by general scientific principles of the unity of theory and practice, the use of historical and genetic, synergistic, social and communication, interdisciplinary approaches, source research, analysis and synthesis, which make it possible to find out the specifics of V. Vynnychenko’s epistolary popularisation in documentary and communication institutions of modern Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the study of the activity of archives, museums and libraries during the war events in Ukraine, particularly, in the hometown of V. Vynnychenko, Kropyvnytskyi, using the information resource of his epistolary in objective cognition of famous personalities, introducing into scientific circulation epistolary achievements in assessment by a sender and addressees of the policy of Russian Bilshoviks in Ukraine in the early 1930s, and the problems of national culture as an important component of the Ukrainian information space, which contributes to the dissemination of true historical and cultural data, counteraction of hostile disinformation, modelling of national identity and public opinion. Main conclusions. The popularisation of V. Vynnychenko’s epistolary heritage in modern documentary and communication institutions of Ukraine is based on the use of information and communication technologies, as well as reproduction of information sources in digital formats of the following strategic directions: 1) development of optimal forms of interaction on a partnership ground; 2) intensification of social communications due to the expansion of the interaction methods spectrum, and diversification of forms (lectures, meetings, round tables, conferences, etc.); 3) research and rational dissemination of Ukrainian and foreign experience, which enables the introduction of the documentary resource of V. Vynnychenko’s letters and his addressees to the global information space. The popularisation effectiveness of V. Vynnychenko’s epistolary as a valuable historical and cultural document, an authentic primary source in the objective understanding of historical and cultural information, and unique personalities of a sender and addressees is determined by modern means of reputation marketing (advertising, Google tools, social networks, video presentations, webinars, workshops classes, QR codes, online chats, etc.); cooperation with the media is presented by the backgrounder, press release, media kit, combination of text, photo and video in reports, etc.

Translation Studies Activity of P. Kulish in Epistolary Documents of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine and Chernihiv State Literary-memorial Museum of Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky

The aim of the article is to study the long-term translation studies activity of P. Kulish based on the epistolary sources material stored in the funds of the Institute of Manuscripts of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (hereinafter – IM NBUV), and Chernihiv State Literary-Memorial Museum of Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky (hereinafter – CSLMMMK). In a broad culturological context, the significance of his translation studies activity for the prerequisites of forming the Ukrainian literary language is highlighted, but at the same time, he is distinguished by his own translation style and the author’s handwriting. All names of documents and their content, which are contained in library and museum institutions, are presented in the original language, and without any spelling changes. Research methods. This article grounds on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, which involved historical, systematic, typological and aesthetic ones, as well as methods of archival and source-based heuristics, source studies criticism, textual analysis of sources and information reconstruction. The combination of these scientific methods makes it possible to analyse in detail the activity of P. Kulish in the field of Ukrainian translation studies. The scientific novelty of the study consists in highlighting the epistolary sources (manuscripts of letters, diary, telegrams) that are stored in the archives of the IM NBUV, and which reveal the translation studies work of P. Kulish. In particular, they point to a significant amount of available documents that testify to the artist’s titanic activity in the process of translating works of European and world literature classics into the Ukrainian language. First of all, the process of translation and publication of V. Shakespeare’s works is described in detail from the corpus of epistolary sources specified in this research. Main conclusions. A large number of P. Kulish’s letters, more than one and a half thousand epistles, is accumulated in the IM NBUV funds. The presented set of archival documents shows one of the many creative interests of P. Kulish, the artist’s translation activity during all his life. This can be proved by the writer’s correspondence and all the documents related to this topic found in NBUV. The epistolary of P. Kulish is scattered among twelve funds of the scientific institution, and is a valuable informational resource that indicates the significance of the translator’s scientific and creative work. CSLMMMK funds also contain a considerable number of archival documents (both letters and translation manuscripts) that directly highlight the translation activity of P. Kulish. A large block of documents related to the writer’s name is concentrated in the fund of his wife, Hanna Barvinok. This is mainly the epistolary heritage of the artist, who corresponded with many correspondents of P. Kulish, particularly, after his death. It is well known to publicity that that P. Kulish translated thirteen dramas of V. Shakespeare, but archival documents show a different statistics. Thanks to Hanna Barvinok’s letters, in which she repeatedly noted that P. Kulish translated fifteen dramas of V. Shakespeare, other figures can be ascertained. However, apart from P. Kulish’s epistles, no other relevant archival material has been found yet, that could testify to the words of the artist’s wife. The information component of Shakespeare’s themes is most widely represented in the correspondence of the translator himself. Especially, this applies both to the translation process itself, and to the printing of works in general.

