Episode In Part Research Articles

Baseline protective behavioral strategy use predicts more moderate transdermal alcohol concentration dynamics and fewer negative consequences of drinking in young adults' natural settings.

Test whether frequent protective behavioral strategies (PBS) users report (a) fewer alcohol-related consequences and (b) less risky alcohol intoxication dynamics (measured via transdermal alcohol concentration [TAC] sensor "features") in daily life. Two hundred twenty-two frequently heavy-drinking young adults (Mage = 22.3 years) wore TAC sensors for 6 consecutive days. TAC features peak (maximum TAC), rise rate (speed of TAC increase), and area under the curve (AUC) were derived for each day. Negative alcohol-related consequences were measured in the morning after each self-reported drinking day. Past-year PBS use was measured at baseline. Young adults reporting more frequent baseline PBS use showed (a) fewer alcohol-related consequences and (b) lower intoxication dynamics on average (less AUC, lower peaks, and slower rise rates). Limiting/stopping and manner of drinking PBS showed the same pattern of findings as the total score. Serious harm reduction PBS predicted fewer negative alcohol-related consequences, but not TAC features. Multilevel path models showed that TAC features peak and rise rate partially explained associations between PBS (total, limiting/stopping, and manner of drinking) and consequences. Independent contributions of PBS subscales were small and nonsignificant, suggesting that total PBS use was a more important predictor of risk/protection than the specific types of PBS used. Young adults using more total PBS may experience fewer alcohol-related consequences during real-world drinking episodes in part through less risky intoxication dynamics (TAC features). Future research measuring PBS at the daily level is needed to formally test TAC features as day-level mechanisms of protection from acute alcohol-related consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cervantean Satire, Realism, and the Eighteenth-Century British Novel

Abstract In this article, I offer a reading of an episode in part II, chapter 44, of Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote. The tearing of the protagonist’s stocking during his sojourn in the palace of the duke and duchess, I argue, produces an instance of realism as an affirmation of the outside world that signals the defeat of the chivalric hero and compromises the satirical enterprise in the palace. I end by comparing Cervantes’s use of the torn stocking to produce realism with two similar scenes, one in Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and the other in Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy. Despite their different aesthetic propositions, these three novels share the use of seemingly irrelevant circumstances, such as the tearing of a stocking, to ground the objectives of certain fantastic projects in the realm of the normative. This comparison illustrates the importance of looking not only at how texts are classified but also at how specific literary worlds are constructed when accounting for the relationship among early realist novels.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note Bruce R. Burningham The Spring 2017 issue of Cervantes brings a couple of significant changes to the journal's staff. First, after many years on our editorial board as one of our esteemed Associate Editors, George Shipley has retired from this position. Second, William Clamurro has also stepped down as our Book Review Editor following his recent retirement as a faculty member at Emporia State University. I would like to thank both George and Bill for their many years of conscientious service to the journal, to the Cervantes Society of America, and to the profession. With regard to our book reviews, I would like to extend a warm welcome to Ana Laguna, who has agreed to serve as the journal's new Book Review Editor. Congratulations, Ana! I look forward to working with you. We begin this Spring issue with an article by Aurora Hermida-Ruiz on Professor James March's pioneering use of "Don Quixote" in the pedagogy of economics, business management, and leadership training. Hermida-Ruiz's essay is followed by two articles that focus on the Novelas ejemplares. Amy Sheeran explores issues related to the significance of blood in "La fuerza de la sangre" in order to productively read this novela's primary genres—the miracle story and the romance—against each other. Sarah Gretter, for her part, examines "El celoso extremeño" within the context of Jerome Bruner's work in cognitive psychology and argues that this particlular novela ejemplar can be read as a paradigm of constructivism. Following these two essays on the Novelas ejemplares, we return to several more articles that focus on Don Quixote. Conxita Domènech examines the "Roque Guinart" episode in part two of the novel and its connection to the Moriscos of Cataluña. William Daniel Holcombe [End Page 7] explores Salvador Dalí's artistic representation of Don Quixote in a mid-twentieth-century US edition of Cervantes's masterpiece. Gabriele Eckart, meanwhile, analyzes the Japanese and German cultural contexts that underpin Yoko Tawada's 2000 play Sancho Pansa. And finally, Stephen Hessel provides a Cervantine reading of the US television program Homeland, exploring the extent to which Cervantes's experience as a captive in the bagnos of Algiers possibly colored his views on Islam and its relationship to the early modern Spanish state. Following this second cluster of Quixote-related articles, we are pleased to publish the script of Edward H. Friedman's solo-performer play Desocupado lector, which premiered in Nashville, Tennessee on 29 September 2014. As always, we end with several book reviews. For the Spring 2017 issue, these consist of a review article by James Iffland on Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda's unauthorized sequel, Segundo tomo del ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, and four other traditional book reviews: Tatiana Alvarado Teodorika on Ruth Fine's Reescrituras bíblicas cervantinas, Miguel Martínez on Isabel Lozano-Renieblas's Cervantes y los retos del Persiles, Brian Phillips on Valentín Núñez Rivera's Cervantes y los géneros de la ficción, and William Clamurro on Michael Harney's new English translation of the Novelas ejemplares. Finally, many thanks to our anonymous peer reviewers, to my Editorial Assistant, John Beusterien, and to our various Associate Editors for all their hard work and support. And a special thanks to Cristina González Martín. [End Page 8] Copyright © 2017 Cervantes Society of America

Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Reviewed by: Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Walter K. Stewart Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy. Trans. Margaret Kirby. Indianapolis: Focus/Hackett, 2015. 194 pp. To translate a text requires a unique skill set involving knowledge of the subject, acquaintance with the targeted material, and the keenest technical facility for rendering the idiom of one language into another. Translating Goethe's Faust is all the more daunting because it requires a clear understanding of the German Enlightenment as well as of the cultural and philosophical underpinnings of this monumental work. Moreover, any new translation of Faust is doubly problematic because it invariably lends itself to comparisons with previous successful editions: the Walter Kaufmann, Peter Salm, and Barker Fairley versions of the sixties (Doubleday, 1961); the Walter Arndt and Cyrus Hamlin Faust from the seventies (Norton, 1976); the more recent David Constantine edition (Penguin, 2004), the sumptuously illustrated John Anster and Henry Clarke version (Calla, 2013), the recently revised Martin Greenberg version (Yale University Press, 2014, originally 1992), and sundry other Fausts. Aware of such pitfalls, Margaret Kirby thankfully provides us with an introduction to her new translation that lays out her perspective and methodology. In large strokes, Kirby's introduction focuses on Faust's feelings of confinement, his alienation from nature, and his misplaced dependence on knowledge, "discursive reason," and "academic learning" (xii). Despite these feelings, Faust, as Kirby points out, is curiously charmed by Gretchen's satisfaction with the nearly cloistered living conditions in which he finds her room and even allows "that there is something of substance in finitude" (l. 1338; xiii). Kirby also points to the irony that Gretchen feels similarly confined both physically and mentally while imprisoned. But unlike Faust's nearly existential angst, her feelings of entrapment are strictly the result of her own transgressions, for which she says she will pay, one way or the other (ll. 4544–49; xv). However enlightening this argument might be, Kirby nonetheless seems not to understand precisely just how negatively Faust's feelings truly affect him; in fact, they have made him something of a manic-depressive. For example, he is depressed at the start of the "Night" scene, but when he sees the sign of the macrocosm (l. 430), he becomes ecstatic. Unfortunately, his enthusiasm instantly evaporates right after the Earth Spirit rejects and mocks him (l. 490), which brings him to his lowest point. Curiously, Kirby merely relates that following this scene, "the sound of the Easter bells evokes memories of Christian faith" and "calls [Faust] out of his study" (ll. 759–70; xii). But the result of the Earth Spirit's rejection is far more devastating than that: Faust is so depressed that he comes close to committing suicide by drinking from the "small flask" (l. 687) of poison. [End Page 281] It is the "brown potion" that Mephistopheles later mentions when he chides Faust that he had a chance to end his misery—but did not (ll. 1579–80). In truth, Faust's manic-depressive behavior represents a clear pattern through both parts of the tragedy right up to the "Baucis/Philemon" episode in Part II, when he is finally ensnared by Frau Sorge. For in the end, it is care's corrosive power, something to which Faust already alludes in Part I (ll. 644–51), that works its awful, debilitating influence on him. Kirby also passes over the contribution of eighteenth-century thought: the influence, for example, of the likes of Spinoza and Leibniz on Goethe's concepts of action and activity, which become major themes of Faust. To be sure, Kirby recognizes Faust's thirst for activity, but she merely sees it in the same way that Mephistopheles does—that is, as a "world of endless activity … that lacks any direction" (xvii). But the concept actually represents far more than that. Activity is central to all that happens in Faust. As Kirby also points out, Goethe understands the universe to be in continuous flux and a realm of unfettered activity while man is finite and limited. In fact, Goethe sums up Faust's grievance in the mouth of the...

