Epiretinal Membrane Formation Research Articles

Hyperuricemia and epiretinal pathologies: a review of pathophysiological links and clinical implications

Hyperuricemia (HUA), defined by elevated serum uric acid levels, is well-established in its association with systemic conditions like gout and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, however, emerging research has revealed a potential connection between HUA and ocular disorders, particularly epiretinal pathologies. This review investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms linking HUA to epiretinal conditions, including epiretinal membrane formation, macular edema, and retinal vascular diseases. By thoroughly analyzing current literature, this review seeks to deepen the understanding of the relationship between HUA and epiretinal disorders, with the aim of informing new therapeutic strategies and enhancing patient outcomes.

Impact of Aflibercept vs Dexamethasone Treatment on Epiretinal Membrane Formation in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of aflibercept and dexamethasone (DEX) on the formation of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and their treatment outcomes in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of 124 eyes from 429 patients diagnosed with DME were reviewed between June 2017 and June 2019. Patients were categorized into two groups: the aflibercept group (67 eyes) and the DEX group (57 eyes). The primary endpoint was the secondary ERM incidence following intravitreal treatments and its correlation across different medications. Secondary endpoints included longitudinal changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT). Over a 24-month follow-up, eyes treated with DEX had approximately a fourfold higher incidence of ERM development compared to aflibercept [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.97, p = 0.02]. These eyes also showed worse BCVA (p = 0.059) and increased CMT (p = 0.004), despite requiring fewer total injections (p = 0.000) in the survival analysis model. The cumulative probability of ERM formation was 13.7%. Additionally, DME eyes exhibited poor functional and anatomical outcomes after developing ERM, while age, A1c level, DR severity, initial BCVA and CMT, lens status, and previous laser treatment were not associated with an elevated incidence of ERM formation. Intravitreal DEX implantation in DME eyes resulted in a higher incidence of secondary ERM formation compared to aflibercept over a 2-year period. The therapeutic efficacy for DME was diminished following ERM development, leading to worse anatomical outcomes. New therapeutic approaches should be explored to prevent ERM formation while maintaining both anatomical and functional outcomes in DME treatment.

ORAL CURCUMIN TO REDUCE RISK OF PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY FOLLOWING RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR.

To evaluate outcomes of patients who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair and were started on oral curcumin for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) prevention. Retrospective, observational case series of eyes of patients undergoing high-risk rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair that was started on curcumin postoperatively. Recommended dosage was 500 mg twice daily for 30 days followed by 500 mg daily for 60 days. The primary outcome was recurrent PVR-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment within 6 months and a single-surgery retinal reattachment rate. Secondary outcomes included epiretinal membrane formation, visual acuity, and curcumin safety profile. Thirty-two eyes of 31 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Postoperatively, 2 eyes developed a PVR-related detachment (6.3%), and 2 eyes redetached due to new breaks without PVR (6.3%). Overall, single-surgery retinal reattachment rate was 87.5%. Single-surgery retinal reattachment rate without silicone oil was 92.6% (25/27). Of the 12 cases with Grade C PVR-related retinal detachment, the single-surgery retinal reattachment rate was 91.7%. Postoperatively, 7 eyes developed an epiretinal membrane (21.9%), of which 3 underwent epiretinal membrane removal (9.4%). No patient had gastrointestinal upset or anemia. This proof-of-concept clinical study suggests that oral curcumin is well tolerated and warrants further investigation for its potential to reduce the risk of PVR after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair in eyes at higher risk of PVR.

The mechanics of the retina: Müller glia role on retinal extracellular matrix and modelling.

The retina is a highly heterogeneous tissue, both cell-wise but also regarding its extracellular matrix (ECM). The stiffness of the ECM is pivotal in retinal development and maturation and has also been associated with the onset and/or progression of numerous retinal pathologies, such as glaucoma, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation or uveitis. Nonetheless, much remains unknown about the biomechanical milieu of the retina, and specifically the role that Müller glia play as principal mechanosensors and major producers of ECM constituents. So far, new approaches need to be developed to further the knowledge in the field of retinal mechanobiology for ECM-target applications to arise. In this review, we focus on the involvement of Müller glia in shaping and altering the retinal ECM under both physiological and pathological conditions and look into various biomaterial options to more accurately replicate the impact of matrix stiffness in vitro.