Lysenkiana in the Studies of Mykhailo Stepanenko in Its Connections with Musicological Tradition and Modern Investigations of the Artist’s Heritage

The analysis of the works of Mykhailo Borysovych Stepanenko devoted to the multifaceted figure of Mykola Vitaliiovych Lysenko, is submitted in the article. An attempt to analyze objectively the chosen issues is made as well as to comprehend lysenkiana in the works of M. B. Stepanenko in close connection with the Ukrainian musicological tradition and modern research. M. B. Stepanenko’s music-historical studies are marked by the accuracy of archival-biographical and analytical musicological data, the absence of artificial restrictions. This phenomenon is typical for modern lysenkiana. The most important moments of M. V. Lysenko’s multifaceted creative activity as a composer, pianist, conductor, teacher and folklorist are emphasized in the considered texts. At the same time, these data are important for the history of Ukrainian music in general. In particular, the analysis of previously unpublished epistolary heritage sheds light on the artist’s friendly relations with the family of the famous historian and public figure Volodymyr Bonifatiiovych Antonovych. This information is valuable for Ukrainian musical biography. The author demonstrates the living history and cultural space of Kyiv at the early 20th century owing to the attention to details. The analyzed studies of Mykhailo Stepanenko introduce new archival materials into scientific circulation and expand the empirical base of Ukrainian musicology. Therefore, they are in the midst of relevant trends, typical for modern musicology, those contribute to the strengthening of the scientific foundations of this field of knowledge as a whole, and therefore, the entry of Ukrainian musicology into the world context as its subject.

UKRAINIAN EPISTOLARY HERITAGE AS A MATERIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGNERS’ WRITING SKILLS: LETTERS OF LESIA UKRAINKA

The paper deals with writing as a type of speech activity in terms of linguodidactics. The purpose of the study is to highlight Lesya Ukrainka’s epistolary heritage as a material for developing the writing skills of foreigners learning Ukrainian. The choice of material is due to a number of factors, including the outstanding figure of Lesya Ukrainka, her powerful epistolary talent, multilingualism, the artist’s cultural and translation activities. The free access to the letters on the website of the publication, where spelling and punctuation are presented per the norms of modern spelling, makes it possible to use these texts in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. Although the use of Lesya Ukrainka’s texts as teaching material for foreign language students already has a good tradition, her epistolary heritage is only beginning to attract the interest of teachers of Ukrainian as a foreign language. The paper focuses on theoretical and practical recommendations for developing writing skills in a foreign audience. The paper highlights the place of writing Ukrainian letters in the methodology of teaching the language as a foreign language. It outlines the materials and tasks for foreigners to develop their skills in writing friendly and business letters in Ukrainian. The paper emphasizes the importance of the preparatory stage, which includes a set of tasks for working on the forms of the vocative case, formulas of address, greetings, farewells, expressions of gratitude, etc. Special attention is paid to the structure of a letter in the Ukrainian language. It has been proved that working with Lesya Ukrainka’s letters can effectively develop writing skills. The article presents language materials and a list of tasks for different levels of Ukrainian language proficiency that students can do based on Lesya Ukrainka’s letters. Such tasks will help foreigners develop their writing skills, improve their knowledge of the Ukrainian language, and contribute to the formation of socio-cultural competence. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, writing as a type of speech activity, epistolary, letter, Lesya Ukrainka.

