Dietary Enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

Acute physiological effects on macromolecule digestion following oral ingestion of the enzyme blend Elevase® in individuals that had undergone an ileostomy, but were otherwise healthy-a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled exploratory study.

Digestive enzymes can selectively degrade proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; and their supplementation alongside food may accelerate the breakdown of complex food matrices, facilitate greater nutrient absorption, decrease food sensitivities and aid in the management of certain disease states. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors govern food digestion and for every individual this phenomenon is unique. This study was conducted as a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled design where each participant served as their own control. This post-hoc analysis investigated the impact of a dietary enzyme supplementation blend known as Elevase® on dietary macromolecule digestion in samples from otherwise healthy participants that had previously undergone a small bowel resection, resulting in an ileostomy (NCT04489810). This is the first time this study-paradigm has been used for the assessment of in vivo dietary breakdown following enzyme supplementation. Arguably, this technique offers superior data when compared to that generated in artificial gut digestion models, preclinical animal models, or indeed conventional clinical studies using stool analyses, as it allows real-time access to samples in situ in the small intestine where the majority of nutritional absorption takes place. It was demonstrated that after 4 h, Elevase® significantly increased monosaccharide levels (predominantly glucose and fructose) in the ileostomy samples taken from the same individuals on the same diet on a different day. In addition, the bile salt taurohyodeoxycholic acid was also increased, suggesting a physiological host response to the macromolecule digestion induced by the enzymatic blend. Overall, these findings suggest Elevase® could accelerate food digestion and potentially increase nutrient availability from the diet.

Comparison study between single enzyme and multienzyme complex in distiller's dred grains with soluble supplemented diet in broiler chicken.

Upregulation of the nutritional value of feed is the major target of various studies in the livestock industry, and dietary enzyme supplementation could aid in digesting the nondegrading nutrients of grains in feed ingredients. Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of the fermentation process in the beverage industry and can be used as a large supply source of fiber in feed. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with male broiler chickens to investigate the effect of various types of enzymes on DDGS and compare the efficacy of single enzyme and multienzyme complexes on growth performance and gut environments in broiler chickens. We used 420 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308), and they were allotted into 4 dietary treatments with seven replications (CON, corn-soybean meal [SBM] diet; NC, DDGS supplemented diet; SE, 0.05 % of mannanase supplemented DDGS-based diet; MC, 0.10% of multienzyme complex (mannanase and xylanase, glucanase) supplemented DDGS-based diet. The dietary exogenous enzyme in the DDGS-supplemented diet could improve growth performance as much as the growth of the control group, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly increased by enzyme addition in groups of chicks fed DDGS-supplementation diet. Moreover, the populations of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased by enzyme supplementation, which might lead to improved gut mucus-secreting cells and inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. Collectively, dietary single enzyme and multienzyme complexes could improve gut environments, including intestinal immune responses and gut microbial population, and lead to improvement of growth performance in broiler chickens.

Effect of Multi-Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance of Rabbits

