Epidemic Parotitis Research Articles

감염병 발생에 대한 연령별 무질서도 및 다차원척도 분석

In this study, we crawled statistical data on 63 infectious diseases from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KCDA) and examined the age-specific disease occurrence associations for the top 15 diseases with relatively high frequency of occurrence. Cumulative patient counts for infectious diseases were aggregated from 2001 to 2021, revealing chickenpox had the highest number of cases over the past 21 years, totaling approximately 660,000 cases. The Shannon index, reflecting disorderliness in age-specific occurrence, was highest for chickenpox, indicating concentrated disease occurrence in specific age groups. In contrast, typhoid fever showed the lowest Shannon index value, suggesting a disease with a high potential for occurrence across all age groups. Additionally, various distance metrics such as Euclidean distance, Chi-squared distance, weighted Chi-squared distance in contingency tables, and Hellinger distance were utilized to calculate the distance matrices of infectious diseases and applied multidimensional scaling. In particular, multidimensional scaling based on Hellinger distance for categorical data provided meaningful results in interpretation. According to the findings, diseases such as chickenpox, measles, mumps, and epidemic parotitis demonstrated a high occurrence frequency with a tendency for occurrence in younger age groups, forming a cluster of diseases. On the other hand, diseases like carbapenem infection, pneumococcal infection, trachoma, and hepatitis C formed a group characterized by lower occurrence frequency but occurring predominantly in older age groups.

STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE OSTROG DISTRICT FOR 2010–2020

Topicality. Infectious diseases, despite the achievements of modern medicine, remain an extremely important medical, social and economic problem for modern society. The goal of the work is to analyze the structure and study the features of the spread of infectious diseases among the population of Ostroh district during 2010–2020. Materials and methods. Analytical techniques of the epidemiological method, descriptive, statistical and graphic methods were used in the work. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of infectious diseases in the population of Ostroh district for 2010–2020 was carried out. Statistical reporting data were used for the work (form of state statistical reporting, No. 18, No. 40-health. Report on the work of the Rivne Regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Station, Main Department of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service in Rivne region, Rivne Regional Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, state statistical reporting form No. 1 “Report on individual infections and parasitic diseases” (monthly); No. 2 “Report on individual infections and parasitic diseases” (annual) of the Ostroh interdistrict department of the “Rivnensky OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”. Research results. After conducting an analysis of the epidemic situation in the territory of the Ostroh district during 2010–2020, the incidence of infectious diseases was analyzed, the etiological structure, growth trends and outbreaks, features of the spread of the most relevant infectious diseases among the urban and rural population, and age-sex characteristics were studied. The general infectious morbidity during the studied period is characterized by the spread and constant circulation of pathogens of intestinal infections: gastroenterocolitis of various etiologies, salmonellosis, shigellosis; airborne infections: chicken pox, measles, whooping cough, meningitis, scarlet fever, infectious mononucleosis, epidemic parotitis. Airborne infections (74.8%) of the total amount and intestinal infections (gastroenterocolitis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis), which make up 21.9% of the total amount, occupy the largest specific weight in the total infectious morbidity (PPE). Conclusions. It was established that PPE in the Ostroh district has a tendency to fluctuate and periodically increase, especially over the last 5 years. The peculiarities of the spread of natural-source infections have been determined, the spread of Lyme disease and leptospirosis are relevant in the territory of Ostroh district, the indicators of these diseases are characterized by a trend of constant growth

Клінічний випадок рецидивуючого паротиту в дитини. Обговорення причин

У статті детально описаний клінічний випадок рецидивуючого паротиту в 6-річної дитини, наведено результати лабораторного й інструментального обстеження, методи та ефективність терапевтичного підходу. Проведено аналіз і класифікацію можливих інфекційних та неінфекційних причин ураження слинних залоз у дітей, включаючи запальні захворювання, автоімунні та гіпертрофічні ураження, обструктивні та травматичні стани, дефекти розвитку, пухлини. Як приклад наведено діагностичні критерії синдрому Шегрена, саркоїдозу, хвороби кошачих подряпин, кон’юнктивіту Паріно. У результаті диференціального підходу в цьому клiнiчному випадку було встановлено діагноз виключення — ювенільний рецидивуючий паротит. У статті наведено епідеміологічні особливості цієї патології, діагностичні критерії, обговорено можливi причини, рекомендації щодо лікування. Акцент зроблено на необхідності та безпецi вакцинації проти епідемічного паротиту, на важливості уникнення призначення ліків, що не є необхідними. Лікування має бути лише симптоматичним. Підкреслено необхідність подальшого спостереження за пацієнтами після перших епізодів рецидивуючого паротиту.