Epiretinal membrane formation with a pseudohole appearance ın a case with straatsma syndrome

Epiretinal membrane formation with a pseudohole appearance ın a case with straatsma syndrome

Two-year outcomes of different subretinal fluid drainage techniques during vitrectomy for fovea-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments: ELLIPSOID-2 study

BackgroundThe purpose of the study is to compare visual acuity, complications and outer retinal integrity following subretinal fluid (SRF) drainage from the peripheral retinal breaks (PRBs) versus posterior retinotomy (PR)...

Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with Giant Retinal Tear: Case Series and Literature Review.

Background/Objectives: This paper reviews three cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with giant retinal tear (GRT), focusing on surgical management and outcomes, and synthesizes the current literature on the subject. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed three cases of male patients diagnosed with RRD with GRT at our hospital from April 2022 to November 2023. The patients, aged 57, 66, and 60, underwent surgical interventions, with postoperative follow-up extending up to six months. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), endolaser photocoagulation, fluid-air exchange, and intravitreal gas injection (perfluoropropane (C3F8) 14%) in each case. Surgeries were performed within four days of the patients' initial visits. Outcome measures included visual acuity improvement, intraocular pressure stabilization, and retinal reattachment rates. Complications in the patients were also evaluated. Results: The patient who had not previously undergone cataract surgery (Case 1) had it concurrently with the retinal surgery. Four months after the initial surgery, Case 3 developed a secondary epiretinal membrane (ERM) and subsequently underwent ERM removal surgery. Postoperative care involved the tailored use of anti-inflammatory medications and frequent monitoring to mitigate complications such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, epiretinal membrane formation, and redetachment. Conclusions: While limited by the small sample size, this report underscores the potential benefits of prompt surgical intervention, meticulous postoperative care, and proactive management of complications in RRD with GRT. Insights from these cases, supported by multiple literature reviews, may inform treatment strategies and highlight areas for further research in larger, more diverse patient populations.

TLR2 and TLR4 Are Expressed in Epiretinal Membranes: Possible Links with Vitreous Levels of Complement Fragments and DAMP-Related Proteins.

Previous studies reported the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), merely TLR2 and TLR4, and complement fragments (C3a, C5b9) in vitreoretinal disorders. Other than pathogens, TLRs can recognize endogenous products of tissue remodeling as damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). The aim of this study was to confirm the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the fibrocellular membranes and vitreal fluids (soluble TLRs) of patients suffering of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and assess their association with disease severity, complement fragments and inflammatory profiles. Twenty (n = 20) ERMs and twelve (n = 12) vitreous samples were collected at the time of the vitrectomy. Different severity-staged ERMs were processed for: immunolocalization (IF), transcriptomic (RT-PCR) and proteomics (ELISA, IP/WB, Protein Chip Array) analysis. The investigation of targets included TLR2, TLR4, C3a, C5b9, a few selected inflammatory biomarkers (Eotaxin-2, Rantes, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor (VEGFR2), Interferon-γ (IFNγ), Interleukin (IL1β, IL12p40/p70)) and a restricted panel of matrix enzymes (Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/Tissue Inhibitor of Metallo-Proteinases (TIMPs)). A reduced cellularity was observed as function of ERM severity. TLR2, TLR4 and myD88 transcripts/proteins were detected in membranes and decreased upon disease severity. The levels of soluble TLR2 and TLR4, as well as C3a, C5b9, Eotaxin-2, Rantes, VEGFA, VEGFR2, IFNγ, IL1β, IL12p40/p70, MMP7 and TIMP2 levels were changed in vitreal samples. Significant correlations were observed between TLRs and complement fragments and between TLRs and some inflammatory mediators. Our findings pointed at TLR2 and TLR4 over-expression at early stages of ERM formation, suggesting the participation of the local immune response in the severity of disease. These activations at the early-stage of ERM formation suggest a potential persistence of innate immune response in the early phases of fibrocellular membrane formation.

Proportion and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in residents of Brussels with versus without diabetes mellitus.