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of enzyme supplementation in diets of rabbits on their growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics as well as haematological profile of rabbits. The rabbits were fed commercial diets containing 15% crude protein and metabolizable energy of 2650 kcal. The treatment diets were formulated by adding the enzyme (Kemzyme Plus) to the diets at 0mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively. Twenty (20) weaner rabbits were divided into four groups of five rabbit per group. Each group represent a treatment with 5 replications in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The results of growth performance indicated that rabbits fed diets containing 1000mg/kg of Kemzyme had a significant higher (P<0.05) feed intake than those rabbits fed 250 and 500mg/kg of the Kemzyme, which had a comparable feed intake but higher (P<0.05) than those rabbits fed the control diet. The control group had the lowest (P<0.05) weight gain and those rabbits fed the diet containing 1000mg/kg of Kemzyme had the highest (P<0.05) weight gain. Rabbits fed diets containing 250 and 500mg/kg of Kemzyme had the highest (P<0.05) feed conversion efficiency than those rabbits fed diets containing 1000mg/kg of Kemzyme. The control group had the lowest (P<0.05) feed conversion efficiency. Rabbits fed diets containing 1000mg/kg of Kemzyme had a significantly higher dress weight than those rabbits fed diets containing 250 and 500mg/kg of Kemzyme which were comparable but higher (P<0.05) than those of the control group. All those rabbits fed diets containing the Kemzyme had significantly higher carcass dressing than those of the control group, but those rabbits fed diets containing 250mg/kg of Kemzyme had similar (P>0.05) carcass dressing with the control. There was significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in terms of lung weight. In both the kidney and the liver, those rabbits fed the control diet had the highest kidney and liver weights and those rabbits fed diets containing 250mg/kg of Kemzyme had the lowest (P<0.05) weights. All those rabbits fed diets containing Kemzyme had superior (P<0.05) quality of blood in terms red blood cells, packed cell volume and haemoglobin than those rabbits fed the control diet. However, mean corpuscular volume was high (P<0.05) in the control group than those fed diets containing Kemzyme. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and white blood cells were not affected (P>0.05) by the inclusion of Kemzyme in the diets of the rabbits. In conclusion, supplementing diets with multi-enzyme (Kemzyme Dry-Plus) in increasing levels of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1000mg/kg improved the growth performance of the weaner rabbits.

Current Agronomic Practices, Harvest & Post-Harvest Processing of Soybeans (Glycine max)—A Review

Globally, soybeans are grown to meet the needs for animal and human nutrition, oil extraction, and use in multiple industrial applications. Decades of soybean research, innovative farming methods, and the use of higher yielding resistant seed varieties have led to increased crop yields. Globally, soybean producers have utilized enhanced processing methods to produce nutritious high-quality meal and extracted oil for use in animal feed and within the food industry. Soybeans contain highly digestible proteins and are processed using various mechanical and chemical techniques to produce high quality animal feed ingredients. Defatted soybean meal (DSM) is usually prepared by the solvent extraction process of soybeans, whereby almost all oil content is removed. When oil is not extracted, full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) is created. This form provides an excellent source of dietary energy by retaining the lipid component and is very useful in animal feeds by reducing the need for adding exogeneous lipids. However, some anti-nutritional factors (ANF) are present in FFSBM if not properly heat treated before inclusion in the finished feed. These ANF adversely affect the internal organ function and overall growth performance of the animal. Among these ANF, protease inhibitors are most important, but can be readily destroyed with optimal thermal processing. However, if the process protocols are not followed precisely, excessive heat treatment may occur, resulting in both reduced protein quality and amino acid bioavailability in the meal. Conversely, insufficient heat treatment may result in the retention of some ANF in the meal. Thermally resistant ANF can be greatly reduced in the bean and meal when dietary enzyme supplementation is included in the finished feed. This approach is cost-effective and most commonly utilized commercially. After processing, the soybean meal quality is often measured using in vitro methods performed at commercial analytical laboratories to assess the nitrogen solubility index (NSI), protein dispersibility index (PDI), urease activity (UA), and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide. Once properly processed, FFSBM or DSM can be utilized optimally in the diets of poultry and aquaculture to enhance the economic viability, animal nutrition, production performance, and the quality and nutritional value of the meat and/or eggs produced.

Effectivity of Dry and Liquid BS4 Enzymes in Improving Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Different Nutrient Density Diet

Supplementation of enzymes in feed is now commonly practiced to increase the nutrient availability of feed and the performance of poultry. A new enzyme called BS4 was produced by cultivating Eupenicilium javanicum. It is necessary to test the efficacy of this enzyme since the effectiveness of enzyme supplementation depends on many factors. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary BS4 enzyme supplementation in improving the performance of broiler chickens. A number of 300 broilers DOC was distributed into 30 pens and reared until 35 d. Six experimental diets i.e., factorial of 2 (Standard diet, and low nutrient density diet) X 3 (Control, BS4 liquid enzyme, and BS4 powder enzyme) were formulated with 5 replications. The performance (feed intake, body weight, FCR, and survival rates) were observed during the starter (1-21 d) and whole (1-35 d) periods. At the end of the trial, measurements were also made on the carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard weights. Results showed that performances of broilers from 1-35 d were not significantly affected by interaction between nutrient density and enzyme supplement. The nutrient density also did not affect performances of broilers. However, dietary enzyme supplementation significantly reduced feed intake and improved FCR of broilers as compared to the control. Supplementation of BS4 in liquid or powder form, reduced feed intake by 3.6%. Supplementation of liquid and powder BS4 enzymes improved FCR by 6.4% and 8.9%, respectively, but no different effect between liquid and powder BS4 enzymes on performance of broilers. Nutrient density, enzyme supplementation, and interactions between the two factors did not significantly influence carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard relative weights of broilers.

