Detergent Enzymes Research Articles

Interaction between Enzymatic Detergent and Textile Metals/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

aims: This research examines the interactions between metal (Ag) and metal oxide (TiO2 and ZnO) nanoparticles and amylase, cellulase, protease, and lipase as detergent enzymes and their impacts on enzyme activity. background: Nanoparticles are used in industrial products, such as textiles, to induce novel properties, such as antibacterial, antistatic, UV blocking, self-cleaning properties, wrinkle resistance, and water and oil repellent. On the other hand, using enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase, and cellulase) is widespread in detergent industries for washing conditions. objective: The interactions between metal (Ag) and metal oxide (TiO2 and ZnO) nanoparticles and detergent enzymes method: Using a central composite design, a total of 320 experiments under different conditions were conducted to determine the extent of change in enzyme activity. result: Results indicate that lipase had the lowest activity under interaction with silver nanoparticles, while cellulase and protease were most affected by interactions with AgNPs and a-TiO2. The surface response of the examined parameters showed the most effect from the interaction time and temperature and the enzyme/nanoparticle ratio and temperature parameters. conclusion: Further investigations into the effects of nanomaterials and enzymes on the physiology and chemistry of surfaces are suggested. This research results demonstrate that in nanoparticle and enzyme interface, physical, chemical, and biological difference is made in both. The outcome can be used to improve nanoparticle and detergent enzyme interactions in washing surroundings, aiming to retain nanoparticles and enzyme traits. other: -

Detergent-Compatible Amylases Produced by Fungal Species and Their Applications in Detergent Industry

Detergent enzymes are currently vital and important ingredients of modern powder and liquid detergents. They catalyze various biochemical processes intra-or extracellularly in the detergent industries. Microorganisms are the favored source of detergent compatible fungal amylases compared to plant or animal sources. Detergents cannot be produced in the developed countries without a mixture of detergent enzymes supplementation because they are essential components in the detergent industries. In countries under development, various produced detergents do not have enzymes. Amylases, proteases, pectinases, lipases, mannanases, and cellulases are generally the hydrolytic enzymes used in the detergent industries. They remove all soft, tough and stubborn starchy food, protein, pectin, fatty, mannane and cellulose-based stains attached to the various substrates like fabrics or glassware. A number of review articles on detergent-compatible bacterial and fungal enzymes exists, but none specifically covers detergent-compatible fungal amylases. In the present review, production and aspects of detergent fungal amylases are discussed with an emphasis on the stability of fungal amylases in the presence of detergent constituents. The article will help other worldwide research to study the properties of detergent pectinases and mannanases which are not extensively studied.

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2.

The Vigor, Futility, and Application of Microbial Element Cycles in Alkaline Soda Lakes

Alkaline soda lakes are known as some of nature’s most biologically productive ecosystems. Vigorous production (photosynthetic conversion of inorganic carbon into biomass) is countered by incremental biomass degradation, which fuels and feeds a diverse microbial community. Learn here about key adaptations that help microbes survive and thrive in the extreme conditions of alkaline soda lakes. Dive into the interconnected microbial element cycles of alkaline soda lakes and discover how the geochemistry of these environments presents microbes with unique challenges and opportunities. Throughout this article, explore how the microbial inhabitants of alkaline soda lakes have been harnessed in biotechnological applications, including the production of protein-rich food, detergent enzymes, and the purification of biogas.

Analysis of glycans in a Burnt-on/Baked-on (BoBo) model food soil using Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) and immunofluorescence microscopy

Burning of food materials during cooking can increase the difficulty in removal from solid surfaces, forming residual food soils. Using molecular probe-based technologies, the aim of this work was to elucidate the composition and relative abundance of glycans within a Burnt-On/Baked-On (BoBo) model food soil and investigate enzyme systems that may facilitate soil breakdown. Microarray Polymer Profiling identified xylan, arabinoxylan, mixed-linkage glucan and mannan as target substrates for the enzymatic cleaning of BoBo residues from surfaces. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that burning resulted in extensive structural modifications and degradation of the three-dimensional architecture of constituent polysaccharide matrices. Results from high-throughput enzyme screening indicate that inclusion of xylan depolymerising enzymes in automatic dishwashing detergents may improve cleaning of recalcitrant, plant glycan-rich BoBo soils. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the composition and removal chemistry of complex, multi-component food soils.