К вопросу о жанре эпистолярного произведения

The purpose of the article is to characterize a letter to the editor as a separate genre in terms of its structure, function, relationship between the author and the addressee, specific content and linguistic means that make up the scope of this form of communication. The Introduction draws attention to the anthropological dominance of modern philological research. References to the writer’s archive, the rendition of the epistolary heritage both as a fact of their creative biography and as a historical and literary phenomenon is proposed. The theoretical part is devoted to the understanding of the most important approaches to the theory of genre, including writing as a special genre of documentary prose. The problem of research analysis and perception of letters is updated. The content and formal indicators of the genre are characterized. The analytical part is presented by a model of historical-functional analysis and interpretation of a letter to the editor. The attention is focused on its functional specificity. It is proved that the genre of a letter to the editor can be removed from the sphere of journalistic genres to a literary genre with its historical and literary significance. In the Conclusion a letter is presented as a separate genre in terms of its form and function; the main genre characteristics are given. It is emphasized that motivation, purposefulness, dialogism as genre signals allow a letter to the editor to be classified as a work of literature.

Камско-Волжская газета и сибирское областничество: ключевое идеологическое и практическое значение (на эпистолярных источниках 1873–1874 гг.)

The aim of this study is to attempt to identify and show the importance of the Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta [Kama-Volga Newspaper] (1873–1874) for the formation of the ideology of Siberian regionalism. The authors emphasize that the first socio-political ideals of the leaders of the movement of regionalists Grigory Potanin and Nikolai Yadrintsev were most vividly and comprehensively presented in the Kazan newspaper. The basic concept of provincialism in the ideology of Siberian democratic regionalism was broadly discussed in Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta. In general, it is not so much the works of the founders of regionalism that are analyzed, but rather their epistolary heritage. Accordingly, several groups of sources were used for this study and the achievement of its aim: letters, ego-documents, such as autobiographies and memoirs, actual tests of materials prepared by Yadrintsev and Potanin for Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta, as well as unpublished archival materials found in Yadrintsev’s archive stored in the Department of Manuscripts and Book Monuments of the Research Library of Tomsk State University. The work done is based on the methodology of the “new cultural and intellectual history”, the principle of historicism and objectivity, and the use of textual content analysis of the sources of this study. Chronologically, the study covers the period 1873–1874 – the time of the regionalism leaders’ active cooperation with the Kazan newspaper. The authors first conducted a small historiographic review of domestic and foreign studies in this area. They showed that the study is relevant because, despite the numerous studies of Yadrintsev’s and Potanin’s ideological heritage, the plot with Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta has not been studied enough. In general, the authors note that Potanin’s article “Unification of Regions” and Yadrintsev’s material “The Fate of the Province and the Provincial Question in France”, both published in Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta, were of a programmatic nature for Siberian regionalism as an ideology. These works clearly show the federalist and integrative nature of Siberian democratic regionalism. The authors establish that the ideological formulation of the regional program, its conceptualization and even popularization became really possible in Kamsko-Volzhskaya gazeta. Later texts by Yadrintsev and Potanin were also published in other periodicals. However, the purely regionalist discourse was mainly broadcast in the Kazan newspaper. Due to this, the ideology of Siberian regionalism continued to form and even advance.

ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНЦЕПЦИЯ В. В. СТАСОВА: НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ В ИСКУССТВЕ (к 200-летию со дня рождения)

The article attempts to present in a holistic form the aesthetic views of one of the central figures of Russian culture and aesthetics of the mid and second half of the 19th century – Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, whose views on the fundamentals of the development of art and artistic culture in general are relevant at the present time. In connection with the task, the concepts of nationality, historicism and nationality in art, which form the core and main line of development of Stasov’s aesthetic thought, come to the fore. At the same time, the unity of the theoretical attitudes of Stasov, who has enormous erudition in the field of both ancient and modern art, with his extensive practical activities as a music and art critic, responding to all significant events of cultural life, is emphasized. Based on the analysis of Stasov’s colossal critical and epistolary heritage, a general description of his aesthetic position is given, combining a democratic approach to understanding nationality, historicism as a support for the visual brightness of the national character, along with the elaboration of those shortcomings that are associated with the embodiment of these principles in art (“official” , “artificial” pseudo-nationality, stylizations - rough and refined, direct transfer of old outdated forms into modernity). The comparative historical method used in the study is represented mainly by analogies, as well as a statement of the existing differences in the cultural and aesthetic concepts of Stasov and the writer and philosopher, author of the famous «Russian Nights» V.F. Odoevsky. In this vein, the problem of Stasov’s influence on the aesthetics of the Balakirev circle in the field of music and the principles of social service, realism and nationality in the art of the «Itinerants» in painting are touched upon. The peculiarity of the article is that it is based to a large extent on rare sources – lifetime journal publications and the publication of Stasov’s collected works of the late 19th century.