Energy values evaluation and improvement of soybean meal in broiler chickens through supplemental mutienzyme

This study measured the metabolizable energy of soybean meal (SBM) and evaluated effects of soybean meal specific enzymes supplementation in corn-soybean diets on growth performance, intestinal digestion properties and energy values of 28-day-old broilers. A total of 336 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were distributed to 7 groups in a completely random design. The birds were given 7 diets containing 6 diets with different combined soybean meals and a fasting treatment, 8 replicates per treatment and 6 birds per replicate (Trial 1). A total of 672 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments including a control diet and 6 diets supplemented with 300 mg/kg α-galactosidase, 200 mg/kg β-mannanase, and 300 mg/kg protease individually or in combination (Trial 2). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of broilers was measured from d 25 to 27 in both trial 1 and trial 2. The results showed that AME values of combined soybean meals averaged 2,894 kcal/kg. Dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation increased body weight gain (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 14, whereas did not affect the growth performance (P > 0.05) during d 14 to 28. Addition of β-mannanase in combination with other enzymes significantly increased lipase and trypsin content (P < 0.05) in ileum. In addition, dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation individually or in combination enhanced trypsin enzyme content in jejunum (P < 0.05). The β-mannanase enzyme enhanced villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) of ileum compared with control diet. Moreover, supplementation of enzyme except for protease enhanced raffinose and stachyose degradation ratio (P < 0.05). Dietary β-mannanase supplementation individually or in combination enhanced AME and AMEn values (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that dietary enzyme supplementation especially β-mannanase improved intestinal digestion properties and contributed to high energy values.

Cereal type and combined xylanase/glucanase supplementation influence the cecal microbiota composition in broilers

Dietary fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation in broilers aims at off-setting the anti-nutritive effect of non-starch polysaccharides and at promoting broiler health. Recently, we demonstrated that xylanase/glucanase addition in wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestibility, arabinoxylan fermentability and broiler growth. Conversely, maize arabinoxylan was found to be recalcitrant to xylanase action. These findings suggested that enzyme-mediated improvement of nutrient digestion and carbohydrate fermentation depended on the cereal type present in the diet, and may have contributed to broiler growth. Hence, we aimed at further investigating the link between dietary enzymes and carbohydrate fermentation in broilers, by studying the impact of enzyme supplementation in cereal-based diets, to the microbial communities in the ileum and ceca of broilers. For that purpose, 96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly reared in two pens and received either wheat-based or maize-based starter and grower diets. At d 20, the broilers were randomly assigned to one out of four dietary treatments. The broilers received for 8 d the wheat-based or maize-based finisher diet as such (Control treatments; WC, MC) or supplemented with a xylanase/glucanase combination (Enzyme treatments; WE, ME). At d 28, samples from the digestive tract were collected, and the ileal and cecal microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. A similar phylogenetic (alpha) diversity was observed among the four treatments, both in the ileal and the cecal samples. Furthermore, a similar microbial composition in the ileum (beta diversity) was observed, with lactobacilli being the predominant community for all treatments. In contrast, both cereal type and enzyme supplementation were found to influence cecal communities. The type of cereal (i.e., wheat or maize) explained 47% of the total variation in microbial composition in the ceca. Further stratifying the analysis per cereal type revealed differences in microbiota composition between WC and WE, but not between MC and ME. Furthermore, the prevalence of beneficial genera, such as Faecalibacterium and Blautia, in the ceca of broilers fed wheat-based diets coincided with arabinoxylan accumulation. These findings indicated that fermentable arabinoxylan and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides released by dietary xylanase may play an important role in bacterial metabolism.

