Epidemiological Peculiarities Research Articles

Clinico-epidemiological features of influenza in children in the 2023-2024 season

Seasonal respiratory illnesses are the main cause of morbidity during the cold season of the year both in adults and especially in children due to clinical and epidemiological peculiarities. Influenza is one of the most important seasonal diseases causing numerous illnesses every year among the population at risk (young children, adults with comorbidities, and the elderly). In this paper we present the clinico-epidemiological features of influenza in children admitted to the National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals” between October 2023 and March 2024. During the analysed period we registered 739 cases of influenza in children, which represents 23.7% of the total admissions in the same period. Cases of influenza A (68.3 %) predominated, compared to type B (18.8 %) and unspecified (12.8 %). The majority of cases of influenza in children were determined by subtypes AH1 and AH3 in similar proportions. Clinically, the predominant forms of the disease were mild (60.2%) and severe (17.9%), with no critical cases or deaths. Epidemiologically, the peak incidence of childhood influenza was reached in the period December 2023 - January 2024 for type A and March - April 2024 for type B. Compared to the previous season the number of cases of childhood influenza was reduced by about 19.6 %. The most affected age group was 1-6 years (42.4%). The clinical picture of influenza in the children studied was dominated by “classical” general signs (fever and chills, muscle ache and fatigue, headache, altered general condition) associated with respiratory manifestations (nasal obstruction, odynophagia, dysphagia, dry cough) and digestive symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, poor appetite). The majority of children with influenza (97.6%) were unvaccinated, and in those vaccinated the clinical forms of the disease were milder without complications. Influenza remains an important seasonal infectious disease because of its epidemiological (many cases) and socio-economic (absenteeism, additional costs) but also medical (potential for severe evolution and even death) implications.

Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry (PRISm): A Global Epidemiological Overview, Radiographic Characteristics, Comorbid Associations, and Differentiation from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry (PRISm) manifests notable epidemiological disparities across the globe, with its prevalence and influential factors showcasing pronounced diversities among various geographical territories and demographics. The prevalence of PRISm fluctuates considerably among regions such as Latin America, the United States, and Asian nations, potentially correlating with a myriad of determinants, including socioeconomic status, environmental factors, and lifestyle modalities. Concurrently, the link between PRISm and health risks and other disorders, especially its distinction and interrelation with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has become a pivotal subject of scientific enquiry. Radiographic anomalies, such as perturbations in the pulmonary parenchyma and structural alterations, are posited as salient characteristics of PRISm. Furthermore, PRISm unveils intricate associations with multiple comorbidities, inclusive of hypertension and type 2 diabetes, thereby amplifying the intricacy in comprehending and managing this condition. In this review, we aim to holistically elucidate the epidemiological peculiarities of PRISm, its potential aetiological contributors, its nexus with COPD, and its association with radiographic aberrations and other comorbidities. An integrative understanding of these dimensions will provide pivotal insights for the formulation of more precise and personalised preventative and therapeutic strategies.

Traumatic Brain Injury: in-hospital Survival Rates and the Main Predictors of in-hospital Mortality in Northeastern Brazil*

Abstract Introduction Upper middle-income countries have epidemiological peculiarities that should be considered to identify the main predictive factors of intrahospital mortality regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) to address modifiable problems. Objective To assess the in-hospital survival of patients with TBI and to identify the predictors of in-hospital death. Methods This is a retrospective dynamic cohort study of victims of TBI who were admitted to the Hospital de Urgência de Sergipe (HUSE, in the Portuguese acronym) between March 1, 2017 and April 29, 2018. The outcome considered was in-hospital death from any cause. Cox regression was used to assess predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results The sample comprised 596 patients, with a median age of 31.0 (12–94) years old, 504 (84%) of whom were men. Regarding TBI severity, 250 had mild TBI; 121 had moderate TBI; and 225 had severe TBI. The average follow-up was 20.6 ± 4.0 days, with 60 in-hospital deaths and a 30-day mortality of 22.9%. Four independent predictors of in-hospital death were identified: acute subdural hemorrhage (ASDH) (risk ratio [RR] = 1.926; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–3.22; p = 0.013), swelling (risk ratio [RR] = 3.706; 95%CI = 2.21–6.19; p < 0.001), skull fracture (RR = 2.551; 95%CI = 1.36–4.75; p = 0.003), and severe TBI (RR = 2.039; 95%CI = 1.29–4.12; p = 0.005). Conclusions Acute subdural hemorrhage, swelling, skull cap fracture, and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of < 9 at admission were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI.