Characteristics of the epidemiological situation of mumps in the world atthe present stage

Relevance. The socio-economic significance of mumps is determined by complications after a previous infection, affecting reproductive function, what entails economic and demographic losses. An important problem today remains the fact that despite high coverage with preventive vaccinations outbreaks of mumps are recorded among children and young adults. Aim. Analyze the epidemic situation with epidemic parotitis in the world according to various literary sources and evaluate measures to control and combat this infection. Conclusions. Outbreaks of mumps have been reported among religious and ethnic groups. Outbreaks were often recorded in organized student and military groups, mainly among persons twice vaccinated. The most affected by the mumps virus were adolescents and young adults, mostly males. Several researchers have shown the possibility of using a third dose of MMR vaccine to control an outbreak, but its short-term effect does not provide conclusive evidence for rethinking two-dose mumps immunization.

Risks of the European Reduction Program Incidence of Epidemic Parotitis Delayed Implementation in Russian Federation of WHO European Region

Analyzing mumps incidence worldwide, we revealed that all European countries are endemic to this viral infection. In the Russian Federation Epidemic Parotitis (EP) was taken under control since 1981, when mass pediatric vaccination has begun, followed by introduction in 1998 of children’s revaccination at the age of 6. During four decades the EP incidence in Russia has decreased 300-400 times, mortality and a number of residual phenomena have been eliminated. In 2002 the WHO Regional Committee has adopted a program to eliminate measles, reduce congenital rubella syndrome to 0.01 per 1 000 live births and the EP incidence to 1.0 or less per 100 000 population by 2010. For eighteen years the program has been delayed several times and still has not reached its goals. The main goal of our study was to evaluate humoral immunity in EP in patient cohorts of different age. We also detected specific immunoglobulin levels and dynamics in people from 3 mumps foci; identified objective causes interfering the epidemiological well-being of the Russian population, despite vaccination coverage of 95-96%. Our observations identified 2 risk groups with high mumps probability: subjects in age groups of 20 – 29 and 30 – 39 years old. The study demonstrated that the efficacy of vaccination, the intensity and duration of neutralizing mumps antibody retention is related directly to the personal immunological status and vaccine quality. In addition, our observations of subjects from 3 mumps foci as well as those, who we studied in our laboratory directly during the sporadic EP incidence increase, showed that stable, strong herd immunity cannot be achieved in long term only through pediatric vaccination and revaccination even with high population coverage. There always will be subjects non immune to EP. This number will grow after a certain time and result in an outbreak. The global goal is to monitor herd immunity both in Europe as a whole and in certain territories, including Russia. The main reason that the European community has not been able to reduce the EP incidence to goal point is the absence of a single international antibody standard that will allow to compare the individual defense level with the amount actually necessary for the protection, detected by standardized anti-mumps IgG test-system. We hope WHO will hear us and under its auspices a single certified international serum standard with known antibody level in IU will be created, and make real EP protection potential assessment possible.

Roles of Sialic Acid, AXL, and MER Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Mumps Virus Infection of Mouse Sertoli and Leydig Cells.

The mumps virus (MuV) causes epidemic parotitis. MuV also frequently infects the testis and induces orchitis, an important etiological factor contributing to male infertility. However, mechanisms underlying MuV infection of the testis remain unknown. Here, we describe that sialic acid, AXL, and MER receptor tyrosine kinases regulate MuV entry and replication in mouse major testicular cells, including Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sialic acid, AXL, and MER were present in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sialic acid specifically mediated MuV entry into Sertoli and Leydig cells, whereas both AXL and MER facilitated MuV replication within cells through the inhibition of cellular innate antiviral responses. Mechanistically, the inhibition of type 1 interferon signaling by AXL and MER is essential for MuV replication in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms behind MuV infection and replication in the testis.

Patient Delay in Hospital Visiting and the Weekend Effect of Surveillance Report on Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Epidemic Parotitis in Hanzhong City, China.