Assessing Hydrolyzed Gluten Content in Dietary Enzyme Supplements Following Fermentation

Partially digested gluten fragments from grains including wheat, rye, spelt and barley are responsible for triggering an inflammatory response in the intestinal tract of Celiac Disease (CD) and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitive (NCGS) individuals. Fermentation is an effective method to metabolize gluten, with enzymes from bacterial or fungal species being released to help in this process. However, the levels of gluten in commercially available enzymes, including those involved in gluten fermentation, are unknown. In this study we investigated gluten levels in commercially available dietary enzymes combined with assessing their effect on inflammatory response in human cell culture assays. Using antibodies that recognize different gluten epitopes (G12, R5, 2D4, MloBS and Skerritt), we employed ELISA and immunoblotting methodologies to determine gluten content in crude gluten, crude gliadin, pepsin-trypsin digested gluten and a selection of commercially available enzymes. We further investigated the effect of these compounds on inflammatory response in immortalized immune and intestinal human cell lines, as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from coeliac individuals. All tested supplemental enzyme products reported a gluten concentration that was equivalent to or below 20 parts per million (ppm) as compared with an intact wheat reference standard and a pepsin-trypsin digested standard. Similarly, the inflammatory response to IL-8 and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines in mammalian cell lines and PBMCs from coeliac individuals to the commercial enzymes was not significantly different to 20 ppm of crude gluten, crude gliadin or pepsin-trypsin digested gluten. This combined approach provides insight into the extent of gluten breakdown in the fermentation process and the safety of these products to gluten-sensitive individuals.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation in Diet on Growth of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) juveniles in RAS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing the diet with Thepax Aqua (Aqualase) on the development and survival of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Therefore, an eight-week nutrition experiment was carried out using the Thepax Aqura enzyme in the Department of Vertebrates, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah. This enzyme was supplemented at 1, 2, and 3% in the control diet. The maximum weight growth (3.9870 gm 0.1230) and Specific Growth Rate (0.4238 gm 0.0049) were seen in the fish fed with T1 diet, and these results were found to be statistically different (P<0.05) from those observed in the fish fed with T2 (2 %), T3 (3 %), and T0 (control) diets. This study also concluded that there was no significant effect (P≤0.05) for enzyme levels on the survival of juveniles carp fed with different dietary enzymes. Finally, the outcome of the current experiment showed that the 1% supplementation of Thepax Aqua to the food gave good growth and feed utilization of Juveniles of carp C.carpio.

Performances of KUB Chickens Fed Diets with Different Nutrient Densities and BS4 Enzyme Supplementation

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary enzyme supplementation (E) on the performance of KUB chickens fed different nutrient densities (ND). Diets with three densities: 70.7 g crude protein/Mcal or high (H), 66.1 g crude protein/Mcal or medium (M), and 59.3 g crude protein/Mcal or low (L), were formulated and supplemented with or without enzyme. Diets were given in four feeding programs, i.e., H-M-L, H-M-M, M-M-L, and M-L-L during the starter (1–28 d), grower (29–56 d), and finisher (57–84 d) periods, respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times. Bodyweight gain (BWG), feed intake, and FCR were measured each period. At the end of the trial, carcass yield and internal organs were measured. Results of the experiment (1–84 d period) showed that the feed intake was significantly affected by ND. Chickens fed the H-M-L diets have the highest feed intake, while the lowest was found in chickens fed M-M-L diets. A significant interaction was found in the FCR. The best FCR was found in chickens fed the H-M-M diets without enzymes, but the best FCR was found on the M-M-L diets with enzymes. Livability, carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard weights were not affected by the treatments. The jejunum sizes of chickens were significantly longer when fed the low-density diet than those fed the higher nutrient density diet. The ileum sizes of chickens were significantly shorter than chickens fed the diet without enzymes. The highest income over feed cost was achieved when chickens were fed the M-M-L diets supplemented with enzymes. It is concluded that the best performance of growing KUB chickens was obtained when fed M-M-L diets supplemented with BS4 enzymes (30 Units of saccharification/kg diet) and when fed H-M-M diets without enzyme supplementation.

