Epistemological Understanding Research Articles

Shaping the Future of Destinations: New Clues to Smart Tourism Research from a Neuroscience Methods Approach

In the context of the technological era, the smart tourism construct serves as a bridge between human and the artificial worlds, combining social sciences and neurosciences. This study aims to explore smart tourism through neuroscientific methods in order to shape the future of tourism destinations, using a hybrid methodology combining bibliometric techniques and content analysis. The findings reveal the integration of diverse scientific domains, highlighting a transdisciplinary approach. They offer clear evidence that neuroscientific methods in smart tourism integrate multiple areas of scientific knowledge, surpassing disciplinary boundaries. “Destination” stands out alongside “emotion”, “visual attention” and eye tracking (ET). The collaboration network reveals the emergence of a new school, called neurotourism in the 21st century, formed mainly by actors and organizations from the Global North, evoking the need to include the Global South in the research scenario. The predominant methods include ET, heart rate (HR), and electroencephalography (EEG), suggesting triangulation with traditional methods for robust results. Virtual reality emerges as the primary immersive technology, promising insights when integrated with neurosciences. This study’s practical and theoretical contributions guide smart tourism strategies and enhance destination experiences through neuroscientific methods, addressing a gap in the scientific literature while advancing ontological and epistemological understanding.

The Epistemology of Malay Qur’anic Exegesis: A Study of Muhammad Said Umar’s Nur Al-Ihsan

This article examines the epistemological structure of Tafsir Nur Al-Ihsan by Muhammad Said bin Umar. The epistemology of tafsir is an academic discipline aimed at uncovering fundamental questions about the theory of knowledge in the interpretation of the Qur’an, particularly how the truth of a tafsir is verified based on epistemic norms. Tafsir Nurul Ihsan is a significant work of exegesis from the Malay world, yet to date, there has been no serious, incisive, and comprehensive research on the epistemology of Muhammad Said bin Umar’s exegesis work. Thus, this research aims to make a vital contribution by addressing this gap and providing a deeper understanding of tafsir epistemology. By exploring the epistemology of a tafsir, it can grasp its fundamental thought structure. This article employs a historical-philosophical approach. The findings of this research reveal that Muhammad Said bin Umar sourced references for his tafsir from earlier works such as Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-Adzim, Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil ayi al-Qur'an by Al-Thabari, Anwar Al-Tanzil wa Asrar Al-Ta’wil, Madarik Al-Tanzil wa Haqaiq Al-Ta’wil, and Tafsir al-Jalalain. Additionally, the Sufistic aspect is also elaborated by Muhammad Said in interpreting the verses of the Qur'an. Furthermore, the use of the Malay-Jawi script in his tafsir book signifies the affirmation of Malay cultural identity, indicating that Malay-language tafsirs hold the same authority as those in Arabic.

Automated content analysis as a tool to compare content in sexual selection research with examples of sexual selection in evolutionary biology textbooks: implications for teaching the nature of science

Background We used college-level evolution textbooks to examine the presentation of sexual selection research—a field with ongoing debates related to sex, sexuality and gender identity. Many classic sexual selection concepts have been criticized for androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias, specifically for de-emphasizing the female role in reproductive behaviors and over-reliance on gender-sex binaries. These classic concepts are fundamentally captured in the idea that animal reproductive-related behaviors can be grouped in sex roles (e.g. competitive males and selective females). Recently developed alternative concepts provide a more nuanced understanding of the flexibility of sexual and reproductive-related behaviors, stemming in part from growing attention to a broader range of female behavior. To assess whether students are receiving content reflecting these insights, we measured the congruence between textbook content and the scientific literature, using insects as a case study because of the importance of this group in the development of sexual selection theory, its prevalence in current sexual selection research, and the number of insect examples included in textbooks. We first coded textbook content for sexual selection concepts. We used automated content analysis to analyze a database of citations, keywords and abstracts in sexual selection research published between 1990 and 2014, inclusive of the period covered by the textbooks.ResultsThe textbooks and research literatures prioritized the same taxa (e.g., fruit flies) and sex roles as embodied in classic sexual selection theory. Both the research literature and some textbooks acknowledge androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias in classic sexual selection paradigms, especially competitive male and selective female sex roles. Yet, while the research literature included alternative models, textbooks neglected these alternatives, even when researchers had studied both classic and alternative views in the same insect.Conclusions We recommend using this kind of analysis of textbook content to engage students in a conversation around the social factors that impact knowledge construction, a key part of the epistemological understanding they need for a robust grasp of the Nature of Science and of evolutionary theory.