Background We aimed at investigating the prevalence and associated factors of patient delay in hospital visiting and weekend effect of disease surveillance on hand-foot-and-mouth disease and epidemic parotitis/mumps. Methods Daily report data on hand-foot-and-mouth disease and epidemic parotitis cases between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2017, in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China, were collected. The patient delay in hospital visiting was defined by the date difference between disease onset and patient's visit to hospital. Differences of delayed durations and percentages were compared by using nonparametric or χ2 tests across gender, age, occupation, disease classification, epidemic and nonepidemic seasons, and years of disease onset. Additionally, to determine whether there existed a weekend effect of disease surveillance, the mean cases reported on weekdays and weekends were also compared. Results A total of 14,814 patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease and 4013 with epidemic parotitis were recorded, respectively. We found that 43.1% of the hand-foot-and-mouth disease and 36.5% of the epidemic parotitis patients had delayed visiting to hospital. All patients were reported through the online surveillance system on the day of visiting hospital. The percentage of delayed visiting to hospital differed significantly by years and epidemic and nonepidemic seasons and between children in and not in childcare center (all p values <0.05). In addition, the reported numbers of both diseases fluctuated on weekdays but obviously decreased on weekends regardless of the epidemic or nonepidemic seasons. Conclusions The reported cases of HFMD and epidemic parotitis had an obvious weekend effect, with an increasing tendency of cases delaying in hospital visiting over the recent years in Hanzhong, China. Parents and caregivers rather than health systems should be primarily targeted for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and their local outbreaks such as community-based education on the second-dose vaccination of mumps and/or hand hygiene.

Molecular Mechanism of the Flexible Glycan Receptor Recognition by Mumps Virus.

Mumps virus (MuV) is an important aerosol-transmitted human pathogen causing epidemic parotitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and deafness. MuV preferentially uses a trisaccharide containing α2,3-linked sialic acid as a receptor. However, given the MuV tropism toward glandular tissues and the central nervous system, an additional glycan motif(s) may also serve as a receptor. Here, we performed a large-scale glycan array screen with MuV hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (MuV-HN) attachment proteins by using 600 types of glycans from The Consortium for Functional Glycomics Protein-Glycan Interaction Core in an effort to find new glycan receptor motif(s). According to the results of the glycan array, we successfully determined the crystal structures of MuV-HN proteins bound to newly identified glycan motifs, sialyl LewisX (SLeX) and the oligosaccharide portion of the GM2 ganglioside (GM2-glycan). Interestingly, the complex structures showed that SLeX and GM2-glycan share the same configuration with the reported trisaccharide motif, 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), at the binding site of MuV-HN, while SLeX and GM2-glycan have several unique interactions compared with those of 3'-SL. Thus, MuV-HN protein can allow an additional spatial modification in GM2-glycan and SLeX at the second and third carbohydrates from the nonreducing terminus of the core trisaccharide structure, respectively. Importantly, MuV entry was efficiently inhibited in the presence of 3'-SL, SLeX, or GM2-glycan derivatives, which indicates that these motifs can serve as MuV receptors. The α2,3-sialylated oligosaccharides, such as SLeX and 3'-sialyllactosamine, are broadly expressed in various tissues, and GM2 exists mainly in neural tissues and the adrenal gland. The distribution of these glycan motifs in human tissues/organs may have bearing on MuV tropism.IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV) infection is characterized by parotid gland swelling and can cause pancreatitis, orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. MuV-related hearing loss is also a serious complication because it is usually irreversible. MuV outbreaks have been reported in many countries, even in high-vaccine-coverage areas. MuV has tropism toward glandular tissues and the central nervous system. To understand the unique MuV tropism, revealing the mechanism of receptor recognition by MuV is very important. Here, using a large-scale glycan array and X-ray crystallography, we show that MuV recognizes sialyl LewisX and GM2 ganglioside as receptors, in addition to a previously reported MuV receptor, a trisaccharide containing an α2,3-linked sialic acid. The flexible recognition of these glycan receptors by MuV may explain the unique tropism and pathogenesis of MuV. Structures will also provide a template for the development of effective entry inhibitors targeting the receptor-binding site of MuV.

THE COURSE OF EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS DURING THE PERIOD OF RISING MORBIDITY, ACCORDING TO THE REPUBLICAN CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MAKHACHKALA

The aim of the study was to study the course of epidemic parotitis in patients with a sharp increase in the incidence rate in Dagestan in 2017, and to analyze the coverage of vaccination against this infection. In the Republic of Dagestan, from January to December 2017, there was an increase in the incidence of mumps infection — 2,632 cases, in 2016 —148, in 2015 — 1 case. It turned out that 1492 (56.6%) of 2,632 patients with epidemic parotitis in 2017 were not vaccinated. Clinical and laboratory monitoring of 449 patients with epidemic parotitis hospitalized in the Republican Center for Infectious Diseases was carried out. The greatest number of cases was between the ages of 12 and 35 years. The clinical picture of parotitis infection in adults did not differ from that of children. First parotid glands are affected, then the lesions of other glandular organs are joined — pancreatitis (51.2%), orchitis (32%) and CNS — meningitis (16%). Outcomes of the disease were favorable.