Effect of rice distillers dried grains with solubles and rice gluten meal along with enzyme supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, production efficiency, and cost economics of broiler chicken production

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding rice distillers dried grains with solubles (rDDGS) and rice gluten meal (RGM) combination with enzyme supplementation on the production performance of broiler chickens. The experimental diets consisted of the following: T1 (no rDDGS/RGM/enzyme), T2 (no rDDGS/RGM, multienzyme), T3 (12.5% rDDGS, 15.0% RGM, no enzyme), T4 (12.5% rDDGS, 15.0% RGM, protease enzyme), T5 (10.0% rDDGS, 12.5% RGM, no enzyme), and T6 (10.0% rDDGS, 12.5% RGM, protease enzyme). Each treatment was assigned 6 replicate groups of birds randomly with 8 birds in each group (48 birds/ treatment). The results revealed the poor growth performance, nutrient utilization, and production efficiency of birds fed a combination of 12.5% rDDGS and 15.0% RGM, followed by the combination of 10.0% rDDGS and 12.5% RGM compared to birds fed no rDDGS and RGM. Enzyme supplementation resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) better growth performance, nutrient utilization, and production efficiency of the birds compared to unsupplemented birds. It was concluded that inclusion of a combination of 10.0% rDDGS and 12.5% RGM as a replacement for soybean, along with dietary enzyme supplementation, can be a potential nutritional strategy for economic broiler chicken production.

Chemical pancreatectomy treats chronic pancreatitis while preserving endocrine function in preclinical models.

Chronic pancreatitis affects over 250,000 people in the US and millions worldwide. It is associated with chronic debilitating pain, pancreatic exocrine failure, and high risk of pancreatic cancer and usually progresses to diabetes. Treatment options are limited and ineffective. We developed a new potential therapy, wherein a pancreatic ductal infusion of 1%-2% acetic acid in mice and nonhuman primates resulted in a nonregenerative, near-complete ablation of the exocrine pancreas, with complete preservation of the islets. Pancreatic ductal infusion of acetic acid in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis led to resolution of chronic inflammation and pancreatitis-associated pain. Furthermore, acetic acid-treated animals showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The loss of exocrine tissue in this procedure would not typically require further management in patients with chronic pancreatitis because they usually have pancreatic exocrine failure requiring dietary enzyme supplements. Thus, this procedure, which should be readily translatable to humans through an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), may offer a potential innovative nonsurgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis that relieves pain and prevents the progression of pancreatic diabetes.

Performance of growing pigs fed diets containing cassava peels meal supplemented with three levels of roxazyme G2G enzyme

This research was designed to evaluate the performance of growing pigs fed diets containing cassava peel meal supplemented with three (3) levels of roxazymeG2 enzyme. Fresh cassava peels were gathered, thinly spread on a concrete floor to dry out and milled prior to proximate analysis and feed formulation. Five experimental diets were formulated. Diet one had maize as main energy source, while Diets 2 to 5 had 50% of maize replaced with cassava peel meal. Diets 3, 4 and 5 were further supplemented with roxazyme G2 non starch polysaccharide enzyme at 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg and 2g/kg, respectively. A total of thirty (30) cross bred growing pigs were selected and distributed into five (5) groups on weight equalization basis with six (6) animals per group. Each group was assigned to one of the five (5) experimental diets in a completely randomized design. The growth and economy of production were monitored throughout the 56-day duration of the trial. At the end of the feeding trial, 10 mLs of blood was collected from three animals on each treatment into sample bottles with EDTA for hematological analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedures. The results revealed that the three (3) levels of dietary enzyme supplementations did not significantly (P˃0.05) influenced the average daily feed intake but influenced the average daily weight gain and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly. Pigs on diets with 1.5 and 2g/kg enzyme supplementation had the highest average daily weight gain of 0.43kg while those on 2g/kg enzyme supplementation diet had the best FCR with value corresponding to 1.74. Dietary enzyme supplementation reduced (P