A Rare Human Helminth Infection in Russia.

Currently, more than 500,000 cases of various helminthes in humans are reported annually in the Russian Federation. This figure may not reflect the true incidence of helminthes, as only nine separate nosological forms are compulsory notifiable. The rest of the species of detected helminthes are included in a separate category of "other helminthes" or "rare helminthes". The bulk of the latter is represented by the helminthes with a rate of incidence that does not exceed one case per 100,000 people. This review is based on data derived from publications in the Russian language, both from the Russian Federation and international, as well as data available from various health treatment facilities in Russia. These data largely cover the period of the 1990s-2010s. A total of 15 species of "rare helminthes" are described in this review: anisakiosis, capillariosis, clonorchosis, dioctophymosis, dipylidiosis, echinochasmosis, fasciolosis, gastrodiscoidosis (amphistomiosis), metagonimosis, metorchiosis, nanophyetosis, pseudamphistomosis, sparganosis (spirometrosis), strongyloidosis and trichostrongylosis. Details of their geographical distribution, clinical and epidemiological peculiarities, and the difficulties they pose in diagnosis are provided. The public health importance of "rare helminthes" in Russia at present and in the forthcoming years is stressed.

Cardiovascular Evaluation in Pre-Anesthetic Consultations: A Prospective Descriptive Study

Pre-anesthetic consultations play a pivotal role in assessing potential risks associated with planned surgeries. Cardiovascular evaluation, a crucial component of these consultations, holds significant implications for perioperative anesthetic management. This study, conducted prospectively on 72 out of 2284 patients undergoing specialized pre-anesthetic cardiology consultations at the Hospital 20 August, spans four months from June 1 to October 1, 2019. This research highlights the crucial significance of preoperative cardiovascular evaluations conducted in dedicated pre-anesthetic cardiology consultations. The study reveals epidemiological peculiarities and discrepancies compared to other research, underscoring the necessity for a personalized approach to perioperative cardiovascular risk assessment. The intricate decision-making involved, guided by diverse clinical and paraclinical parameters, points towards opportunities for enhancing future research and clinical protocols.

Clinical and Epidemiological Features of COVID-19 in Children in Moscow in 2020–2022