Природа и цели экономических санкций

Introduction. The nature of economic sanctions is relevant for analysis due to the need for a proper approach to the sanctions policy, its goals and objectives, as well as the assessment of its efficiency. Purpose. The author aims at revealing the nature of economic sanctions by analyzing their key function. At the same time, the author focuses his attention on the evolution of this function in the development of world economic relations. Materials and Methods. The epistolary heritage of national and foreign scientists devoted to the problems of sanctions and sanctions policy was used as a theoretical basis of the study. The analysis of the works shows the interpretation of these categories in terms of their key function pursued in their implementation. The fundamental methodological basis of the study includes the historical and genetic method of analysis which identifies their properties and traces their evolution, as well as the typological method which organizes and classifies the existence modes of the analyzed phenomenon. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the nature of sanctions and their content evolved with the world economy. Initially used as a tool to limit and undermine the economic potential of rivals, they are globally transformed into a way to minimize the costs of the world community on maintaining the existing political and economic order that ensures the efficient functioning of international trade. Conclusions. The analysis shows that international economic sanctions are a peaceful means that is used to prevent behavior that violates international law and creates threats to peace and security.

«...но там, где ссылаются на слово сестры, я пас»: Из комментариев к письмам А.А. Бестужева (Марлинского) 1830–1833 гг.

It is generally considered that the name of Alexander Marlinsky appeared in the list of the contributors of “The Reader’s Library” in 1833 without preliminary agreement with the writer, and this is the bright example of the publisher’s arbitrariness. But the closer examination of A.A. Bestuzhev’s epistolary heritage of the 1830s (primarily the unpublished letters kept at the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences) gives the opportunity to rethink the history of the writer’s collaboration with A.F. Smirdin. For example, Bestuzhev’s letter to K.P. Thorson (December 7, 1833) presents that the writer was included to the list of “The Reader’s Library” contributors on the initiative of his sister, Elena Alexandrovna. Moreover, this decision neither surprised, nor outraged Bestuzhev. As is clear from Bestuzhev’s correspondence of 1830–1833s, this Elena’s act could be closely connected, on the one hand, with Bestuzhev’s collaboration with the journal “The Son of the Fatherland and the Northern Archive,” and on the other hand, with the history of publication of the first five parts of “The Russian Tales and Stories,” and the relationships developed between the participants in this enterprise ending in conflict: A.A. Bestuzhev, E.A. Bestuzheva, N.I. Gretsch and A.M. Andreev, who was the young Gretsch’s assistant and who played an important role in this story.

СЕМЕЙНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОГО ЦАРЯ: К ВЫХОДУ НОВОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

The article analyzes a new monograph by N.Yu. Bolotina, A.Yu. Kononova and M.O. Bolotina “Peter the Great in the family circle. Research and Documents” (Moscow, 2023), published for the anniversary of Peter the Great. For the first time, the book reconstructs the family history for one of the most remarkable rulers of Russia, relying on a huge complex of historical sources, primarily archival documents. In great detail, the research recounts all the most important events in the personal life of the tsar, draws up the characterological and psychological portraits of his family members reveals the peculiarities of Peter I’s relationship with the relatives, traces the internal family conflicts and their origins. The book provides the answers to many specific questions about the biographies and genealogy of the Romanov dynasty of the late 17th – first quarter of the 18th centuries. The study defines the exact dates of the persons’ lives, reveals the naming traditions, presents the story of childhood in the royal family, shows the level of education and describes the circumstances of life. The book also contains a current publication of more than 300 different sources, many of which are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time. Another important part consists of the consolidated list of the epistolary heritage of the Peter I’s family; it contains almost one and a half thousand records, including unpublished letters. The book contributes immensely to the study of the dynastic and family history of the house of the Romanovs and will certainly rank among the largest scientific monographic studies of the Peter the Great era.

