Epidemiology Of Cerebral Palsy Research Articles

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy among children in Ghana.

The epidemiology of cerebral palsy (CP) is poorly described in Ghana. These data are crucial for evidence-based intervention for children with CP in the country. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of CP among children in Ghana. We established the first institution-based register of children with CP in Ghana (Ghana CP Register-GCPR). Children with confirmed CP aged < 18 years were registered following a detailed neurodevelopmental assessment. Socio-demographics, risk factors, predominant motor type and topography, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), associated impairments, education and rehabilitation status were documented. Between October 2018 and February 2020, 455 children were registered (mean [standard deviation {s.d.}] age at assessment: 5.9 [4.1] years). Preterm birth and low birthweight were reported in 52.0% and 21.1% children respectively. Most children (79.6%) had a pre- or perinatally acquired CP and the mean (s.d.) age of CP diagnosis was 22.2 (21.6) months. Overall, 55.9% of children had spastic tri- or quadriplegia, 60.5% had GMFCS level III-V and 70.3% had ≥ 1 associated impairment. However, 20.5% had never received rehabilitation services and 69.6% of school-aged children in the GCPR were not enrolled in schools. The study findings indicate a high burden of severe motor and associated impairment among children with CP in Ghana which highlights the need for tailored interventions to improve health and well-being of children with CP in the country. The study highlights the need for interventions to improve functional outcome, health and well-being of children with CP in Ghana.

Insights from the epidemiology of cerebral palsy: Navigating the advantages and limitations of registry versus administrative health data.

Insights from the epidemiology of cerebral palsy: Navigating the advantages and limitations of registry versus administrative health data.

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Incidence and risk factors

BackgroundThere is a paucity of robust data on the incidence and causes of cerebral palsy (CP) in Central Asian countries, while this information is important for planning local healthcare services. This epidemiological study was designed to clear the gap in knowledge on both the incidence of CP and the underlying risk factors in the Republic of Kazakhstan. MethodsThis was a retrospective study that comprised two stages. At the first stage, a cross-sectional analysis of CP frequencies was performed on the basis of official statistics obtained from the Republican Center for Health Development. A study with age- and sex-matched controls was carried out at the second stage to elucidate the maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with CP. ResultsMild variability in national CP incidence was observed, ranging from 68.7 to 83.3 per 100,000 population. A number of maternal risk factors were significantly associated with CP, including arterial hypertension, thrombocytopenia, diabetes mellitus, pathology of fetal membranes, premature rupture of membranes, and acute respiratory illness during pregnancy. Low Apgar score, gestational age, birth weight, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia were among the important neonatal risk factors. ConclusionThere is a need for a more comprehensive prospective study to document the extent of the CP problem in Kazakhstan. In addition, a national CP registry must be envisaged to overcome the lack of essential data.

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Bangladesh: a population-based surveillance study.

To examine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of cerebral palsy (CP) in children in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh CP Register is an ongoing population-based surveillance database of children with CP from a geographically defined area in Bangladesh. Cases were defined based on Surveillance of CP in Europe and Australian CP Register criteria after clinical assessments and identification by the key informant's method. In total, 726 children with CP were identified between January 2015 and December 2016. Mean age was 7 years 7 months (standard deviation [SD] 4y 6mo; range: 4.8mo-18y; median 7y 1.2mo; 61.8% male, 38.2% female). Mean age at CP diagnosis was 5 years 2 months (SD 3.8). Observed prevalence was 3.4 per 1000 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-3.7), resulting in an estimated 233 514 children (95% CI: 219 778-254 118) with CP in Bangladesh. The majority (79.6%) had spastic CP. Altogether, 79.6% of the children with CP had at least one associated impairment (speech 67.6%, intellectual 39.0%, epilepsy 23.7%, visual 10.2%, and hearing 10.2%). In total, 78.2% never received rehabilitation. In Bangladesh, the burden of CP is high, and diagnosis is substantially delayed, limiting opportunities for early intervention. There is a lack of available services and the majority of the children had preventable risk factors. Prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) is 3.4 per 1000 children in rural Bangladesh. There are an estimated 233 514 children with CP in Bangladesh. The majority have potentially preventable risk factors. Diagnosis of CP is delayed, limiting opportunities for early intervention. There is a lack of available services for children with CP in rural Bangladesh.

Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy in Northeastern Switzerland

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability of childhood. Less is known about its prevalence and associated factors in Switzerland, so we aimed to fill this knowledge gap in one Swiss canton, evaluating the feasibility to build up a CP registry. A retrospective review of medical records was undertaken. Children born during 1995 and 2009 in the canton of Saint Gallen diagnosed with CP were eligible for inclusion. A total of 140 patients formed the study cohort. The prevalence of CP was 0.19%, with 85% of children affected by spastic CP. The results of the present study were comparable with data of the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe network. Moreover, this pilot study demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of creating a registry of children affected by CP.

Association between socioeconomic status and cerebral palsy.

BackgroundThe present study investigated the annual prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) among children aged <7 years in Taiwan and the association between socioeconomic status and CP prevalence.MethodsData from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for the 2002−2008 period were used in this population-based study. Severe and total CP were defined according to catastrophic illness certificate and medical claim records, respectively. The annual CP prevalence was calculated as the number of children with CP among all children aged <7 years.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2008, the annual prevalence of total and severe CP ranged from 1.9 to 2.8 and from 1.1 to 1.4 per 1000 children, respectively. Boys were 30% more likely to have CP than girls [adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) ranged from 1.3 (1.2−1.4) to 1.4 (1.2−1.5)]. Low family income was associated with a higher CP prevalence [adjusted RR (95% CI) ranged from 5.1 (4.2−6.2) to 6.4 (5.4−7.6)]. The prevalence of CP in rural area was higher than that in urban or suburban areas. The mortality rate of severe CP ranged from 12.2−22.7 per 1000 children within the 7 years study period.ConclusionsThe prevalence of CP in Taiwan is similar to that in Western countries. A higher prevalence of CP is associated with male sex, low income, and rural residential location. Our findings provide insights into CP epidemiology among the Chinese population.

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen)

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen)

Aetiology and epidemiology of cerebral palsy

Abstract Cerebral palsy is a common and significant disorder of motor development, with an incidence of 2–2.5 per 1000 live births. Despite improvements in antenatal and perinatal care, there has been little change in the overall numbers of children developing cerebral palsy in the last 40 years. More extremely premature infants are surviving and have more severe forms of cerebral palsy. The common risk factors are prematurity, small-for-gestational age, multiple pregnancy and maternal genitourinary infections. Many children have more than one risk factor for developing cerebral palsy and it is useful to consider causal pathways to cerebral palsy rather than singe causal events. Only by understanding the aetiology and epidemiology of cerebral palsy can programmes be developed to prevent cerebral palsy and plan health services to meet the needs of the affected children.

The needs of children and young people with cerebral palsy

Because cerebral palsy (CP) is a sufficiently common condition of childhood and adolescence, the number and needs of these children and young people with cerebral palsy are monitored by centres across the UK (Surman et al 2006) and Europe (Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe 2000). This article describes the epidemiology of CP in childhood using data derived from the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register, which is one of the longest running CP registers in Europe. The findings presented here are similar to, and representative of, the epidemiology of CP in the western world (Dolk et al 2006).