The Epidemiological Situation of Mumps in the Russian Federation in 1995 -2016

The retrospective analysis of incidence of epidemic parotitis in Russia in 1995-2016 is carried out. It is shown that growth of this infection incidence in 2016 was caused by the poor vaccination and revaccination coverage in the past, as well as the poor immunization quality (vaccination failures) and the decrease in post-vaccination immunity at some vaccinated persons due to absence of natural «booster effect» in the condition of sporadic incidence for a number of years, untimely and not in full holding the response and preventive actions in foci of the infection, and also delivery of the epidemic parotitis virus from epidemic area. Recommendations are formulated to hold actions for improvement of the epidemiological situation.

EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS IN ARKANSAS

Epidemic parotitis or mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus well known for affecting the salivary glands and gonads. The signature feature of this disease is bilateral parotid enlargement. While subclinical infections occur, the classic presentation has become so rare that many experienced clinicians have never seen a case. The development of the MMR vaccine in 1971 along with a booster recommendation in the 1990s had essentially eliminated mumps in the U.S. More recently however, along with other communicable diseases, epidemic parotitis appears to be making a comeback; perhaps most publicized in the 2014 National Hockey League affair. Recent outbreaks in the nation’s heartland have affected schools in significant numbers, and Arkansas in particular has been hardest hit with 2802 reported cases as of February, 2017. Although all racial and socioeconomic groups have been impacted, Marshallese migrants living in Northwest Arkansas have been disproportionally affected, constituting 57% of all cases. While under vaccination initially was presumed to be the major reason behind the outbreak, it appears that the surge in cases is more driven by poverty and intense exposures afforded by crowded housing. We present a brief history of epidemic parotitis in Northwest Arkansas with emphasis on the unique Marshallese population.

EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS IN CHILDREN — THE URGENCY OF THE PROBLEM

The aim of the study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of Epidemic parotitis in children in the Astrakhan Region under conditions of vaccine prophylaxis. 260 cases of laboratory-confirmed Epidemic parotitis in children under 17 years of age have been analyzed.Contact with diseased Epidemic parotitis was found in 180 (69,2%) of affected children. In the age structure of the patients, children aged 3 to 9 years (73,8%) prevailed, of which 87,5% of children in this age group had vaccination and revaccination against Epidemic parotitis. Patients aged 9 to 17 years accounted for 26,2% of cases with an immune stratum of 76,5%. Severe forms of the disease were noted when a combination of Epidemic parotitis with orchitis, pancreatitis, meningitis. The epidemiological process of Epidemic parotitis infection in children, under conditions of vaccine prevention, is characterized by an increase in the number of patients among older children and adolescents up to 26,2%. The decrease in the immune stratum, among infected children, compared with the recommended level of coverage with vaccination and revaccination against Epidemic parotitis 95% of children, may be the cause of the increase in the incidence of this pathology in the region. In the structure of clinical forms, medium-severe forms of the disease predominate (63,9%). Displacement of morbidity by Epidemic parotitis in the direction of older and adolescent years may indicate a decrease in the intensity of postvaccinal immunity after revaccination at the age of 6 years, which calls for discussion of the need for a second planned revaccination against Epidemic parotitis at the age of 15—17.

Caffey’s Disease: A Case Report

Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease) is characterized by spontaneous episodes of subperiosteal new bone formation along 1 or more bones commencing within the first 5 months of life.It is featured by acute inflammation of periosteum and overlying soft tissue which causes fever. Sometimes it can present as fever without focus. Generallyit is treated by sole acetaminophen having a good outcome. An 8 month old boy came with multiple tender non-suppurative swelling over various areas of face and limb with mild fever for prolong duration. The lesions were diagnosed to be infantile cortical hyperostosis by radiological profile showing new bone formation, periosteal reaction, sclerotic changes without osteolytic appearance after ruling out common infective causes like epidemic parotitis. He was treated by oral acetaminophen syrup which proved to be adequately effective on follow up after 4 wks.

