Epidemiology Of Cataract Research Articles

Aanpak van congenitaal cataract: een actueel overzicht

Current management of congenital cataract: an overview Congenital cataract, a congenital clouding of the lens of the eye, annually affects 20,000 to 40,000 neonates worldwide. An important clinical sign is complete or partial leukocoria, a white pupillary reflex, detected on a screening examination of the newborn in primary care or otherwise noticed by the parents. Congenital cataracts can occur uni- or bilaterally. Unilateral cataract is mostly due to a developmental disorder of the lens. Bilateral cataract is often isolated and caused by a genetic mutation, but can also be seen in an underlying syndrome, a metabolic disorder, a chromosomal disorder or a congenital infection, requiring further investigation by the pediatrician. It is crucial to recognize the condition and to refer the patient to a specialized center for pediatric cataract as early as possible to initiate an appropriate investigation and treatment. The mainstay of the therapy is cataract surgery. Its ideal timing varies individually, but in most cases the procedure is planned very early: ideally at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. Afterwards, an intensive and long-term treatment with contact lenses, glasses and often occlusion therapy is needed to stimulate the visual development. Lifelong follow-up is indicated. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of congenital cataract.

All about traumatic cataracts: narrative review.

Ocular trauma is an important cause of monocular blindness worldwide. Injury to the lens after blunt or penetrating trauma is common and can result in vision impairment. Selecting the most appropriate therapeutic approaches depends on factors such as patients' age, mechanism of trauma, and underlying clinical conditions. Early management, especially within childhood, is essential because of the difficulties involved in examination; anatomical variations; as well as accompanying intraocular inflammation, amblyopia, or vitreoretinal adhesions. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology and clinical management of traumatic cataract, highlighting the significance of accurate diagnosis and selection of the optimal therapeutic approach.

The epidemiology of strabismus and cataracts within a pediatric population in Saint Vincent and the grenadines: an analysis of 201 consecutive cases

Childhood cataracts and strabismus are among the most common causes of visual impairment in children worldwide and can lead to amblyopia, thus requiring prompt diagnosis and correction. In certain regions, such as the Eastern Caribbean, access to adequate treatment can be limited and epidemiological data can be scarce. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological data of pediatric strabismus and cataract cases in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from a population receiving care from a nonprofit volunteer organization.

Age-related Cataract

The purpose of this article is a condensed overview of contemporaneous "state of art and knowledge" of age-related cataract. As an introduction, some aspects of terminology, epidemiology, lens anatomy and pathophysiology of age-related cataract, selected for clinical interest and relevance, are outlined. Clinical aspects include signs and symptoms: Objective criteria for cortical, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract are described, followed by typical symptoms such as decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and foggy vision, altered colour perception, decreased mesopic and scotopic vision, glare, myopization and monocular diplopia. Diagnostic evaluation consists of a general ophthalmic examination, including history, refraction and vision testing, tonometry and morphologic examination of anterior and posterior segment, and is supplemented by special tests and examinations, such as interference vision (retinometer), keratometry including corneal topo-/tomography, biometry (ultrasound and optical), specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium and OCT of the central retina. Treatment is exclusively surgical: Evaluating the indication for surgery individually, weighing chances and risks, determining individual decisions such as anesthesia, surgical technical options, target refraction and intraocular lens options is discussed in detail. Finally, some perioperative considerations for medical treatment and infection prophylaxis are outlined. The last section deals with short- and long-term complications and their management - including early pressure rises, corneal edema, inflammatory response and endophthalmitis, and, in the longer term, secondary cataract, refractive problems, cystoid macular edema and retinal detachment.

Эпидемиология возрастной катаракты в Республике Башкортостан

Эпидемиология возрастной катаракты в Республике Башкортостан

High Risk of Early Cataracts in Young Type 1 Diabetes Group: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background Chronic hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients results in ocular problems over time, but only a few studies emphasized on cataracts. Aim To evaluate the epidemiology of cataracts in the T1D population. Method A two-part study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Information from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) was served as a template of the general population. In the first part, a total of 3,622 T1D cases registered between 1998 and 2007 were enrolled and compared with a matched group from the LHID. For identifying risk factors of cataracts in the T1D population in the second part, a total of 9032 T1D cases registered between 1998 and 2013 were included. Result Compared to the LHID, the hazard ratio (HR) of cataracts in the T1D group was 5.81 (95% CI 4.60–7.33), and the HR was higher in females (6.29, 95% CI 4.63–8.55). The peak incidence of cataracts occurred between age 20 and 29 in the T1D group, while in the LHID, it was after 60. The overall incidence of cataracts in the T1D group was 9.1%. In T1D patients with cataracts, they were found with higher rates of associated diabetic complications. Conclusion Compared to the nondiabetic population, cataracts seemed more rampant and premature in T1D patients, especially those of female gender. Early ophthalmologic examination should be considered in T1D patients.