Relevance. COVID-19 pandemic predetermines the relevance of the analysis of clinical and epidemiological peculiarities in different periods of morbidity growth in the pediatric population.Aim. To identify clinical and epidemiological features of the course of COVID19 in Moscow among children (2020–2022).Materials and Methods. The retrospective clinical and epidemiological analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 among children in Moscow over a two-year period (March 9, 2020 to March 30, 2022) was performed. We used data from case histories of 3092 children diagnosed with U07.1, hospitalized in infectious diseases departments for children with COVID-19 at Bashlyaeva Children's Clinical Hospital of Moscow and materials from Rospotrebnadzor report No 970 «Information about cases of infectious diseases in persons with suspected new coronavirus infection», information portal Stopcoronavirus.rf and others. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results. Five upsurges of morbidity differing by clinical and epidemiological manifestations of the course of COVID-19 were distinguished. In the first period of morbidity rise (March–June, 2020) the age groups 7–14 and 14–17 years prevailed, in the fifth period (January 2022–March 2022) infants and young children prevailed. The most frequent severe and critical forms of COVID-19 were registered in the genovariate delta due to lung lesions, less frequently in the omicron strain. Comorbid pathology in children during all periods of the pandemic was a risk factor for severe course and unfavorable outcome of the disease. In general, the number of children hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU) decreased: 3.7%. 4,7%, 4,7%, 3,3%, 3,2%. Administration of viral neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 to children at risk for severe disease during the fourth and fifth waves of COVID-19 reduced the number of children hospitalized in the ICU, despite the high morbidity rise than in the previous waves of COVID-19.Conclusion. Each of the five identified COVID-19 morbidity bursts among children had its own features. The proportion of severe infection among hospitalized children was 3.7%, 4.7%, 4.7%, 4.7%, 3.3%, 3.3% according to the waves of morbidity rise. During the first two waves of COVID-19, the disease occurred as acute respiratory infections (80%). In the second wave, the proportion of children hospitalized in the ICU with a multisystem inflammatory syndrome reached 57.6%. In the third wave of COVID-19 there was an increase in the number of cases of bilateral viral pneumonia (34.8%), severe forms of pneumonia (CT-3-4) in children with comorbid diseases. In the fourth period the structure of hospitalized children in the ORIT was 72.3% of children from the risk group. During the fifth wave of COVID19, the number of infants and young children hospitalized increased (49%) in the early period of admission from the onset of the disease (44%).

Epidemiological features of chronic hepatitis C in servicemen of the national guard in the Ural federal district

Introduction. Despite advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), its incidence remains high and remains a serious problem for national health systems. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative assessment of epidemiological features of CHC among servicepersons of the Federal Guard Service of the Urals Federal District (UFD). Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, we studied epidemiological investigation charts of viral hepatitis C cases in 102 female and 203 male servicemen of the Russian Armed Forces who were treated in the infectious disease department of FGKUZ "5 VCG of the Russian Armed Forces" in 2014–2021. Results. Epidemiological peculiarities that differ from the information presented in the modern medical literature describing the epidemic process of CHC in the Russian Federation have been revealed among servicemen of the Rosgvardia of the Ural region, both men and women. Discussion. A study of the epidemiological anamnesis of servicemen in the Urals Federal District revealed data that differ from the literature data describing the routes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the Russian Federation. Almost 50 % of the patients could not establish the route of HCV infection. The predominance of the sexual route of infection in women (20.6 %) with CHC was detected, while in men the first place was tattooing (38.4 %). Only 1.5 % of men with CHC, according to our data, were infected while injecting drugs. No women with CHC infected by this route were found, while in the Russian Federation as a whole, injecting drug users are close to 10 %. Conclusion. Due to the particularities of troop recruitment, there are peculiarities of the epidemic process that characterize the course of viral hepatitis. If it is possible to establish the route of infection, there are few cases of HCV infection through injecting drug use, the primary route of infection is sexual in women and infection during tattooing in men.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC PECULIARITIES OF ALLERGIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA

The aim of our study was an investigation of epidemiological peculiarities of allergic dermatitis in children and adolescents (distribution of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, urticaria and angioedema, psoriasis) in the population of Georgia.

Evaluation of a Modified Version of the United Kingdom Working Party Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis in Tunisia.

For many years, the United Kingdom (UK) Working Party diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD) have represented the criteria of choice for epidemiological studies. A recent study has reported a low sensitivity of these criteria among Tunisian patients, probably because of some epidemiologic characteristics of AD in our country. Our objective was to validate a modified version of the UK Working Party criteria for AD in Tunisia by establishing their sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value and negative predictive value. This case-control study was performed over a period of 18 months in our dermatology department in Tunisia. The diagnosis of AD was established clinically by 2 dermatologists who specialized in dermatoallergology. Based on the UK Working Party diagnostic criteria and respecting the epidemiological peculiarities of AD in Tunisia, we proposed a modified version of diagnostic criteria adapted to Tunisian AD. The modifications concerned the first, fourth, and fifth minor criteria of the UK Working Party diagnostic criteria list. We collected 156 patients and 156 controls. The mean age of AD onset was 7 years and 9 months. The inverted topography of lesions was found in 67.9% of cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, value and negative predictive value were, respectively, 56.4%, 97.4%, 95.65%, and 69.09% for the UK Working Party diagnostic criteria and 89.1%, 95.5%, 95.1%, and 89.7% for the modified version. This modified version of the UK criteria seems to be a practical diagnosis tool for AD in Tunisia.

Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals.

Anthrax is an especially dangerous zooanthroponosis caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. A notable feature of this disease is the difference in susceptibility to it among different groups of animals. Anthrax primarily affects herbivorous ungulate mammals; they are easily infected, and their disease often leads to rapid, even sudden, death. However, predators and scavengers are extremely resistant to anthrax, and if they become infected, they usually become mildly ill. As the result of the increased sensitivity of ungulates to anthrax and the possibility of disease transmission from them to humans, most studies of anthrax have focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infection in farm animals and humans. The issues of anthrax in other animals, such as predators, and the peculiarities of anthrax epidemiology in wild ungulates have not been sufficiently detailed in the literature. In this article, we provide a review of literature sources that describe the differential susceptibility to infection of various groups of animals to anthrax and some epidemiological features of anthrax in animals that are not the main hosts of B. anthracis.

Sexual Assault in the Mahdia Region: Medico Legal Aspects

IntroductionDespite recent legislative changes through the enactment of 2017-58 law on the elimination of violence against women and children, sexual violence remains fairly frequent and is often underestimated.Objectivesto describe the epidemiological peculiarities of victims of sexual assault in the Mahdia region and to discuss their medico legal implications.Methodsthis is retrospective study of 110 cases of victims of sexual assault examined at the legal medicine department of the TAHER SFAR University Hospital in Mahdia. This work was carried out over the period from January 2016 to August 2018.Resultsthe majority of victims were female (80%) and the main vulnerability factor was an age under 15 (26%). The perpetrator was generally unique (74%). Sexual assault by penetration was mostly reported (51% of cases), and was almost exclusively penile (98,2 of cases). The gynecological examination revealed a torn hymn in 43 victims, a compliant hymen without traumatic lesions in 7 victims (8%) and recent vulvar traumatic lesions without hymenal crossing in 5 victims (5,6%). Recent anal penetration was diagnosed in 6 male victims (6,8%). Among female victims, recent anal penetration was diagnosed in 5 victims (22,7%). One in four victims reported a market psychological impact with female predominance in 85% of cases. Complications of the most reported sexual assaults were pregnancy in 7% of cases. In total, only 57,3% of the certificates issued made it possible to conclude that the injuries.ConclusionsThe care of victims of sexual assault requires a multi- disciplinary approach; medical, psychiatric, social and legal.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The Current Epidemic Situation of Infections with Airborne Transmission of Viral Etiology in Ukraine

Background: The infectious diseases of viral etiology with airborne transmission generally dominate in the structure of infectious incidence. Objective: To determine incidence of viral infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, to research the impact of social and natural factors on the intensity of epidemic process. Methods: In order to determine the current epidemiological peculiarities of infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, a retrospective and operative analysis of the incidence, reports of vaccination of decreed child population in 2009‒2019, demographic and natural indicators. Results: Trends in the incidence of influenza were characterized by chaotic nature and disorder, acute respiratory viral infections ‒ high intensity and monotony. Significant correlations were established between the incidence of influenza and number and density of the population, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and the coefficient of migration population movement. Direct strong correlations were found between social factors and trends in the incidence of rubella and mumps. Coronavirus infection COVID–19 has become the problem for health care facilities in Sumy oblast. Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the epidemic process of infections of viral etiology with airborne transmission have changed, which requires new approaches to organization of the system of epidemiological surveillance. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 610-619

Epidemiological and Metabolic Aspects and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Comorbid Pathology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Primary Hypothyroidism