Trisaccharide containing α2,3-linked sialic acid is a receptor for mumps virus

Mumps virus (MuV) remains an important pathogen worldwide, causing epidemic parotitis, orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. Here we show that MuV preferentially uses a trisaccharide containing α2,3-linked sialic acid in unbranched sugar chains as a receptor. Crystal structures of the MuV attachment protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (MuV-HN) alone and in complex with the α2,3-sialylated trisaccharide revealed that in addition to the interaction between the MuV-HN active site residues and sialic acid, other residues, including an aromatic residue, stabilize the third sugar of the trisaccharide. The importance of the aromatic residue and the third sugar in the MuV-HN-receptor interaction was confirmed by computational energy calculations, isothermal titration calorimetry studies, and glycan-binding assays. Furthermore, MuV-HN was found to bind more efficiently to unbranched α2,3-sialylated sugar chains compared with branched ones. Importantly, the strategically located aromatic residue is conserved among the HN proteins of sialic acid-using paramyxoviruses, and alanine substitution compromised their ability to support cell-cell fusion. These results suggest that not only the terminal sialic acid but also the adjacent sugar moiety contribute to receptor function for mumps and these paramyxoviruses. The distribution of structurally different sialylated glycans in tissues and organs may explain in part MuV's distinct tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In the crystal structure, the epitopes for neutralizing antibodies are located around the α-helices of MuV-HN that are not well conserved in amino acid sequences among different genotypes of MuV. This may explain the fact that MuV reinfection sometimes occurs.

A reference substance free diagnostic fragment ion-based approach for rapid identification of non-target components in Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid by high resolution mass spectrometry

Rapid and reliable identification of non-target components in herbal preparations remains a primary challenge, especially when corresponding reference substances are inaccessible. In this work, an efficient post-experiment data processing methodology, named reference substance free diagnostic fragment ion (RSFDFI), was developed based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap). The first step of this approach was to cluster the components that share common fragment ions into several groups. After querying the database using a predicted chemical formula, the component with the fewest primary hits was preferentially deduced based on its MS/MS spectrum. Once the structure was characterized, its common fragment ions could be used as the prior structural information to select the possible candidates that would facilitate the subsequent identification for each group. Taking Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid (PDL) as a model herbal preparation, which has been extensively used for the treatment of epidemic parotitis and children with hand-foot-mouth diseases, this strategy enables a nearly eight-fold narrowing of the database hits, with fifty-two components, including lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids, being rapidly identified. In conclusion, our work clearly demonstrates that integrating RSFDFI with high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful methodology for rapid identification of non-target components from herbal prescriptions and may open new avenues for chemical analysis in other complex mixtures.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДИНАМІКИ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ПРОГРАМ ІМУНОПРОФІЛАКТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction.&lt;/strong&gt; World Health Organization is worried about poor children vaccination inUkraine. After the signing of the coalition agreement between the main political parties, which were held into the Ukrainian Parliament of VII convocation, representatives of WHO and UNICEF welcomed «the inclusion of conditions of vaccines procurement together with international partners and organizations in the coalition agreement, and reaffirmed their willingness to purchase and contribute in response to corresponding request of the Ministry of Health care of Ukraine». However, coordinated decisions were not accepted. And the overall condition of financing the health care system and the Program of immunization as its component does not comply with the WHO’s requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods of research:&lt;/strong&gt; bibliographical, analytical, systematic and logical.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results and discussion.&lt;/strong&gt; According to the immunization Schedule in Ukraine, 10 infectious diseases, such as diphtheria, pertussis, rubeola, rubella, epidemic parotitis, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, hemophilic infection, hepatitis B are subordinated to prevention by vaccination. Vaccines against these diseases in accordance with the law of Ukraine № 1645-14 «On protection of population against infectious diseases» are centrally purchased on a single state tender held by the Ministry of Health care of Ukraine. Nowadays, it is currently completing the implementation of current National program of immunization and population protection against infectious diseases for 2009-2015, which was adopted by the Law of Ukraine № 1658-VI, dated on 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; October, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The problem of infectious diseases immunization must be strategic in any socio-political circumstances of country’s life. However, according to analysis of the state funding of the health care system ofUkraineas in general and as its component – system of immunization inUkrainetraditionally faced a shortage of funds, along with the low cost effectiveness. This tendency has occurred not only in the current military conflict, but also has become a disappointing practice. So, the percentage of financing costs on the health care system from the State budget has traditionally been at the level of 3,7% of GDP and covers about 57% of the total population needs. However, the analysis of audits materials of the Accounting chamber of Ukraine shows that projected amount of funding from the State budget of the Program on immunization during 2009-2015 variances with the real allocations in 2011-2013 inaverage of 45,3%. Along with this, the conclusions of the Accounting chamber for 2007-2013, Ministry of health care traditionally does not provide efficient use of available funds of the State budget. This led to the fact that it was failed to reduce the level of infections, against which is held by means of immunization. This is demonstrated by the vaccination coverage of the population in 2014 at a level from 15 to 49% depending on infectious disease by the WHO recommendations – 95 %.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; reform of the Program of immunization financing must firstly focus on improving the efficiency of spending, particularly through the reform of sector procurement that is offered like in many countries to conduct through the mediation of WHO and UNICEF through the «framework» (directly long-term) agreements with suppliers of vaccines. And it already needs not declarative, but real political freedom.&lt;/p&gt;