Epidemiology of pediatric cataracts – A 5 year retrospective study

To determine the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of pediatric cataracts and to identify preventable factors and improve the visual prognosis in these patients. A retrospective study was conducted after reviewing the details of 87 patients of pediatric cataract aged between 3 months and 15 years who underwent cataract surgery in our institute from January 2014 to December 2018. A team of ophthalmologists and pediatricians attached to the center examined all the patients preoperatively. The type of cataract was determined using slit lamp biomicroscopy or operating microscope. Congenital cataracts were 71.26% and acquired cataracts were 27.9%. Congenital cataract includes idiopathic (77.41%), hereditary (12.90%), associated with syndromes (8.06%) and rubella (1.61%). In congenital cataract group, 41 patients had bilateral cataract and 21 had unilateral cataract. In acquired cataract group, 23 had unilateral and 2 had bilateral cataract. Traumatic cataract was most common in boys in the age group of 11-15 years and most common cause of trauma was wooden stick injury (45%). All patients underwent surgery and were left either aphakic (planned for secondary IOL implantation) or pseudophakic and had post operative visual rehabilitation. Early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cataracts in a high percentage of cases is the key for good visual outcome. Given the high proportion of idiopathic pediatric cataracts, prevention of the disease remains a challenge worldwide.

Cataract Surgery in HIV Seropositive Patients: Long-Term Follow-Up

ABSTRACTPurpose: To study epidemiology and clinical findings of cataract in HIV+ patients.Methods: A total of 32 HIV+ patients, 11 with uveitis/retinitis before surgery and 21 without, mean follow-up 44.9 ± 36.6 months, and 114 HIV- patients, 57 with uveitis/retinitis before surgery and 57 without, were retrospectively compared.Results: Visual acuity improved in all HIV+ patients (p < 0.001), who were younger (p = 0.01) and more frequently males (p = 0.027). HIV+ patients with uveitis prior surgery improved less (p = 0.046) than HIV- (p < 0.001); their anterior chamber inflammation was similar to baseline. Male sex (p = 0.005), younger age (p < 0.001), dyslipidaemia (p = 0.058), HBV+ (p = 0.037), and unilateral cataract (p = 0.001) were more frequent in HIV+ patients with senile cataract, but they showed the same postoperative course as HIV- patients.Conclusion: Cataract surgery in HIV+ patients is safe and effective. Uveitis prior to surgery did not significantly affect the postoperative course. Systemic comorbidities are more frequent in HIV+ patients with senile cataract than in HIV- subjects.

Cataracts Pathophysiology and Managements

Background: Cataract is defined as the loss of lens transparency because of opacification of the lens. Age-related cataract is the most prevalent type in adults, with the onset between age 45 to 50 years, while in children hereditary and metabolic causes are most common. Aim of the work: In this study, our aim was to discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, risk factors, symptoms, and management of cataracts. Methodology: Weconducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1981 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: cataracts, causes of cataract, pathophysiology of cataract, management of cataract. Conclusion: Cataract is one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, and more prevalent in developing countries. It is also the most curable cause of blindness which involves a simple surgical procedure.

Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, by 2020

Medical & Surgical Ophthalmology Research Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, by 2020 Cruz González R* Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, Mexico *Corresponding author: Cruz González R, Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, Mexico, Tel: 818318676; Email: drrobertocruz@gmail.com Submission: July 31, 2017 Published: December 15, 2017 DOI: 10.31031/MSOR.2017.01.000505 ISSN: 2578-0360 Volume1 Issue1

Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, by 2020

Epidemiology of Cataract in the Mexican Population, by 2020

Contribution of the Nurses' Health Study to the Epidemiology of Cataract, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Glaucoma.