INTRODUCTION: The increasing number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In comorbid pathology a combination of type 2 DM and thyroid hypofunction the negative effect of hypothyroidism on carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, endothelial function, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a risk factor for the formation and progression of diabetic nephropathy and CKD and requires further study.
 AIM: To identify risk factors and epidemiological peculiarities of CKD in type 2 DM in combination with thyroid hypofunction and to determine the possibility of using cystatin C levels for the evaluation of the kidney function in this pathology.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study involved 203 patients with type 2 DM undergoing inpatient treatment in the endocrinology department of the Ryazan Regional Clinical Hospital: group 1 (n = 76), type 2 DM combined with the primary hypothyroidism, and group 2 (n = 127), type 2 DM without thyroid pathology. Carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, albuminuria (AU), thyroid hormone spectrum, adipokines (leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-) were analyzed. The GFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI formula based on the levels of creatinine and cystatin C. Arterial pressure daily monitoring (APDM) was conducted, and intra-abdominal fat thickness was evaluated by ultrasonography.
 RESULTS: The incidence of kidney pathology in patients with type 2 DM was 52.22%. In group 1, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of CKD (64.47%, p = 0.006) and of normoalbuminuric CKD (NAU-CKD, 32.89%; p = 0.010). The risk of CKD development in patients with concomitant PH was more than twice that in patients without thyroid pathology with an odds ratio of 2.229 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2414.003) and that for NAU-CKD was 2.474 (95% CI 1.2674.833). Significant impairment of several metabolic parameters and individual APDM parameters was revealed in group 1 in comparison with group 2. The dependence of AU and GFR on the body mass index and of AU on the intra-abdominal fat thickness was noted. A negative relationship between GFR and leptin was revealed; in group 1, a correlation of interleukin-6 and thyrotropic hormone was found (r = 0.809, p = 0.001). With concomitant PH, cystatin C values were lower, and the GFR (CKD-EPI-cys) was reliably higher.
 CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for CKD development including NAU-CKD in type 2 DM. Obesity and hormonal activities of the intra-abdominal fatty tissue facilitate AU progression and GFR reduction. The use of cystatin C as a marker of the filtration function of the kidney in patients with hypothyroidism may lead to the underestimation of kidney function; thus, further investigation is required.

Epidemiologic aspects in prevention of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) (Literature review)

At the end of 2019 the mankind had to face a new coronavirus infection with higher virulence which resulted in its rapid spread all over the world and in an ultimate pandemic. Initially a new virus which causes COVID-19 was called 2019-nCoV but it soon acquired its well-known name, SARS-CoV-2. We can positively state that this new coronavirus infection will remain in the history of world public healthcare as a disease that caused a collapse in rendering medical aid. Undoubtedly, this new coro-navirus infection has changed customary lifestyle of the overall world population. This review can be considered problematic in its essence and focuses on examining contemporary trends in the official epidemiologic situation in the world regarding the new coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2). Having analyzed several foreign and domestic documents, the authors revealed a necessity to enhance levels and quality of COVID-19 epidemiologic diagnostics. There is a suggestion being considered at the moment on including additional clinical and diagnostic activities aimed at preventing further spread of the new coronavirus infection. We should note that data on COVID-19-related mortality and morbidity are renewed every day and every hour. Given that, it seems rather difficult to keep in line with the latest trends in COVID-19 prevention and epidemiologic diagnostics. However, the authors made an attempt to possibly collect all the latest data on epidemiological peculiarities related to the clinical course of the new coronavirus infection. The authors have a hope that this review will be useful for epidemiologists when they detect new cases of the disease as well as for lecturers at medical higher educational establishments when they train students and resident physicians.

Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика и факторы риска ВПЧ-ассоциированного рака головы и шеи в России: результаты выборочного исследования

Incidence of all malignant neoplasms of head and neck has been growing all over the world. Over the last two decades more knowledge has been accumulated on the matter since human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced into etiology of head and neck cancer. According to expert estimates annually there are approximately 52,000 new cases of head and neck cancer that are associated with human papillomavirus, including 30 % of oropharyngeal cancer, 2.1 % of oral cavity cancer and 2.3 % of laryngeal cancer. Our research goal was to determine basic clinical and epidemiological peculiarities of HPV-associated head and neck cancer. We accomplished a retrospective study based on analyzing patients’ clinical case reports. As a result we revealed that patients with oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer most frequently tended to have HPV 16, 75.7 % cases (56.7–89.1 %); it was detected in 25 % cases (4.7–63.2 %) among patients with laryngeal cancer. We showed contributions made by tobacco smoking OR = 2.07 (1.07–4.02), hookah smoking OR = 3.06 (1.06–8.80), having a dental prosthesis OR = 7.32 (2.77–19.31), heredity OR = 7.38 (3.07–17.76), “bad” oral health status OR = 33.54 (15.01–74.95), positive HPV-status in case history OR = 7.31 (2.77–19.31), having 5 or more sexual partners during lifetime OR = 4.95 (2.47–9.93) as major risk factors of devel-oping HPV-associated head and neck cancer. Prevention of HPV plays an important role in reducing the incidence of head and neck cancer. Our research results confirm the necessity to accomplish prevention activities with respect to detected risk factors causing HPV-associated head and neck cancer aiming to reduce growing incidence with the disease.

Вплив резистентності до лікарських препаратів на результати лікування туберкульозу

Актуальність. Стандартна обробка нового випадку туберкульозу з множинною лікарською стійкістю (МЛС ТБ) відповідно до рекомендацій ВООЗ у Республіці Молдова проводиться з 2005 року, що свідчить про низьку ефективність лікування. Фактично частота успішного лікування збільшилась через виключення пацієнтів з МЛС ТБ із загальної когорти. Основний показник у пацієнтів з низьким результатом ефективності лікування становлять невдалі й втрачені для наступної оцінки випадки. Мета дослідження полягала в тому, щоб дати оцінку впливу полі- і мультирезистентності на результати лікування туберкульозу. Матеріали та методи. Проведене ретроспективне вибіркове описове дослідження, орієнтоване на соціальні, демографічні, економічні й епідеміологічні особливості, ведення хворих, діагностичні радіологічні аспекти й мікробіологічні характеристики 187 пацієнтів із туберкульозом легень, зареєстрованих у 2013–2015 рр. Були ідентифіковані дві групи: 1-ша група (61 пацієнт) — виділені полістійкі штами МБТ традиційними методами культивування; 2-га група (126 пацієнтів) — хворі з варіантом МЛС ТБ. Результати. Встановлено, що полірезистентність була виявлена частіше в нових випадках МЛС ТБ у двох третин пацієнтів, які відхилялись від схеми лікування. Не виявлено різниці в розподілі за статтю і віком, соціальними, економічними, освітніми характеристиками. Оцінка керування захворюванням показала схожу частку пацієнтів, виявлених лікарями загальної практики і фахівцями, з низьким рівнем скринованих груп високого ризику. Усі пацієнти з полірезистентної групи почали стандартне лікування лікарсько-чутливого туберкульозу до початку тестування лікарської чутливості, а одна третина з групи хворих на МЛС ТБ лікувалась з початку терапії за ДОТС-Плюс. Найвищий показник успішного лікування був виявлений у нових підгрупах обох груп, а більш висока частота померлих пацієнтів була в підгрупах з повторним лікуванням. Такий низький рівень пацієнтів підвищує резистентність. Виснов­ки. Рання діагностика, тестування чутливості до лікарських засобів і підвищення обізнаності про дотримання режиму лікування покращує результат захворювання.