Die Gestalt im Gesicht. Zur Figur Don Quijotes und zu den Strukturen literarischer Reputation

Abstract The central issue in the self-reflexive development of Don Quijote is an episode in Part I, 19, in which Sancho Panza names his master “Caballero de la Triste Figura.” The early German Quijote-translators Joachim Caesar, Friedrich Justin Bertuch, and Ludwig Tieck rendered the phrase as “Ritter (von) der traurigen Gestalt,” which has been repeatedly criticized. But we may ask whether the alleged mistranslation Gestalt does not have an impact on Cervantes's phrase and not, perhaps, disclose something in it. It may be argued that Figura anticipates the status of the knight as a literary figure. The premise of the second part of the novel is the popularity of the protagonist. The sobriquet that Sacho Panza gives to Don Quijote actually serves as a promise that is fulfilled in the second part of the novel. Für Siegfried Jüttner zum 66. Geburtstag

Estimation of admixture proportions: a likelihood-based approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo.

When populations are separated for long periods and then brought into contact for a brief episode in part of their range, this can result in genetic admixture. To analyze this type of event we considered a simple model under which two parental populations (P1 and P2) mix and create a hybrid population (H). After that event, the three populations evolve under pure drift without exchange during T generations. We developed a new method, which allows the simultaneous estimation of the time since the admixture event (scaled by the population size t(i) = T/N(i), where N(i) is the effective population size of population i) and the contribution of one of two parental populations (which we call p1). This method takes into account drift since the admixture event, variation caused by sampling, and uncertainty in the estimation of the ancestral allele frequencies. The method is tested on simulated data sets and then applied to a human data set. We find that (i) for single-locus data, point estimates are poor indicators of the real admixture proportions even when there are many alleles; (ii) biallelic loci provide little information about the admixture proportion and the time since admixture, even for very small amounts of drift, but can be powerful when many loci are used; (iii) the precision of the parameters' estimates increases with sample size n = 50 vs. n = 200 but this effect is larger for the t(i)'s than for p1; and (iv) the increase in precision provided by multiple loci is quite large, even when there is substantial drift (we found, for instance, that it is preferable to use five loci than one locus, even when drift is 100 times larger for the five loci). Our analysis of a previously studied human data set illustrates that the joint estimation of drift and p1 can provide additional insights into the data.

Ventricular proarrhythmic effects of ventricular cycle length and shock strength in a sheep model of transvenous atrial defibrillation.

Synchronized cardioversion is generally accepted as safe for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation when shocks are synchronized to the R wave and delivered transthoracically. However, others have shown that during attempted transvenous cardioversion of rapid ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation (VF) may be induced. It was our objective to evaluate conditions (short and irregular cycle lengths [CL]) under which VF might be induced during synchronized electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation with transvenous electrodes. In 16 sheep (weight, 62 +/- 7.8 kg), atrial defibrillation thresholds (ADFT) were determined for a 3-ms/3-ms biphasic shock delivered between two catheters each having 6-cm coil electrodes, one in the great cardiac vein under the left atrial appendage and one in the right atrial appendage along the anterolateral atrioventricular groove. A hexapolar mapping catheter was positioned in the right ventricular apex for shock synchronization. In 8 sheep (group A), a shock intensity 20 V less than the ADFT was used for testing, and in the remaining 8 sheep (group B), a shock intensity of twice ADFT was used. With a modified extrastimulus technique, a basic train of eight stimuli alone (part 1) and with single (part 2) and double (part 3) extrastimuli were applied to right ventricular plunge electrodes. Atrial defibrillation shocks were delivered synchronized to the last depolarization. In part 4, shocks were delivered during atrial fibrillation. The preceding CL was evaluated over a range of 150 to 1000 milliseconds. Shocks were also delayed 2, 20, 50, and 100 milliseconds after the last depolarization from the stimulus (parts 1 through 3) or intrinsic depolarization (part 4). The mean ADFT for group A was 127 +/- 48 V, 0.71 +/- 0.60 J and for group B, 136 +/- 37 V, 0.79 +/- 0.42 J (NS, P > .15). Of 1870 shocks delivered, 11 episodes of VF were induced. Group A had no episodes of VF in part 1, two episodes of VF in part 2 (CL, 240 and 230 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay), and one episode each in parts 3 (CL, 280 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay) and 4 (CL, 240 milliseconds with 100-millisecond delay). Group B had two episodes in part 1 (CL, 250 and 300 milliseconds with 20-millisecond delay), three episodes in part 2 (CL, 230, 230, and 250 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay), and one episode each in parts 3 (CL, 260 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay) and 4 (198 milliseconds with 100-millisecond delay). No episodes of VF were induced for shocks delivered after a CL > 300 milliseconds. Synchronized transvenous atrial defibrillation shocks delivered on beats with a short preceding ventricular cycle length (< 300 milliseconds) are associated with a significantly increased risk of initiation of VF. To decrease the risk of ventricular proarrhythmia, short CLs should be avoided.