Potassium Dehydroandrographolide Succinate Injection for the treatment of child epidemic parotitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Potassium Dehydroandrographolide Succinate Injection (PDSI) in the treatment of child epidemic parotitis (EP). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding PDSI in the treatment of child EP were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, and Cochrane Library from inception to July 30, 2013. Two reviewers independently retrieved RCTs and extracted information. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to assess the quality of included studies, and a meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.2 software. A total of 11 studies with 818 participants were included. The quality of the studies was generally low, among which only one study mentioned the random method. The meta-analysis indicated that PDSI was more effective than the conventional therapy with Western medicine for EP in the outcomes of the total effective rate [relative risk (RR)=1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.14, 1.33], P<0.01], the time of temperature return to normal, the time of detumescence [mean difference (MD)=-2.10, 95% CI [-2.78,-1.41], P<0.01], and the incidence of complications (RR=0.14, 95% CI [0.03, 0.72], P=0.02). There were 6 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in this systematic review, 2 of which were mainly represented rash and diarrhea in the experiment group, while another 4 ADRs occurred in the control group. Based on the systematic review, PDSI was effectiveness and relatively safety in the treatment of child EP. But further rigorously designed trials are warranted to determine its effectiveness.

In vitro anti-inflammatory mechanism of folium hibisci mutabilis leaves ethanol extracts

Folium Hibisci Mutabilis was one of the traditional Chinese medicines with pharmacological activities of wound healing, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, normally applied to the clinical treatment of local purulent infection, scald, and epidemic parotitis. However, few people reported that its effects of extracts on RAW264.7, cells and TNF-α, IL-6, and NO levels in rats serum of inflammation rats. We mainly adopted the RAW264.7, macrophage cell line which was intervened by lipopolysaccharide (L PS), to establish the model of inflammatory cells. The secretion changes of TNF, and IL-6, level in the model cell acted by the FHMAEs, were detected by ELISA, NO level changes were determined by nitrate reductase method; Arthritis model induced by Collagen Type II were chose, and regulatory role of FHMAEs on IL-6 and NO level in serum were observed, FHMAEs mechanism of action were investigated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The states of the model rats were recorded. Release of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in LPS-induced RAW264.7, cells were significantly inhibited and has a clear dose-response relationship; The TNF-α, IL-6 and NO levels were reduced by FHMAEs in experimental arthritis rats serum, and the status of rats were improved. At last, we found that IL-6, NO and TNF-α levels in the inflammatory cells could be reduced by FHMAEs greatly. Both synovial inflammation and synovial proliferation could be reduced or inhibited by FHMAEs, all of this may provide experimental effective data for the novel drugs development and the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

THE PRELIMINARY DATA ON NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE VACCINES COMBINED APPLICATION IN CHILDREN OF 6–7 YEARS OLD

In the study, safety for influenza vaccine in combination with diphtheria vaccine, tetanus and measles vaccine, rubella vaccine, and epidemic parotitis in children of 6–7 years old was assessed. All vaccines showed good tolerability and low reactogenicity for combined immunization. Influenza «Grippol plus» vaccine is safe and highly immunogenic, and does not cause cross antibody suppression being applied in combination with mentioned National Immunization Schedule vaccines.

Virale Speicheldrüsenentzündungen

Beside a secondary, clinically latent salivary virus secretion, differentiation can be made between concomitant sialadenitis induced by various viruses and viral sialadenitis showing characteristic and/or pathognomonic morphological and clinical features, whereby sialadenotropism must also be present. Viremia induces a viral inflammatory reaction via a local cytopathogenetic effect. Clinically important viral diseases include epidemic parotitis (mumps), cytomegaly and HIV infection presenting with large lymphoepithelial cystic lesions.