Epidemiological Peculiarities and Economic Efficiency of Veterinary Measures in Case of Diplococcal Infection of Pigs

The article presents epizootological and clinicomorphological data on the course of diplococcus septicus infection of piglets in private pig-growing farms of Kotayk Region, Republic of Armenia. According to the results of the studies, the main reasons for the appearance of the mentioned infection among piglets is the failure in observing zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary rules throughout housing of animals, as well as the lack of immunoprophylactic measures. Timely vaccination of gestating sows provides natural lactogenic immunity in piglets, preventing significant economic losses resulted from the death of sick animals and the expenses spent for therapeutic measures.

Burn Management at the 37 Military Hospital—A Tertiary Hospital in Accra, Ghana

Burn injuries have been and remain a very significant source of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries. As a country in this category, Ghana, is not exempted. Ghana has a population of 31 Million with only 21 Plastic Reconstructive and Burn surgeons. Moreover, the country can boast of only 3 major Burn centres. This notwithstanding the country in particular and Africa, in general, carries an extraordinary burden of Burn injuries with devastating consequences. Burn data from the 37 Military Hospital were analyzed from March 2018 to September 2019—a period of 18 months. In all, 217 burn cases were seen representing about 2.1% of all trauma and surgical cases. Our burn data analyzed the peculiarities of epidemiology, types of burn, the pattern of injuries, and the outcome of burn care at the 37 Military Hospital. Flame is emerging as the predominant cause of burns, most frequently occurring from the use of Liquid Petroleum Gas. In the pediatric population, however, the most frequent cause of burns is hot water burns. The mortality rate among the burn population was 1.8% (4 mortalities). This paper aims to point out management methods adopted by our unit which helped to improve burn outcomes and to reduce mortality.

Epidemiological peculiarities and analysis of the incidence time series of viral airborne infections in Ukraine in 2010-2020.

Illnesses with aerosol mode of transmission dominate in the structure of infectious diseases. Influenced by natural, social and biological factors, epidemiological characteristics of the infectious diseases change, that's why the objective of this research was to determine modern peculiar features of the epidemiological situation regarding viral infections with aerosol transmission in Ukraine. Influenza incidence ranged from 31.14‒184.45 per 100 thousand people, other acute respiratory viral infections from 13685.24‒ 18382.5. Epidemic process of measles was characterized by increasing incidence in 2018 and 2019. In Ukraine, there is a tendency to reduce the incidence of rubella and mumps (р <0.05). The positive effect of immunization on the incidence of mumps and rubella has been established. Vaccination against measles cannot be considered as evidence of immunity against measles. The demographic situation in Ukraine may indirectly influence the intensity of the epidemic situation of viral infections with aerosol transmission.

Molecular and genetic features of colorectal carcinoma: pathomorphological demonstration of clinical cases and literature review

Background. Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most widespread malignancies worldwide; its morbidity rate is on the third place amidst the most common cancers. According to present data, such molecular markers as CyD1, HIF1α, LC3B, p21, p53 as well as the detection of KRAS gene amplification could be used for evaluation of tumor grade, its invasiveness, risk of metastases, sensitivity to anti-EGFR treatment, and further prognosis for patient’s survive. Objective. The purpose of this study was to make a literature review of the CRC molecular diagnostic approaches and demonstrate 5 cases of colorectal carcinoma in patients of Dnipro-city region in purpose to reveal their molecular-genetic features. Methods. Five formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens of colorectal carcinoma from patients of Dnipro-city region were evaluated pathomorphologically with histological, immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization methods. Results. Case study revealed increased level of p53, p21, and LC3B expression, minor elevation of CyD1 and HIF1α expression in demonstrated samples. Amplification of KRAS gene was not found. Conclusion. Our data analysis had revealed multiple studies dedicated to CRC molecular diagnostics with controversial results, what could be explained by both variable methodological approaches and epidemiological peculiarities of CRC in different sites of the globe. Therefore, there is a necessity in empirical identification of the molecular-genetic features of colorectal carcinomas in patients of our region that could improve current state of the art in CRC diagnostic and treatment approaches. Achieved data are the result of the trial and our research of this issue is ongoing.