370 Awardee Talk: Role of feed enzymes in gut health and function

Abstract Exogenous enzymes are routinely added to diets for non-ruminant animals, mainly to help enhance energy and nutrient utilization, thus contributing to efficient and sustainable production systems. Also, feed enzymes allow for effective utilization of non-traditional feedstuffs (e.g. co-products) in non-ruminant diets, with potential to mitigate feed cost. In addition to increased nutrient utilization, however, feed enzymes, through their impact on the gastrointestinal environment and microbial composition, can have a profound effect on indices of gut health and function. These effects may explain the reported reductions in medication costs and variability in animal performance and mortality rates observed with dietary enzyme supplementation. By acting on their target substrates, feed enzymes reduce the availability of non-digested substrates and in the case of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes can produce short-chain oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic effects. These changes are known to modulate the gut microbiome in favor of bacteria associated with a healthy gut, while reducing the population of pathogenic bacteria, which explains the reduced incidences of diarrhea that have been attributed to enzyme supplementation. Also, feed enzymes may reduce oxidative stress and enhance the functional capacity (e.g. maintaining barrier function) of the gastrointestinal tract. Feed enzymes by themselves may never be a single solution to mitigate gut health challenges in livestock production systems, but clearly there is a mounting body of evidence to support the role of feed enzymes in this regard. Therefore, their benefits will be maximized when used as part of an integrated solution approach for containing enteric pathogens of economic importance and eliminating the negative effects of dietary components with potential to compromise intestinal integrity.

PSVIII-10 Effects of enzyme supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets on growth performance in broilers: a meta-analysis

Abstract The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the growth responses of broilers fed cDDGS and the efficacy of various types of dietary enzyme supplementation. A total of 12 publications with 69 observations were included in the database. Individual observations were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed model. The mean differences (MD) of BWG, FI, and gain efficiency (G/F) were calculated by subtracting either the enzyme response in corn-soybean meal (CSB) or CSB+cDDGS based diets to the control, and was expressed as a percentage (MD = (enzyme – control)/control ×100%). A type of exogenous enzymes (xylanase; protease; carbohydrases; cocktail = proteases + carbohydrases), and feeding phase (starter = d 0 to d 21; finisher = d 21 to d 42 or 49; overall = d 0 to d 42 or more) were included as fixed effects. Dietary enzyme inclusion showed significant improvement on BWG (3.19%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (5.69%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) in broilers fed cDDGS diet. However, no significant enzyme responses were observed in broilers fed CSB diet on growth performance. Broilers fed cDDGS diet had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) BWG with the addition of protease (3.32 %) and cocktail (3.27 %), whereas addition of xylanased improved (P &amp;lt; 0.01) G/F by (3.56 %) and carbohydrases (1.90 %). Broilers fed cDDGS diet with enzyme supplementation showed greater improvement in BWG (3.71 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.78 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) at finisher phase compared with starter phase. Likewise, Broilers fed CSB diet with enzyme supplementation increased BWG (9.40 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.11 %, P &amp;lt; 0.01) at finisher phase. In conclusion, supplementation of xylanase and carbohydrases in cDDGS diet improved G/F, and the enzyme response can be maximized when fed during the finisher phase diet compared with the starter phase diet.

Blood chemistry of growing male pigs in response to low protein and energy diets with EnziBlend Plus supplementation