To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to understanding the genetic and lifestyle factors that influence the risk of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS between 1976 and 2016. The NHS has helped to elucidate the roles of genetics, lifestyle factors (e.g., cigarette smoking associated with cataract extraction and age-related macular degeneration), medical conditions (e.g., diabetes associated with cataract extraction and glaucoma), and dietary factors (e.g., greater carotenoid intake and lower glycemic diet associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration) in the etiology of degree and progression of lens opacities, cataract extraction, age-related macular degeneration, primary open-angle glaucoma, and exfoliation glaucoma. The findings from the NHS, combined with those of other studies, have provided compelling evidence to support public health recommendations for helping to prevent age-related eye diseases: abstinence from cigarette smoking, maintenance of healthy weight and diabetes prevention, and a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

The new epidemiology of cataract.

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Smoking, diabetes, and exposure to UVB light consistently have been identified as risk factors for cataract development. Recently, new factors have been identified. Further research into other previously identified risk factors has suggested that these initial associations ma indeed not exist. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on risk factors for development of age-related cataract formation.

Cataract management: effect on patients' quality of life.

This article summarises the epidemiology of cataract, the normal and altered physiology of the eye's lens, and the causes of and risk factors associated with the condition. It outlines the aims of modern cataract surgery and discusses the main surgical approaches. The effects of 'cataract blindness' on the patient's quality of life are addressed, with particular reference to the negative effect of the onset of depression. The role of the nurse in promoting quality of life is explored with reference to the value of psychosocial theory in the care of and promotion of health to older patients with cataracts.

Cataract research using electronic health records

BackgroundThe eMERGE (electronic MEdical Records and Genomics) network, funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, is a national consortium formed to develop, disseminate, and apply approaches to research that combine DNA biorepositories with electronic health record (EHR) systems for large-scale, high-throughput genetic research. Marshfield Clinic is one of five sites in the eMERGE network and primarily studied: 1) age-related cataract and 2) HDL-cholesterol levels. The purpose of this paper is to describe the approach to electronic evaluation of the epidemiology of cataract using the EHR for a large biobank and to assess previously identified epidemiologic risk factors in cases identified by electronic algorithms.MethodsElectronic algorithms were used to select individuals with cataracts in the Personalized Medicine Research Project database. These were analyzed for cataract prevalence, age at cataract, and previously identified risk factors.ResultsCataract diagnoses and surgeries, though not type of cataract, were successfully identified using electronic algorithms. Age specific prevalence of both cataract (22% compared to 17.2%) and cataract surgery (11% compared to 5.1%) were higher when compared to the Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. The risk factors of age, gender, diabetes, and steroid use were confirmed.ConclusionsUsing electronic health records can be a viable and efficient tool to identify cataracts for research. However, using retrospective data from this source can be confounded by historical limits on data availability, differences in the utilization of healthcare, and changes in exposures over time.

Epidemiology and molecular genetics of congenital cataracts.

Congenital cataract is a crystallin severe blinding disease and genetic factors in disease development are important. Crystallin growth is under a combination of genes and their products in time and space to complete the coordination role of the guidance. Congenital cataract-related genes, included crystallin protein gene (CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA1/A3, CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGS), gap junction channel protein gene (GJA1, GJA3, GJA8), membrane protein gene (GJA3, GJA8, MIP, LIM2), cytoskeletal protein gene (BF-SP2), transcription factor genes (HSF4, MAF, PITX3, PAX6), ferritin light chain gene (FTL), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and so on. Currently, there are about 39 genetic loci isolated to which primary cataracts have been mapped, although the number is constantly increasing and depends to some extent on definition. We summarized the recent advances on epidemiology and genetic locations of congenital cataract in this review.