M. И. Воротынский, Новосильский град и немилость государя

Introduction. The events of the second half of the XVI century, which unfolded around the town of Novosil, have a close connection with both the domestic and foreign policy situation that was relevant at that time. They were also connected with a number of not quite obvious aspects of the financial, administrative, status position of Prince Michael Vorotynsky. Tsar John Vasilyevich perceived him negatively, feared him as a potential "troublemaker", despite the obvious loyalty of the prince. This had a significant impact on the fate of this outstanding Russian politician and military commander and, as it seems, was closely connected with the fate of the family heritage of the Novosilsk lords. Materials and methods. The texts of the wills of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich and Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the messages to the prince and the tsar's reply messages on behalf of the prince to the leaders of Poland and Lithuania, information from Russian chronicles, data on the formation of military contingents, information of a historical and linguistic nature and the results of research on the era in question were used as source materials for the study. In this work, comparative-historical and system-analytical methods were used using an interdisciplinary approach. Results. The transfer of family lands into the possession of Michael Vorotynsky, issued as a "land exchange" with the sovereign, combined with the confiscation of property and the need to restore fortifications, as well as maintaining their combat readiness in the conditions of Crimean Tatar activity and the Livonian War, led to the actual ruin of the prince. The analysis of the published epistolary heritage of the epoch makes it possible to identify flaws in the generally accepted translation of the "correspondence of Ivan the Terrible" and to evaluate the semantic shades conveyed in it closely related to the city of Novosil in a slightly different way. Conclusions. The transfer, restoration and maintenance of the fortress of Novosilsk and a number of other fortifications at nonstate expense, the strengthening of the defense capability of the southern borders and the subsequent foreign policy epistolary registration of the status associated with them were part of a long intrigue against Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the author of which could be the Tsar of Russia Ivan Vasilyevich.

Антропологічний матеріал із городища уличів 10 століття біля с. Сажки на Вінниччині із розкопок П. І. Хавлюка у 1970-1978 рр.

The purpose of the article is to summarize information about the anthropological material from the excavations of P. I. Havlyuk, which was found at the ulychi settlement near the village Sazhki in 1970-1978 and its introduction into scientific circulation. The research methodology is represented by: the principle of historicism, system approach, methods of logic, grouping, comparative-historical, statistical and problem-chronological principle. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it summarizes information about the found human skeletons belonging to the ulyches who died as a result of an attack on the settlement during the first stage of its existence in the 10th century. Today, only part of the preserved human skeletons from the excavations in Sazhki are available for detailed anthropological research. To write the article, unpublished materials from the personal fund of PI Havlyuk in the Vinnytsya Regional Museum of History and Nature and the State Archive of the Vinnytsia Region were used, namely: field diaries, manuscripts, and epistolary heritage. The scientific reports on excavations stored in the Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv were also included in the work. Information is provided on the position of the discovered skeletons, their probable signs of death, and personal items found among or near the bones. The skeletons are systematized by age category. For a significant part of the dead, their gender has been determined. Conclusions. It was possible to establish the position of the skeletons of 94 deceased. Among the dead, according to P. I. Havlyuk, there are signs: wounds; tied limbs and burnt. The inventory material was found in 33 deceased persons aged two years and older. The sex of 42 persons was determined, of which 32 were female and 10 were male.

Вживання алкоголю в суспільстві Гетьманщини ХVІІІ ст. як маркер якості життя

The purpose of the article is to study the culture of alcohol consumption in the Hetmanate of the 18th century as a marker of quality of life. The author analyzed the diaries of Cossack elders and the epistolary heritage of this period, singled out references to the use of alcoholic beverages, circumstances, cases of abuse. The research methodology is determined by the purpose and features of the main sources and, in addition to the application of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), involves the use of a microhistorical approach, elements of prosopography and social history. Since it is primarily about the analysis of diaries, the theoretical work of the French researcher Philippe Lejeune was applied, who examined the development of diaries from the "accounting of the past" to emotional notes. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that alcohol consumption is not considered as a bad habit or a certain branch of the economy, but as a component of a person's leisure behavior, the realization of undesirable needs, which also determined the quality of life. It was concluded that from the point of view of traditional markers of quality, Ukrainian early modern society was quite homogeneous (life expectancy, mortality, diseases). Even the diet of the common people and the elite was often similar. But the consumption of alcoholic beverages was just one of those markers that at the everyday level testified to a higher or lower level of well-being. But their consumer culture was significantly different. Precisely from the point of view of alcohol consumption - frequency, volume, and its assortment, one can observe the difference in everyday life and its quality. Belonging to a higher social status and financial resources provided access to higher quality alcohol and higher quality of its consumption. At the same time, the Cossack elder of the Hetmanate had access to alcohol produced in different countries and corresponding to the lifestyle of the European nobility of that time. In this way, the "precious" people of old Ukraine were similar to the European establishment.