The Role of Materiality in an Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence

AbstractThe introduction of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools like ChatGPT has raised many challenging questions about the nature of teaching, learning, and assessment in every subject area, including science. Unlike other disciplines, natural science is unique because the ontological and epistemological understanding of nature is fundamentally rooted in our interaction with material objects in the physical world. GenAI, powered by statistical probability arising from a massive corpus of text, is devoid of any connection to the physical world. The use of GenAI thus raises concerns about our connection to reality and its effect on science education. This paper emphasizes the importance of materiality (or material reality) in shaping scientific knowledge and argues for its recognition in the era of GenAI. Drawing on the perspectives of new materialism and science studies, the paper highlights how materiality forms an indispensable aspect of human knowledge and meaning-making, particularly in the discipline of science. It further explains how materiality is central to the epistemic authority of science and cautions the outputs generated by GenAI that lack contextualization to a material reality. The paper concludes by providing recommendations for research and teaching that recognize the role of materiality in the context of GenAI, specifically in practical work, scientific argumentation, and learning with GenAI. As we navigate a future dominated by GenAI, understanding how the epistemic authority of science arises from our connection to the physical world will become a crucial consideration in science education.

Phases of Going Digital: A Framework for Assessing Newsroom Digitalisation Process

The success stories of digitalised newsrooms mostly depict outstanding news organisations with abundant resources. However, newsrooms with limited resources (e.g., local newspapers, media organisations of tiny media systems, especially in non-Western regions and new democracies) also undergo digitalisation. This study delves into the newsroom digitalisation processes, spotlighting the indicators characterising different phases of digitalisation. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Estonian online journalists. The interviews were conducted in five waves between 2012 and 2023. Our results show that the transformation from legacy to the digital newsroom is a complex structure of factors, manifesting indicators that become evident in certain phases of digitalisation. These indicators include technological, production-related, human capital, and audience perception domains. If some indicators do not exhibit complete transformation, the newsroom may be unable to move into the next phase. This study contributes to the conceptual understanding of digital journalism epistemology by presenting a framework of newsroom digitalisation phases.

Students’ Inconsistency when Solving a Geometry Problem in Three-Dimensional Context

There is an issue regarding students' consistency in completing geometry assignments, as indicated by several research findings and assessments. Diagnosing how students integrate concepts in the conceptual design and understanding the reasons behind their inconsistency in completing assignments are the main focuses of this case study. This research was conducted with 58 high school students in Tanjungpandan, Indonesia. The data were obtained from students' answers to problems of the three initial levels of geometry thinking and retrospective reports about their answers. The data were analyzed based on three phases: the concept-eliciting and integrating phase, the relationship-eliciting phase, and the relationship-integrating phase. The study revealed that students' performance in geometry analysis aligned with the epistemological concept issue. Visual objects garnered the most attention from students, leading to their analysis techniques being primarily object-oriented. Some stages of property analysis were skipped, causing students to make claims about objects of thought when they should have been establishing relationships between properties to classify shapes through rigorous geometry analysis. Numerical computation remains an essential aspect of geometry analysis. The conceptual design has not yet reached the abstraction stage, resulting in experiments to solve problems not always yielding the correct solutions. In education, this highlights the need for a deep understanding of concept epistemology, efficient concept integration, and the cultivation of abstract thinking skills.

Dance for Liberation: A Case Study for Addressing Han through a Traditional Korean Dance-Based Psychotherapy Approach

Dance and feminism share the epistemological understanding of the body as a site for agency, potential for change, and knowledge creation. This clinical case illustrates how a joint, indigenous dance and what are referred to as complementary and alternative medicine in the United States can enact a decolonizing psychotherapy framework for co-creating a space to access and embody cultural knowledge. Gimoo, a practice founded on traditional Korean dance and traditional Korean medicine, attends to an intergenerational trauma and resilience response, han, in a Korean immigrant woman to the United States. An indigenous dance that is inherently cultural can be a resource to empower a person to be an agent of their own liberation through support and solidarity, even in a virtual setting, and to expand Western notions of what healing might entail.