To compare the proportion of epiretinal membrane (ERM) between individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and without DM, who live in Brussels, to investigate possible risk factors for ERM formation and to compare the results with the ones of large population studies. Participants were divided into two groups; 99 patients with DM (group A) and 103 individuals without DM (group B). All participants underwent an undilated 7-field color fundus photography and a spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Age, gender, race, type of diabetes, duration of medical treatment of diabetes, HbA1C rate, smoking, previous cataract surgery and educational level were investigated as possible risk factors. Epiretinal membrane was detected in 17.2% of group A and in 11.7% of group B participants. The difference is not statistically significant (χ2 (1) = 1.252, p = 0.263). The proportion of ERM was significantly associated with age in both groups (p = .009 and p < .001 respectively), as well as with smoking (p = .023) and previous cataract surgery (p = .028) in patients with DM. There is no statistically significant difference of ERM proportion between the two groups of the study. Age was recognized as a risk factor for both groups, while smoking and previous cataract surgery were identified as predictors only for diabetics.

COMPLEX MACULAR HOLE CLOSURE BY TEMPORAL INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP WITHOUT ENDOTAMPONADE.

To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and imaging features of a novel surgical technique without endotamponade in repairing complex macular hole (MH). Retrospective review of consecutive cases with complex MH underwent pars plana vitrectomy with temporal internal limiting membrane flap, which was stabilized using perfluorocarbon liquid and viscoelastics. At the conclusion of surgery, perfluorocarbon liquid was removed, and no endotamponade agent would be used. Complex MH was defined as a basal linear diameter of ≥400 µm and/or associated with high myopia. Visual acuity, pattern of MH closure on optical coherence tomography, formation of epiretinal membrane, and operative complications were reported. Twenty-four eyes were included, and the mean basal linear diameter was 988.3 µm. MH closure was achieved in 24 (100%), of which, 8 (33%) achieved type 1A closure. The mean postoperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity improved from 0.93 at baseline to 0.74, 0.51, 0.55, and 0.52 at 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and last follow-up, respectively. Foveal gliosis was observed in 3 eyes (12.5%), and 10 (41.7%) developed nasal epiretinal membrane. One eye developed vitreous hemorrhage, which resolved spontaneously. This novel surgical technique that requires no endotamponade is effective in achieving complex MH closure. A substantial proportion of patients developed epiretinal membrane, and its clinical significance requires further investigation.

Primary Internal Limiting Membrane Peel and Its Effects on Epiretinal Membrane After Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Purpose: To determine the effect of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel in post-operative development of epiretinal membrane and to see visual outcomes of patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with and without ILM peel. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Retina clinic of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital from July, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Methods: A total of 60 eyes which underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil for Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) were included. Patients with previous vitreoretinal surgery or ocular trauma, macular diseases or coexisting conditions that could affect the outcomes or complicate the surgery were excluded. Group A included patients with ILM peel and Group B included patients with no ILM peel (30 eyes each). Frequency was calculated for gender, epiretinal membrane formation. and was compared between both groups using chi square. Results: Mean age in group A was 47.63 ± 8.61 years and in group B was 45.36 ± 6.63 years. Gender distribution showed 66.6% males in group A and 43.3% in group B. After 3 months the group A had significantly lower frequency of ERM formation (3.33%) as compared to group B (16.67%) with p &lt;0.05. However, post operativevisual acuity was not significantly different between the two groups (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that primary ILM peel diminishes the development of ERM and decreases the need for second surgical procedure. However, postsurgical visual acuity between the two groups showed no significant difference.

Relationships between causative genes and epiretinal membrane formation in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