ЕПІСТОЛЯРІЙ О. ГАЙ-ГОЛОВКА ЯК РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ БІОГРАФІЇ ПИСЬМЕННИКА

The article is dedicated to exploring the peculiarities of creating an epistolary portrait of O. Hai-Holovko against the background of the era. The epistolary heritage serves as an inexhaustible source that remains open and requires careful examination to this day. The article notes that over several decades, Hai-Holovkocorresponded with literary scholars, writers, and public fi gures of Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora, including P. Mykhailyshyn, V. Matsko, V. Chumachenko, P. Soroka, S. Fostun, V. Chaplenko. The analysis of preserved letters from the writer has allowed us to reconstruct, in chronological sequence, milestones in the artist’s life path: childhood and youth, during which the codes of personal behavior were established; the early period of life and creativity associated with turmoil abroad, the search for a better fate; the era of the Ukrainian Renaissance of the 1920s-30s and its suppression by the Bolshevik regime; Bolshevik imprisonment, Nazi Gestapo, and fi nally, emigration. All his life experiences urged Hai-Holovko to reassess his worldview positions, ideas, perspectives, and to embark on the path of struggle for Ukraine’s national lib-eration. Literary scholars affi rm that epistolary sources attest to the writer’s ceaseless service to Ukrainian culture under challenging circumstances. The article not only traces the creation of an epistolary portrait of O. Hai-Holovko against the background of the era but also focuses on the characteristics of Ukrainian diaspora fi gures with whom he communicated and collaborated, among them renowned Ukrainian poets and writers such as Olzhych, Teliha, Samchuk, Malanyuk, Barka, and others. The documentary testimonies of O. Hai-Holovko regarding his relationship with Ivan Ohienko are particularly valuable; they touch upon the latter years of the metropoli-tan’s life, illustrating his missionary activity and serving as testimony to his selfl essness. The study reveals the specifi cs of creating Hai-Holovko’sepistolary portrait against the background of the eras – the horrifi c mass killings of Ukrainians by mos-cow (the Holodomor of 1932-1933), World War II, and the period of his emigration.

СВІТОГЛЯДНО-МОВНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ БОРИСА ГРІНЧЕНКА В ЕПІСТОЛЯРНІЙ СПАДЩИНІ (на матеріалі збірки «...Віддати зумієм себе Україні». Листування Трохима Зіньківського з Борисом Грінченком)

The peculiarity of the epistolary heritage is revealed in the variety of genre forms of the letter, in the depth of philosophical searches, in the inexhaustibility and sincerity of feelings, in linguistic stylistic experiments and careful attitude to epistolary canons.Letters, as is known, form the basis of epistolary texts. Among other types of texts, they are distinguished by a clear orientation to a specifi c type of addressee and provision of correspondence communication. The construction of such texts depends on many factors: the presence of a textual tradition, the situation of hypothetical per-ception of the text, the addressee, forms of implementation and distribution of the text, and other subjective conditions of epistolary communication.B. Grinchenko’s worldview and language concept is defi ned in a signifi cant creative heritage, which covers the following issues: the signifi cant role of language in the develop-ment of national culture and in the self-determination of the people; the formation of public opinion against the restrictions and prohibitions of the Ukrainian language by tsarism; devel-opment of theoretical foundations regarding the sources of enrichment and ways of develop-ment of the Ukrainian literary language; attitude to spelling practice; standardization of the Ukrainian literary language; creative communication with other writers.In the letters of B. Hrinchenko, structural and semantic features typical for Ukrainian epistolary are refl ected, which are creatively reworked in specifi c texts. Each letter can be considered as a separate completed act of communication.Ukraine became the key image-symbol in the correspondence between Borys Grinchenko and Trokhym Zinkivskyi. Ukraine, the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian writers are the key points in B. Grinchenko’s correspondence, as they coincide with the life position of the author of the letters. Borys Hrinchenko’s correspondence is a vivid example of how obsessed a person must be, who laid a brick in the foundations of the independent new state of Ukraine.