‘The authors reply’

Developmental Medicine & Child NeurologyVolume 48, Issue 1 p. 79-79 Free Access ‘The authors reply’ Bernard Dan, Bernard DanSearch for more papers by this authorMartin Bax, Martin BaxSearch for more papers by this authorMurray Goldstein, Murray GoldsteinSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Rosenbaum, Peter RosenbaumSearch for more papers by this authorAlan Leviton, Alan LevitonSearch for more papers by this authorNigel Paneth, Nigel PanethSearch for more papers by this author Bernard Dan, Bernard DanSearch for more papers by this authorMartin Bax, Martin BaxSearch for more papers by this authorMurray Goldstein, Murray GoldsteinSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Rosenbaum, Peter RosenbaumSearch for more papers by this authorAlan Leviton, Alan LevitonSearch for more papers by this authorNigel Paneth, Nigel PanethSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 March 2007 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206230160AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Bax M., Goldstein M., Rosenbaum P., Leviton A., Paneth N., Dan B., Jacobsson B., Damanio D. (2005) Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Dev Med Child Neurol 47: 571– 576. 2 Mutch LW., Alberman E., Hagberg B., Kodama K., Perat MV. (1992) Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going Dev Med Child Neurol 34: 547– 555. 3 Mac Keith RC., MacKenzie ICK., Polani PE. (1959) The Little Club Memorandum on terminology and classification of ‘cerebral palsy’. Cereb Palsy Bull 1: 27– 35. 4 World Health Organization. (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva : World Health Organization. Volume48, Issue1January 2006Pages 79-79 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The epidemiology of cerebral palsy in term infants.

Half of cerebral palsy (CP) arises in infants of normal birthweight; yet, many fewer studies seek to identify risk factors for CP in term and near-term infants than in those born very prematurely. There has been no net decrease in the prevalence of CP in term and near-term infants over recent decades. Potentially asphyxiating birth complications account for a small minority of CP cases. Recent studies suggest that disorders of coagulation and intrauterine exposure to infection or inflammation are associated with risk of CP, and that both can be accompanied by signs of neonatal encephalopathy, the best available predictor of CP in term neonates. Therapeutic interventions directed at preventing interruption of oxygen supply have not been shown to reduce the occurrence of CP. There have not yet been studies examining whether medical interventions directed at infection or coagulation disorder can reduce the frequency of CP.

The adult with cerebral palsy.

Important aspects of eliciting a proper history, obtaining a review of systems, and performing a physical examination in adults with cerebral palsy are presented. Information regarding diagnosis, etiology, and epidemiology of cerebral palsy as well as suggestions for performing examinations and procedures on uncooperative and extremely dysmorphic patients are included. A MEDLINE search of all English-language publications related to cerebral palsy from 1985 to 1999 was conducted. Other older references also were obtained from articles published during this period. Our personal experiences in caring for a group of approximately 300 adults with cerebral palsy and other developmental disabilities in specialized centers for nearly a decade are used frequently throughout this review. Emphasis is given to studies of adults. Studies of children are included because there is a lack of data on adults. These studies are identified as such in the text, with extrapolation to adults only where there is a sound clinical or scientific basis. The number of adults with cerebral palsy is increasing. This growth is due to increased survival of low-birth-weight infants and increased longevity of the adult population. Depending on clinical status and the age at which survival is calculated, 65% to 90% of children survive until adulthood. Despite these observations, there is a lack of information in the literature and a lack of relevant post-graduate training programs for physicians in the adult health care system.

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in England and Scotland, 1984–9

AIMSTo report on the epidemiology of cerebral palsy in England and Scotland, to provide information on the prevalence of cerebral palsy and the severity of the disability or any co-morbidity.METHODSCerebral...