"Being Holistic Is a Lot to Ask": A Qualitative, Cross-National Exploration of Occupational Therapists' Perceptions and Experiences of Holistic Practice.

Being holistic is often used by occupational therapists to describe their practice and philosophy worldwide. This study explores the perspectives of 33 occupational therapists, working in 13 different countries, on their understanding of holistic epistemology and practice and how they seek to incorporate holism in their work. On the basis of a qualitative study design, individual interviews were conducted with the participants by 18 Norwegian undergraduate occupational therapy students, supported by their supervisors. The authors subsequently analyzed the transcribed data, using a thematic analysis approach. Three principal themes emerged: (1) holism as a broad and narrow concept, (2) being holistic spans from treating body parts to teaching marginalized children, and (3) being holistic is a lot to ask. When talking about holism and holistic practice, participants described their holistic practices in various ways, and their accounts reflected different understandings and cultural contexts. Participants characterized a holistic approach as one emphasizing the importance of occupations and activities and helping patients regain independence in their everyday lives. However, they also highlighted the specific challenges they faced, including cultural factors and inadequate resources. Significantly, participants from both Western and non-Western contexts emphasized the importance of holistic practice, suggesting that a dichotomous understanding of Eastern versus Western philosophical approaches does not necessarily make sense in occupational therapy interventions. Therapists' degree of commitment to client-centered practice appears of greater relevance. With its international perspective, our study sheds light on important areas of contemporary occupational therapy practice, including the difficulties occupational therapists face when seeking to cover "everything" in an effort to be more holistic.

We Need to Talk About Knowledge! Rethinking Management and Evidence-Based Practice in Welfare

New Public Management (NPM) and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) are two fundamental concepts within welfare professions. Both NPM and EBP are central to many debates within welfare, and often criticised as posing simplified or positivist approaches to management and knowledge utilization. Epistemologically, both are manifestations of modernity, with its emphases on standardization, control, simple causality and measurability. These epistemological similarities have not been explored as potential doorways for making modifications to NPM and EBP. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to new ways of thinking and doing management and EBP of complex welfare issues by increasing the epistemological understanding of these concepts. NPM and EBP are taken here as subjects for joint conceptual analysis. The paper is guided by the following question: What is an appropriate epistemology for professionals involved in EBP and managing? Literature on NPM and EBP are analyzed together with theoretical insights from scholarship on formalization and heterogeneity of expertise, and analyzed in light of empirical examples taken from a case of a subregional social sustainability/public health initiative. Drawing on the development of post-NPM and more complex versions of EBP, the paper ends by introducing the notion post-EBP, and concludes by outlining some implications of this concept for the working professions.

Kris i högre utbildning?

This article uses examples from the media debate on higher education in Sweden, as well as from a research project on independence in higher education, to discuss the significance of class and social background in relation to higher education. The article takes as its starting point how higher education in the media debate tends to be described as being in a severe crisis, and how the roots of the perceived problems in higher education are described to lie in deficits or incompetence of the individual students, but also within higher education itself. The discussion of what role class and social background may play in this, relates these examples to the assignment given to Swedish higher education institutions to promote widening participation and to the claims within the field of academic literacies that academic writing is not only a question of writing skills as such, but also a question of epistemological understandings, meaning making, and students’ background, identity and self-perception.