Information Potential of the Epistolary Heritage of P. Kulish in Funds of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine

The aim of the article is to define the information potential of the epistolary heritage of P. Kulish in the funds of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine by analysing and establishing its documentary content, which makes it possible to reproduce retrospective information that complements and expands already known facts about the personality.
 Research methods. Along with general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, the research uses historical, systematic, typological and aesthetic ones, as well as methods of archival and source scholar heuristics, source scholar criticism of sources, their textual analysis and information reconstruction.
 The scientific novelty of the study consists in highlighting the information resources representing the epistolary heritage of P. Kulish in V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine funds. The existing document multitude, primarily letters and telegrams, in the form of manuscripts and copies (in particular, typewritten articles by researchers of P. Kulish), which are of scientific interest for studying the writer’s life and creativity, is analyzed in detail.
 Main conclusions. In the funds of IR NBUV, there are about one thousand and a half letters of P. Kulish, which cover a long chronological range and present the names of many correspondents, both well-known and unknown, as well as letters without specifying the names of the addressees. The archive of P. Kulish is not consolidated in one fund, but scattered among different funds of the scientific institution: I, II, VII, X, 63, 95, 112, 131, 170, 172, 251, 315, 338 (the total number is 12 funds). Complex funds No. I “Literary materials”, No. III “Correspondence”, and fund No. X “Archives of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences”, in which the artist’s epistolary documents predominate, deserve special attention. The document collection of P. Kulish, which is kept in No. 315, and is represented by the author’s epistolary block, is also noteworthy. Fund No. I presents about one thousand letters of P. Kulish, many of which do not contain information about the addressees (it is a damaged document or an unidentified addressee), which prevents the full reproduction of retrospective information, but still complements and expands already known facts. The epistles of P. Kulish to his addressees recorded information of a biographical nature, which is a valuable addition to his own prosopographical portrait. For the most part, the writer’s letters are characterised by informative content, as they are aimed to be read by a definite person. In addition, at that time, correspondence was one of the most important means of communication.

ნიკოლოზ ბარათაშვილის პოლიტიკური ორიენტაციისა და მრწამსის შესახებ

The political orientation and creed of Nikoloz Baratashvili are some of the issues that caused the scientific interest of the researchers of his life and work. They tried and are still trying to find out the attitude of the poet towards such historical events, which are the signing of the 1783 Georgievsky treaty by the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti to get the Russian protectorate and its political consequences (loss of the country’s independence, abolition of the royal throne...). This research of scientists is characterized by one feature – when discussing the issue, the poetry by Nikoloz Baratashvili, especially his historical poem “Fate of Kartli” is chosen. As it is known, the characters of this poem – King Erekle and his judge Solomon Lionidze have a heated polemic on the controversial issue of entrusting the fate of the country to Russia and are trying to justify their conflicting attitudes.
 Recently, remarkable works of Georgian literary scholars were published, the authors of which (T. Doiashvili, L. Bregadze) consider such attempts to clarify the poet’s political orientation and creed as inappropriate. According to them, the main mistake here was and is the fact that the artistic character of texts chosen for analysis is not taken into account, in particular, the worldview principle of romantic irony, which is characteristic of romantic authors and which is reflected in their prose or poetic texts, is neglected.
 We fully share the argumentation and point of view of the abovementioned scholars and consider that the study of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s political creed should be continued in such a way as to distinguish him, on the one hand, as a romantic poet, and on the other hand, as a historical person. In research, we should focus not on his poetry, but on the biographical material that we have mainly as a result of the critical study of the memories of the poet’s contemporaries and other sources, and his epistolary heritage –nonfiction, which is more reliable for our intended purposes than his poetic works.
 The presented article is an attempt to clarify the poet’s political orientation and creed on this basis.

Epistolary heritage of Panteleimon Kulish from collections of Ossolinski National Institute in Wroclaw

Epistolary heritage of Panteleimon Kulish from collections of Ossolinski National Institute in Wroclaw