To investigate the relationships between macular complications and causative genes frequently found in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In the retrospective and observational study, we analyzed the data of 75 patients with RP (EYS-RP: 42 patients; USH2A-RP: 19 patients; RHO-RP: 14 patients) who were followed-up at Kyushu University Hospital and whose causative genes had been identified. Macular complications including epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular edema (ME), and macular hole (MH) were evaluated using optical coherence tomography and fundus photography. Main outcome was the proportion of macular complications. The proportion of ERM was 35.7% in the EYS group, 10.5% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group. The proportion of ME was 7.1% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group, and that of MH was 2.4% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 0% in the RHO group. In the EYS group, the proportion of ERM was relatively higher (p = 0.06), and the presence of EYS was significantly associated with a higher age- and sex-adjusted OR for ERM (OR = 5.67, 95% CI = 1.59-25.20). There was no significant difference in the proportion of MH or ME among causative genes. EYS causative gene may be associated with higher rate of ERM complication in RP.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Epiretinal Membrane Formation After Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Incidence and Risk Factors of Epiretinal Membrane Formation After Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Epiretinal Membrane Formation following Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation following primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. Methods: This comparative, retrospective, single-center cohort study included eyes with primary RRD treated between 2011 and 2023 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle (SB), PPV+SB, or pneumatic retinopexy (PnR). Demographic, clinical, and surgical parameters were collected from medical records. The primary outcome was the risk of ERM formation, while the secondary outcome was the risk of ERM requiring surgery. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression were performed, and a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were reported. Results: Overall, 394 eyes were included. The mean age was 58.49 ± 12.8 years, and most patients were male. There was a significantly lower risk of ERM formation following SB compared to PPV in the univariable analysis (HR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.08–0.60, p = 0.003); however, there was no significant association between treatment modality and ERM formation on multivariable Cox regression controlling for confounding factors (p = 0.24). ERM formation was found more commonly in patients who were older (HR = 1.0 per 1 year increase in age, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04, p = 0.001), those with worse baseline visual acuity (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.09–1.71, p = 0.008), and those with macula-off RRDs (HR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.41–3.32, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical modality does not have a significant impact on the risk of ERM following retinal detachment repair. However, age, baseline visual acuity, and macular status are important predictors of ERM formation after RRD repair.

Epiretinal membrane formation after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair (RRD): A single center study.

Objective: To determine the frequency of patients developing ERM (epiretinal membrane) after surgical procedure for RRD. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Madina Teaching Hospital Faisalabad. Period: November 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Involving patients of primary RRD; 160 patients enrolled before the operation, each patient had both of their eyes assessed, and then again after one month, and then three months after the procedure. These assessments comprised a comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation, which consisted of slit-lamp biomicroscopy, OCT scans. On the basis of ERM formation, the participants were divided into two distinct groups. Age, gender, length of retinal detachment in days, existence of PVD, type of surgery done for RRD, and presence or absence of postoperative ERM were some of the demographic and clinical data that were obtained. Results: A total of 160 patients' data was evaluated, and 47 (29.4%) of them had ERM formation following RRD repair. No factor such as age, gender, side of the eye involved and type of surgery has any influence on the outcome of ERM as the p value &lt;0.05. Conclusion: According to the results it can be concluded that ERM is a prevalent complication after SB and PPV surgery dome for RRD but no associations were seen with age, gender, side of the eye involved and type of surgery has any influence on the outcome of ERM.

Internal limiting membrane peeling in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A meta-analysis.

To determine whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) could get better functional and anatomical outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was performed to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted by comparing the weighted mean differences (WMD) in the mean change of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline and calculating the odd ratios (OR) for rates of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation and recurrence of retinal detachment (RD). Fourteen studies were selected, including 2259 eyes (825 eyes in the ILM peeling group and 1434 eyes in the non-ILM peeling group). There was no significant difference in terms of mean change in BCVA from baseline and the rate of RD recurrence (WMD = 0.02, 95% CI, -0.20 to 0.24, P = 0.86, and OR = 0.55, 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.26, P = 0.16), but ILM peeling was associated with a significantly lower frequency of postoperative ERM formation (OR = 0.13, 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.26, P<0.00001). Similar results were obtained in a sub-analysis based on macula-off RRD. ILM peeling results in similar BCVA, with same rate of RD recurrence, but lower rate of postoperative ERM development. ILM peeling could be considered in selected cases with risk factors that are likely to develop an ERM.

EVALUATION OF PRONE VERSUS SUPINE POSITIONING IN FRESH RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT TREATED WITH PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY AND GAS.

To compare Supine versus Prone positioning in fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachments treated with vitrectomy and gas tamponade. This was a prospective randomized controlled trial of 72 eyes with fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy: 37 eyes were allotted supine position and 35 were allotted prone position. Cases were evaluated for single-surgery reattachment rates, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, cataract formation, and any complications. The patients were followed up for a period of 3 months. Both groups had similar demographics, and no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of extent of retinal detachment, position, and number of breaks. The anatomical success after single surgery was 97.3% in the Supine group and 94.3% in the Prone group ( P = 0.609). The best-corrected visual acuity at the end of 3 months was 0.44 ± 0.27 in the Supine group and 0.35 ± 0.27 in the Prone group ( P = 0.119) with a significant increase in best-corrected visual acuity preoperatively from 0.11 ± 0.22 and 0.13 ± 0.22 in Supine and Prone groups, respectively ( P = <0.001). The intraocular pressure in the two groups was comparable at each follow-up. The rates of cataract formation were also similar in the two groups-60% and 53.8% in Supine and Prone groups, respectively ( P = 1.00). Complications such as spikes in intraocular pressure, epiretinal membrane formation, and cystoid macular edema were similar in both groups. Rates of retinal reattachment were comparable in both groups showing that supine position is equally safe and effective for adequate tamponade.

Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Secondary to TOPORS Mutations: A Report of a Novel Mutation and Clinical Findings.

Purpose: Mutations in Topoisomerase I-binding RS protein (TOPORS) have been previously documented and have been described to result in pathological autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). In our study, we describe the various genotypes and clinical/phenotypic manifestations of TOPORS-related mutations of our unique patient population in Rural Appalachia. Methods: The medical records of 416 patients with inherited retinal disease at the West Virginia University Eye Institute who had undergone genetic testing between the years of 2015-2022 were reviewed. Patients found to have pathologic RP and mutations related to TOPORS were then analyzed. Results: In total, 7 patients (ages 12-70) were identified amongst three unique families. All patients were female in our study. The average follow-up period was 7.7 years. A mother (70 yr) and daughter (51 yr) had a novel heterozygous nonsense point mutation in TOPORS c.2431C > T, p.Gln811X (Exon 3) that led to premature termination of the desired protein resulting in early onset vision loss, cataract formation, and visual field restriction. The mother developed a full-thickness macular hole which was successfully repaired. Five other patients were found to have previously described TOPORS mutations. Visual field loss was progressive with age in both cohorts. Conclusions: Seven patients at our institution were identified to have mutations in TOPORS resulting in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Two patients were found to have novel truncating mutations in the TOPORS gene resulting in profound night blindness and visual field loss, recurrent macular edema, and in one individual, epiretinal membrane formation leading to a macular hole which was able to be successfully repaired.

Scleral buckling with adjuvant pneumatic retinopexy versus scleral buckling alone for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

To compare the efficacy of scleral buckling with adjuvant pneumatic retinopexy (SB with PR) and scleral buckling (SB) alone for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This retrospective and comparative study included patients who underwent SB with PR (n = 88) or SB alone (n = 161) for primary RRD. The primary anatomical success rate for SB with PR was 81.8%, whereas that for SB alone was 80.7% (P = 0.836). Among patients who achieved primary anatomical success, those in the SB with PR group showed postoperative epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation more frequently than those in the SB alone group (11 of 72 [15.3%] vs. 6 of 130 [4.6%]) (P = 0.009). The mean time to subretinal fluid absorption was not significantly different between the SB with PR and SB alone groups (11.2 ± 6.2 vs. 11.4 ± 5.8 months, P = 0.881). In the SB with PR group, retinal detachment involving ≥ three quadrants was a significant risk factor for surgical failure (hazard ratio, 3.04; P = 0.041). Adjuvant pneumatic retinopexy does not provide additional benefit in improving the surgical outcomes of SB for primary RRD repair.

SURGICAL DRAINAGE METHODS DURING PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To assess efficacy and safety outcomes of subretinal fluid drainage methods during pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. A systematic search strategy was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and October 2022. Included studies reported on either the safety or efficacy of two or more drainage methods during pars plana vitrectomy for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Two randomized and five observational studies consisting of 1,524 eyes were included. Best-corrected visual acuity at the last study observation and primary reattachment rates were similar across groups. A significantly lower risk of epiretinal membrane formation was associated with draining subretinal fluid through preexisting retinal breaks (risk ratio = 0.70, 95% confidence interval = [0.60, 0.83], P = <0.01, I 2 = 0%) or with perfluorocarbon liquid (risk ratios = 0.70, 95% confidence interval = [0.59, 0.83], P = <0.01, I 2 = 0%) compared with posterior retinotomy. The risk of an abnormal foveal contour was significantly greater in perfluorocarbon liquid-treated eyes relative to posterior retinotomy (risk ratios = 1.56, 95% confidence interval = [1.13, 2.17], P = <0.01, I 2 = 0%). No significant differences were observed in the final best-corrected visual acuity at the last study observation and primary reattachment rates across different drainage methods. There remains limited information on the topic, so future research is warranted.