Pengaruh Perkembangan Filsafat Ilmu terhadap Ilmu Pengetahuan Kontemporer

Abstract
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak yang signifikan dari This research aims to analyze the significant impact of the development of the philosophy of science on contemporary science. Philosophy of science has long been a conceptual basis for understanding scientific epistemology, methodology and ethics. In this context, this research traces the evolution of the philosophy of science from classical thought to the modern era and how these views shape and influence the science we have today. The research method used involves analysis of historical and philosophical literature, highlighting the thoughts of influential philosophers of science such as Plato, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, and other important figures. This research also considers developments in the philosophy of science, such as positivism, postmodernism, and feminist thought, as well as the ways in which these views have influenced research methodology, epistemological understanding, and contemporary scientific practice. The results of this research reveal that the philosophy of science has played an important role in the formation of scientific paradigms, the development of scientific theories, as well as in the development of more reflective and ethical research practices. The impact of the philosophy of science is also reflected in the research ethics controversies and fundamental questions about the nature of science that continue to be debated in scientific society today. This research provides a deeper understanding of the close relationship between philosophy of science and contemporary science, and underlines the importance of philosophical awareness in developing better and more responsible knowledge. These findings may provide a foundation for further developments in deep philosophical thinking about science and future scientific research.
 Keywords: philosophy of science, science, contemporary

Between the witness and the observer: what ethnography can learn from James Baldwin.

What is the role of the ethnographer during a time of increased racial hostility, political mobilization to keep racial minorities "in their place," and commitments to revisionist interpretations of the country's past and projected future? While the traditional, classic ethnographic approach would recommend that the researcher should avoid taking a stance on so-called political matters and merely observe them, I argue that that position is insufficient to address the issues that people are currently facing. Ethnography can, and should, do more. Therefore, this essay argues that the role of the ethnographer should be oriented toward what the late author James Baldwin calls the witness. The witness is different from the observer because it rejects a positivistic orientation toward ethnographic fieldwork that prioritizes spectatorship to remain "scientific." To be a witness is to transgress traditional epistemological understandings of ethnography that ignores how the researcher's position within the racial system shapes how one knows and does not know, what one sees and does not see, and how one imagines freedom and justice. Ethnographers can learn from Baldwin's method because it provides a rich vocabulary to describe the inequality that research participants encounter while in the field and embraces the possibility of an apocalyptic future, which is a future that is not guaranteed if we continue to seek neutrality. In this article, I detail three lessons that we can learn from Baldwin's method and status position as the witness: (1) Connecting empire to the global racial order via the international outsider; (2) Paying one's dues as a within-nation outsider; and (3) Representing the wretched as a within-community outsider. These lessons are instructive for ethnographers because they provide a lens to understand classic ethnographies of the past, while not wallowing in the doldrums of present arrangements, and challenges future research to ground reality as it is rather than what it "should" be.

African epistemologies and the decolonial curriculum

In this article we argue that a discussion on African epistemologies must precede the quest for both the decolonisation of knowledge and curriculum in Africa. Decolonial thought in Africa is significant because it focuses, among other things, on the decolonisation of Western epistemological supremacy within the space where knowledge is produced and transferred. We contend that knowledge acquired through the process of learning must resonate with people’s lived experiences and realities. To meaningfully pursue that involves placing in focus people’s modes of thought and epistemic ideas, in the interpretation of their experiences and the realities around them. This article argues that designing a decolonised curriculum that centres unique African intellectual ideas should be informed by the understanding of African epistemologies, whose principle of epistemic validation is grounded on the idea of interconnectedness in African thought. Considering a decolonial curriculum as an attempt in pursuing ‘centring’ is to align curricula with the modes of knowledge validation in African thought.

CRITICAL THINKING AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION TODAY

This paper discusses the concept of critical thinking and its place in university education today, internationally as well as in the Serbian and regional Balkan contexts. As an illustration, the second part of the paper offers a review of Gordon Asher’s chapter in Writing Your Thesis: A Guide for Postgraduate Students, a coursebook which incorporates the conception of criticality in higher education, from the perspective of Critical Pedagogy. We highlight the importance of embracing a broad, epistemological understanding of critical thinking, not only as an applicable pragmatic skill, but, rather, as a way back to a more humanistic view of education as emancipation and whole-person development of individuals, for the benefit of both the individual and the society. Lastly, we discuss the importance of methodological tools in teaching for critical thinking.

Close to the metal: Towards a material political economy of the epistemology of computation.