Blood chemistry of growing male pigs fed low crude protein (CP) and low-energy diets supplemented with multi-enzyme was determined using 36 male pigs aged 8–10-weeks old. Two metabolizable energy (3000 and 2600 kcal ME /kg) and three protein (18, 16, and 14% CP) levels were used to formulate 6 treatment diets: T1 (3000 kcal ME/kg and 18% CP), T2 (3000 kcal ME/Kg and 16% CP), T3 (3000 kcal ME/kg and 14% CP), T4 (2600 kcal ME/kg and 18% CP), T5 (2600 kcal ME/kg and 16% CP) and T6 (2600 kcal ME/kg and 14% CP). T1 served as the control diet, while T2–T6 was supplemented with 1.0 g enzyme/kg feed each. The treatments were replicated thrice with two pigs per replicate in a 2 × 3 factorial and analysed statistically. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, urea, creatinine, urea/creatinine ratio, cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analysed. Low-energy diets (3000 and 2600 kcal ME/kg) plus enzyme supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the serum parameter measured. Also, dietary low CP level plus enzyme supplementation influenced (P < 0.05) aspects of the serum parameters. Higher (P < 0.05) total protein, albumin and creatinine were noticed in pigs fed with T2 diet; while pigs fed with T4 diet had higher (P < 0.05) urea compared with those on the other 5 treatment diets. Significant dietary interaction effects (P < 0.05) were observed on cholesterol, ALT, AST and ALP. The quadratic regression model revealed that aspects of serum parameters in pigs were optimized at different low-protein and low-energy levels. In conclusion, the results suggest that pigs on T2 diet had the best serum parameters.

Feeding value of rice distiller's dried grains with solubles as protein supplement in diet of laying hens.

A feeding trial of 10 weeks duration was undertaken on laying hens (n = 240) to evaluate feeding value of rice distiller's dried grains with soluble (rDDGS) with or without enzyme supplementation (α-amylase, β-glucanase, xylanase, carboxymethylcellulase, pectinase, proteinase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, lipase, and phytase), following 4 × 2 factorial design, on egg production, nutrient utilization, and cost economics of egg production. The birds were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments with 30 birds/treatment. The birds were housed individually in layer cages and each bird was taken as an experimental unit. Eight experimental diets were prepared by incorporating four levels (0, 50, 75, and 100 g/kg) of rDDGS with and without enzyme supplementation. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.01) increase of egg mass, feed intake, egg production, and body weight gain in dietary treatments with up to 75 g rDDGS though the values were statistically similar to the hens fed 100 g rDDGS. Enzyme supplementation resulted in significant (P < 0.01) improvement of egg mass, egg production, feed conversion ratio (FCR) per dozen eggs, FCR per kilogramme egg mass, and net FCR. The significantly (P < 0.01) higher yolk index was observed at 100 g rDDGS level, while shell thickness improved significantly (P < 0.01) up to 75 g rDDGS level. No significant effect of rDDGS inclusion was observed on shape index, albumin index, and Haugh unit. Enzyme supplementation significantly improved the shell thickness and yolk colour of eggs. Nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention and dry matter metabolizability did not show any significant treatment effects. There was significant (P < 0.01) reduction in feed-cost per kilogramme egg mass or per dozen eggs with the increased DDGS levels and dietary enzyme supplementation. It was concluded that rDDGS can be used up to 100 g/kg diet of laying hens along with enzyme supplementation for better productivity of layer hens.

INFLUENCE OF USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND SUGAR BEET PULP WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYMES IN RABBIT DIETS: 1- ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROWING RABBITS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using different levels of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) with or without enzyme in diets of growing APRI line rabbits on the productive performance. One hundred and forty-four APRI rabbits were divided randomly into nine experimental groups of 16 rabbits each (8 males + 8 females) of 5 weeks of age with an average live body weight of (723 ± 2 gm.), were used in this study. The following 9 diets were obtained: control (0% Sugarcane Bagasse and Sugar Beet Pulp), SCB50 diet (Sugarcane Bagasse replace to 50% Berseem hay), SCB100 diet (Sugarcane Bagasse replace to 100% Berseem hay), SCB50E diet (Sugarcane Bagasse replace to 50% Berseem hay with Kemzyme), SCB100E diet (Sugarcane Bagasse replace to 100% Berseem hay with Kemzyme), SBP50 diet (Sugar Beet Pulp replace to 50% Berseem hay), SBP100 diet (Sugar Beet Pulp replace to 100% Berseem hay), SBP50E diet (Sugar Beet Pulp replace to 50% Berseem hay with Kemzyme) and SBP100E diet (Sugar Beet Pulp replace to 100% Berseem hay with Kemzyme). All diets were nearly isonitrogenous, iso-caloric and contained similar levels of crude fiber and micro elements. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in body weight between rabbits fed SBP diet and rabbits fed control diet, while those fed SCB diet had the lowest body weight. Using Kemzyme increased the body weight insignificantly, except in weeks 10, 11 and 12, which Kemzyme significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight. During the whole experimental period (5-13 weeks of age), rabbits fed SCB diets recorded significantly the lower daily weight gain, as compared with those fed SBP and control diet (23.56 vs. 25.43 and 25.41 g, P<0.001, respectively). Supplementing Kemzyme in diets had no significant differences on daily weight gain in all experimental periods. Feed intake in the whole period (5-13 weeks of age) significantly decreased by 3.5 and 5.1% for rabbits fed SBP and SCB diets, respectively, as compared with those fed control diet. Moreover, feed intake was decreased by 1.95% with adding Kemzyme during the whole experimental period. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved with rabbits fed SBP diets, as compared with those fed control diet. Moreover, rabbits fed diets supplemented with Kemzyme improved the feed conversion ratio by 3.36%, as compared with those fed diets without Kemzyme. No significant differences could be observed in mortality percentage due to fiber source (AL, SCB and SBP) or enzyme supplementation in diets.