Issues in the classification and epidemiology of cerebral palsy

This paper discusses the definition and subclassification of cerebral palsy, its ascertainment, birth prevalence, and aetiology. Cerebral palsy is a description defined by clinical observation rather than a diagnosis informative about aetiology, pathology, or prognosis. As a disease entity it is aetiologically and pathologically diverse. The cerebral palsy grouping is useful for management and service planning but the combining of several individually rare congenital and early childhood conditions creates an epidemiological challenge. The birth prevalence of cerebral palsy in the developed world has not declined since the mid-1950s, in contrast to perinatal mortality. The proportion of children with cerebral palsy that are born very preterm has increased with the advent of neonatal intensive care, and refinement of the techniques of neonatal intensive care may be necessary before its benefits can be fully realised. Since cerebral palsy is, by definition, incurable, epidemiology strives to elucidate causation as a necessary step towards prevention. Definitive allocation of cause before the post-neonatal period is usually impossible and a large proportion of all cases of cerebral palsy are not adequately explained. Recognised risk factors may be single or multiple and can occur at any stage from before conception to infancy. In developed countries, the majority of aetiological paths are likely to commence before labour and delivery. Approximately 10% of cases are believed to now be causally associated with adverse intrapartum events, less than either the proportion traditionally assumed or the proportion caused post-neonatally. The proportions of children with cerebral palsy resulting from an intrapartum cause and from a post-neonatal cause are both believed to be higher in developing countries. Since post-neonatally acquired brain damage has the most easily recognised and understood causes, post-neonatally acquired cerebral palsy should be the most preventable. MRDD Research Reviews 3:184-193, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy.

To determine the prevalence of cerebral palsy in a specific population. Multiple sources of ascertainment were used to create and maintain a register of all cases of cerebral palsy born to mothers resident in the counties of Merseyside and Cheshire in the years 1966 to 1989. Denominator data of infant births and deaths from 1966 to 1981 were obtained from statutory notifications made to health authorities and, for the period 1982-89, from statutory birth and death registrations. Over 1500 cases formed the database for the study. The prevalence of cerebral palsy has increased among all the low birthweight groups with, most recently, an increase in infants weighing < 1000 g at birth. Low birthweight infants now comprise about 50% of all cases of cerebral palsy; in the early years of the study they comprised about 32% of all cases. The proportion of cerebral palsy by clinical type has changed among low birthweight babies, with relatively fewer cases with diplegia and a concomitant increase in the proportion with hemiplegia. An increase in the severity of functional disability, determined by the proportion of children with severe learning, manual, and ambulatory disabilities, was also found. The change in the epidemiology of cerebral palsy has implications for the aetiology of the condition, and for health, educational, and social service provision.

Cerebral palsy in Giyani

This study sets out to establish the epidemiology of cerebral palsy in the drought stricken Giyani district in the Northern Province. Seventy-nine children with cerebral palsy were assessed at Nkhensani hospital. The cause and type of cerebral palsy were established as well as the main concerns of the parents. Thirty-two percent of cerebral palsy was found to be due to postnatal causes, which may be attributed to the prevalence of meningitis and gastroenteritis. Only sixteen percent of the children had diplegia, which is in keeping with findings in other third world countries. Major concerns expressed by the parents included issues of education and institutionalisation as facilities for children with disabilities in this area are inadequate. An obvious need exists to impart neuro-developmental skills to therapy assistants and to parents who play the biggest role in managing children with cerebral palsy in the Northern Province.

Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going?

Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going?

Early Diagnosis and Therapy in Cerebral Palsy: A Primer on Infant Developmental Problems

This book on cerebral palsy is coauthored by a pediatrician with experience in habilitation of children with handicapping conditions and a physical therapist, who is a certified neurodevelopmental therapist and instructor trained in Europe. The first chapter provides a brief historical perspective and discusses classification, etiology, and epidemiology of cerebral palsy. A variety of professionals seeking an up-to-date summary of these aspects of cerebral palsy will find it useful. The next chapter covers evaluation and diagnosis and provides a review of comprehensive medical assessment appropriate for physicians in training, regardless of specialty, encountering handicapped children. The third chapter covers general treatment approaches. This reader was disturbed by the inclusion of Doman-Delacto treatment patterning as one of the therapy methods without any mention of the denouncement of this treatment by most organizations involved with handicapped children, recently reiterated by the American Academy of Pediatrics.1 Chapters 4 through 8, almost half