This paper investigates the role of the materiality of computation in two domains: blockchain technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Although historically designed as parallel computing accelerators for image rendering and videogames, graphics processing units (GPUs) have been instrumental in the explosion of both cryptoasset mining and machine learning models. The political economy associated with video games and Bitcoin and Ethereum mining provided a staggering growth in performance and energy efficiency and this, in turn, fostered a change in the epistemological understanding of AI: from rules-based or symbolic AI towards the matrix multiplications underpinning connectionism, machine learning and neural nets. Combining a material political economy of markets with a material epistemology of science, the article shows that there is no clear-cut division between software and hardware, between instructions and tools, and between frameworks of thought and the material and economic conditions of possibility of thought itself. As the microchip shortage and the growing geopolitical relevance of the hardware and semiconductor supply chain come to the fore, the paper invites social scientists to engage more closely with the materialities and hardware architectures of 'virtual' algorithms and software.

Ways of seeing: The power and limitation of video evidence across law and policy

Legal and policy considerations about the mechanisms driving visual attention, perception, and interpretation have not always kept pace with the ever-increasing use of video as evidence. Discussing existing and emerging challenges with the authentication and interpretation of video as evidence, this article argues that a critical understanding of visual epistemologies across law and policy domains remains a critical task. Drawing on research presented in each of the articles in this special issue, it suggests that sound policy, guidance, and education on the wide-ranging evidentiary functions and limitations of video may be especially important at this critical juncture when generative AI threatens to exacerbate existing challenges with visual meaning making more broadly.

Embracing transdisciplinarity to prepare for the future: revisiting the gap between the labour market and translator education

ABSTRACT There has long been a disconnect between the labour market for translators and translator education. Most research on this disconnect focuses on either industry or education in isolation, leaving the problem unsolved. To address this gap, this study examines both industrial and educational perspectives on transdisciplinarity in translators’ domain competence through an epistemological lens. Three types of data are collected: translation-related job ads, curriculum plans of Master of Translation and Interpretation (MTI) programmes, and semi-structured interviews with teachers-cum-translators. The findings, derived from data mining and textometric analyses of targeted job ads together with content analyses of both curriculum plans and interviews, show a shared epistemological understanding in industry and education of new forms of knowledge pertaining to domain-specific translation tasks. Alongside this shared understanding, we highlight misalignment between market needs for and training on knowledge about cross-boundary collaborations, and we explore the transdisciplinary domain competence required to cope with a complex-market reality using a common language shared with stakeholders. The implications for a transdisciplinary approach to translator education are also discussed.

Sociological and Political Constraints of Islamic Sharia Enforcement in South Sulawesi Indonesia

The objective of this study is to examine the challenges encountered by Islamic Sharia Enforcement Committee in South Sulawesi by analyzing the responses of charismatic ulama. Qualitative methods, such as observation, interviews, and documentation, were employed to conduct a descriptive and critical analysis. The result showed that the primary obstacle to the wider acceptance of the idea lies in the sociological rejection of ulama. Ulama opposed the plan due to their epistemological understanding of Sharia and strategic approach to advocating it within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Politically, they gave a substantive and cultural notion instead of formalistic and structural discourse because there are no circumstances in South Sulawesi that may force the state to grant special autonomy like in Aceh. The contemporary thinking of ulama is shaped by education and practical experience, enabling them to consider contextual factors openly. The views of the Indonesian ulama on implementing Islamic Sharia are influenced by political failures, genuine religious beliefs, and political accommodations made to address Muslim aspirations. Furthermore, the results showed a decreasing trend in the scripturalist-formalistic approach to enforcing Islamic Sharia, while the substantialistic tendency is growing in popularity.

Beyond the Hype of Big Data Analytics Deployment: Conceptualization and Challenges Epistemology

Businesses, government sectors, academia and society have been flooded with data which nowadays have become valuable economic assets. Data and Big Data Analytics (BDA) are vital for the succession of any organization. Big Data Analytics (BDA) delineates the approaches utilized to examine, process, analyze and expose hidden underlying patterns, interesting relations, and intelligence from huge datasets for different purposes. Despite the growth and widespread use of data analytics, the study on this research area is still at the nascent stage. The scenario is seen particularly for the developing countries like Malaysia. Previous literature has recognized data analytic development and its effect but has not yet provided a comprehensive review. This paper intends to conceptualize BDA manifestation, its application, and its challenges epistemology. This study employs a comprehensive review of past literature to serve the purpose. The findings of this paper will enhance the understanding of BDA conception epistemology (definition and application). This concept paper also intends to shed some light on BDA research areas by identifying the challenges surrounding BDA deployment. From the theoretical point of view, this paper contributes to providing BDA taxonomy based on the application in various industries. From the practical perspective, this paper contributes to BDA research field by identifying the obstacles that need to be managed by the BDA adopter for optimum utilization and decision making. From the government perspective, it contributes to Malaysian national agenda to becoming a leading regional BDA solution hub for all sectors and developed nation by the year 2025.

Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology by Riccardo Strobino

Reviewed by: Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology by Riccardo Strobino Thérèse-Anne Druart Riccardo Strobino. Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. xvi + 428. Hardback, $95.00. Strobino's remarkable book does not simply present Avicenna's theory of science; it also highlights the importance of demonstration not only for logic but also for metaphysics and epistemology. Hence, Strobino's work is essential to appreciate and better understand Avicenna's philosophy as a whole. Strobino grounds his research on Avicenna's theory of science in his Book of Demonstration in the Shifā', which focuses on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. Taking into account the lack of any translation into English or any other main modern language as well as the lack of a full medieval Latin translation (only chapter 7 of book 3 exists in a medieval Latin version) of Avicenna's text, Strobino kindly provides in appendix C (357–71) a detailed "map" of this text, useful not only to readers who cannot handle Arabic but even to those who can, as the [End Page 326] text is so rich and complex. A simple but careful look at this map confirms what Strobino makes clear and insists upon: Avicenna greatly develops, enriches, completes, and even outgrows some of Aristotle's views. The Book of Demonstration is far more than a commentary on the Posterior Analytics; it is a complete reworking of it. Strobino shows that Avicenna grounds his theory of demonstration and science on two basic notions—conception (tasawwur) and assertion (tasdīq, which some other scholars translate as "assent")—and so gives a unified approach to his theory. Scientific conceptions require better understanding of definition and description. Avicenna builds definitions and descriptions on essentialism and, therefore, grounds them in metaphysics. As for scientific assertions, in contradistinction to nonscientific ones, they must be necessary and give the cause. Therefore, Avicenna places great importance on modality and develops modal syllogisms, whereas Aristotle focused on categorical syllogisms and neglected hypothetical and disjunctive syllogisms. Avicenna also elaborates a sophisticated account of modality and its metaphysical implications. Furthermore, he broadens and enriches the appreciation of causality and explanation. These developments, according to Strobino, lead Avicenna to set forth an intricate division and hierarchy of the sciences under metaphysics, which provides their ultimate principles and allows for a unified understanding of the sciences while respecting their particularities. According to Strobino, Avicenna is keen to develop a theory of science that gives a good account of science as it is practiced. Strobino carefully shows how Avicenna's theory better reflects this practice than does Aristotle's. Strobino does not simply highlight how much Avicenna distances himself from Aristotle and goes far beyond what the Posterior Analytics yields, but also shows how much Avicenna relies on points adumbrated by his predecessor al-Fārābī in his own Book of Demonstration. The way Strobino through his analysis of demonstration links Avicenna's understanding of logic, epistemology, and metaphysics underscores the coherence and unity of Avicenna's philosophy. Scholars were aware of the importance of demonstration for Avicenna in various philosophical fields, but until the release of this book, they seemed not to have fully grasped the centrality and essential role played by the Avicennian understanding and focus on demonstration. Of course, Strobino does not limit himself to an analysis of passages in the Book of Demonstration. He has an encompassing knowledge of Avicenna's texts and uses them well to flesh out and enrich what remains terse in the Book of Demonstration. He even takes into account the way one of his successors, al-Tūsī, reads him. He also shows an extensive and wide-ranging knowledge of Aristotle's texts and of Aristotelian scholarship, as well as an interest in the Greek commentators and Galen and their relevance for interpreting Avicenna. Avicenna's Theory of Science is not an easy book to read, as it is often very technical, particularly when dealing with purely logical points or issues, but reading it is rewarding if one does so slowly and meditatively. The author, in fact, illuminates difficult matters but does not waste words. From...