Dietary Enzyme Supplementation in Duck Nutrition: A review

SUMMARY Ducks have traditionally been a relatively small component of the global poultry industry but recent growth has been noted. As consumption has risen worldwide, the efficiency of duck meat production has become increasingly important. The nutritional formula is a critical economic factor because feed accounts for a major portion of the cost of raising poultry. The determination of optimal duck nutrition is necessary to attain the best live performance for ducks to maximize the productivity of duck meat. However, our understanding of the effects of feed additives in duck diets is still far behind our understanding of that in chickens. Enzyme additives in animal feed have been used in the poultry industry since the late 1980s, but there has been a lack of research effort into how enzymes can be applied in the duck industry. This review synthesizes the available information regarding enzyme studies with ducks. After reviewing the available information, it is concluded that it is worth further examination of how enzymes can be used to improve duck nutrition in the future. Enzyme studies are important because they are useful tools for improving the duck meat industry by allowing more efficient utilization of nutrients in feedstuffs and reducing the negative impacts of detrimental components in standard and alternative feed ingredients.

Protease and phytase supplementation of broiler diets in which soybean meal is partially or completely replaced by raw full-fat soybean

The nutrient composition and enzymatic in vitro nutrient digestibility of raw full-fat soybean (RFSB) were assessed prior to evaluating the influences of enzyme supplementation in diets in which commercial soybean meal (SBM) was partially (phase 1) or completely (phase 2) replaced by RFSB. A 2 x 2 + 1 arrangement was used in a two-phase feeding trial. In phase 1 (0 - 25 days) a positive control, commercial-type diet (PC), without RFSB or enzymes, and a negative control diet (NC), with 75 g RFSB/kg were used. The NC diet was supplemented with or without protease (0 or 15000 PRPOT/kg) and phytase (0 or 2000 FYT/kg). In phase 2 (26 - 31 days), RFSB (NC) or SBM (PC) was used as the sole source of crude protein (CP) for birds. Each treatment was replicated six times. Phases 1 and 2 had the same enzyme supplementation and treatment arrangements. The results showed that the concentration of trypsin inhibitors in RFSB as an ingredient was 16 564 TIU/g, and its CP in vitro digestibility was improved significantly by protease and protease plus phytase. Birds fed on PC and on NC plus protease and phytase finally consumed higher quantities of feed and had the highest bodyweight gain (BWG). Protease improved feed intake (FI), BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by approximately 5.3%, 22.5% and 11.4%, respectively, in phase 2. Birds on the diet with protease plus phytase were 11.7% and 24.8% superior in BWG and FCR, respectively, to NC between 26 and 31 days. Supplementation with both enzymes reduced the weight of the pancreas. Supplementing NC with protease and phytase marginally improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein and some amino acids (AA) at 25 and 31 days. Overall, BWG and feed efficiency of birds were improved by supplementation of both enzymes and, to a lesser extent, by protease on its own. Keywords: anti-nutritional factors, ileal digestibility, pancreas, trypsin inhibitors, sole source crude protein and amino acids