The epidemiology of cataract: a study in Greece

We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for cataract in the Mediterranean Greek population. Three hundred and fourteen cases and 314 frequency-matched controls of both genders, aged 45-85, attending the ophthalmology department of a major teaching hospital in Athens, Greece, were included in the study. Cases were medically diagnosed and classified. Controls were healthy visitors without cataract. A detailed questionnaire, covering demographic, socioeconomic, somatometric, lifestyle and medical history variables, provided data on possible risk factors for cataract. Analyses were conducted through multiple logistic regression. Cataract overall and by type: nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular (PSC). Statistically significant increased risk for cataract overall was found for current (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.23-3.23) and ex-smokers (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.02-2.70), history of coronary heart disease (OR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.43-3.55), family history of ophthalmologic diseases (OR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.03-2.20) and higher sunlight exposure at the beach (OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.37-3.72) as well as at work (OR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.32-3.12). Use of measures protecting against sunlight at the beach, i.e. hat (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.85) and vision repair spectacles (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.65), were associated with reduced risk. RESULTS for cataract overall were also evident for the nuclear type and in most circumstances for PSC type, but were only suggestive for the cortical type of cataract. We identified certain possible risk factors for age-related cataract. In a Mediterranean Greek population, we found that smoking, use of cortisone drops, cardiovascular heart disease and sunlight exposure increase the risk for cataract, while use of hat and vision repair spectacles act protectively.

Genetics in exfoliation syndrome and age‐related cataract

Abstract Purpose To describe the recent discovery of the association of Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) gene polymorphisms with exfoliation syndrome as well as similar study on age‐related cataract. Methods For phenotyping of exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) peripheral band and/or central shield of exfoliative material on the anterior lens capsule was required and in case of glaucoma glaucomatous optic neuropathy. For phenotyping we excluded all exfoliation suspects. The phenotyping of cataract included cortical and nuclear cataract by type and grade using the Japanese Co‐operative Cataract Epidemiology Study Group system. Our genome wide association study on open angle glaucoma included XFG. For both studies we used the Illumina 300 chip including over 300,000 single – nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP´s). Results When we had done 195 open angle glaucoma cases high genome wide significance was achieved on chromosome 15q24.1 in the LOXL 1 gene, later identified to be confined to XFG only. Combined, the identified DNA sequence variants explained 99% of the population attributable risk for exfoliation glaucoma. Having done 234 cases of age‐related cataract we still have not achieved a high genome wide significance although there was a modest signal associated with the LOXL1 polymorphisms. Conclusion Exfoliation glaucoma and age‐related cataract have in twin studies both been found to have strong hereditary components. We did discover a major genetic risk factor for XFG/XFS, have however, so far, been unable to identify a highly significant single nucleotide polymorphism for age‐related cataract. The risk factors for cataract may include many modest genetic risk factors together with environmental risk factors.

Epidemiology of Cataract: Accomplishments over 25 years and Future Directions

The purpose of this review is to highlight the advances made by epidemiologic research into cataract. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing phenotypes, determining the prevalence and incidence in various population groups, and understanding risk factors for cataract. Cataract surgery research has documented functional improvements following surgery and has identified aspects of surgery delivery that could be made. Cataract is an independent marker of early mortality, providing a possible system for studying the aging process. Promising future work in cataract epidemiology is highlighted. Despite the availability of cataract surgery, cataract is still the leading cause of blindness worldwide. From a public health standpoint, research that can identify ways to delay onset or progression, or achieve the holy grail of prevention of cataract, should remain a leading priority.

The intraocular lens: challenges in the prevention and therapy of infectious endophthalmitis and posterior capsular opacification

Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. In the UK, some 30% of the population over 65 years of age have visually impairing cataract. Importantly, 88% of those with treatable visual impairment from cataract are not in contact with any ocular healthcare service, representing a major potential healthcare need [1]. In the USA, it has been estimated that 17.2% of the population (approximately 20.5 million) over 40 years of age have cataract in either eye and by 2020, this number is expected to rise to 30.1 million. Currently, cataract is responsible for 60% of Medicare costs associated with vision [2]. Furthermore, as the populations of industrialized countries such as the UK and the USA continue to age, the costs associated with treatment of cataract can only be expected to increase. Consequently, the development of the intraocular lens to replace the cataractous lens and the advances in intraocular lens design and implantation represent a major development in cataract treatment. However, despite such advances, cataract surgery is not without complications, such as postoperative infectious endophthalmitis, a rare but potentially devastating condition, and posterior capsular opacification, a less serious but much more common problem. This review will examine the epidemiology of cataracts, the polymeric construction of intraocular lenses implanted during cataract surgery and the complications of postoperative infectious endophthalmitis and posterior capsular opacification with regard to therapeutic interventions and prophylactic strategies. Advances in biomaterial design and function will be discussed as novel approaches to prevent such postoperative complications.