Metagenomic views on taxonomic and functional profiles of the Himalayan Tsomgo cold lake and unveiling its deterzome potential.

Cold habitat is considered a potential source for detergent industry enzymes. This study aims at the metagenomic investigation of Tsomgo lake for taxonomic and functional annotation, unveiling the deterzome potential of the residing microbiota at this site. The present investigation revealed molecular profiling of microbial community structure and functional potential of the high-altitude Tsomgo lake samples of two different temperatures, harvested during March and August. Bacteria were found to be the most dominant phyla, with traces of genomic pieces of evidence belonging to archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were noted to be the most abundant bacterial phyla in the cold lake. In-depth metagenomic investigation of the cold aquatic habitat revealed novel genes encoding detergent enzymes, amylase, protease, and lipase. Further, metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) belonging to the psychrophilic bacterium, Arthrobacter alpinus, were constructed from the metagenomic data. The annotation depicted the presence of detergent enzymes and genes for low-temperature adaptation in Arthrobacter alpinus. Psychrophilic microbial isolates were screened for lipase, protease, and amylase activities to further strengthen the metagenomic findings. A novel strain of Acinetobacter sp. was identified with the dual enzymatic activity of protease and amylase. The bacterial isolates exhibited hydrolyzing activity at low temperatures. This metagenomic study divulged novel genomic resources for detergent industry enzymes, and the bacterial isolates secreting cold-active amylase, lipase, and protease enzymes. The findings manifest that Tsomgo lake is a potential bioresource of cold-active enzymes, vital for various industrial applications.

Disinfection of Orthodontic Elastomers and Its Effects on Tensile Strength.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different disinfection protocols on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures (EL), an important issue to biosafety improvement and infection control, and to avoid cross-contamination. A total of 120 EL were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 20) according to the disinfection method employed: group 1, EL were not immersed in a disinfectant solution (control group); group 2, EL were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde; group 3, EL were immersed in 70% alcohol solution; group 4, EL were cleaned in an ultrasound washing (UW) machine by immersion in 0.5% enzyme detergent solution; group 5, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde; Group 6, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 70% alcohol. After disinfection, EL were subjected to a tensile strength test where the maximum strength, maximum elongation, and work at failure were determined. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's t-test for multiple comparisons. Statistically significant different (P < .05) values were found between the disinfection methods, and 70% alcohol showed negative changes in all mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomers. By contrast, 2% glutaraldehyde did not show significant alteration in mechanical properties, whereas the UW procedure showed significant alteration in maximum strength and work at failure. Of the tested substances for disinfection, 2% glutaraldehyde was the only substance that did not cause significant changes in the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastics and is considered as an alternative for elastic disinfection before its use.

Identification of industrial detergent enzymes by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

An efficient method was proposed for routine analysis of the most widely used detergent enzymes.

Estimating pasture quality of Mediterranean grasslands using hyperspectral narrow bands from field spectroscopy by Random Forest and PLS regressions

Mediterranean grasslands are a cornerstone ecosystem to provide ecosystem services and sustain human societies. The sustainability and provision of ecosystem services by these systems rely on their management. One of the main attributes to perform sustainable and effective management is pasture quality, which is crucial for animal performance in rainfed extensive systems. Remote sensing of grasslands can be an effective tool to inform the management of grasslands. The forthcoming high-priority mission candidate of the European Space Agency, Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME) with continuous narrow bands of ≥10 nm spectral resolution could be an asset to provide accurate information on the pasture quality of high-diverse and heterogeneous grasslands. In this study, we investigated the potential of CHIME-like field spectroscopy data at 10 nm resolution to assess the quality of Mediterranean permanent grasslands. The pasture quality indicators used were: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and enzyme digestibility of organic matter (EDOM). To do so, two machine learning methods commonly used in remote sensing were implemented: Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and Random Forest (RF) regression. The results using all bands in the 400–2300 nm spectral range and the results obtained by Backward Feature Elimination (BFE) were also compared. Finally, using importance measures of PLS and RF and the BFE approach, the importance and stability of the bands to assess the pasture quality indicators were explored. The results showed that field spectroscopy CHIME-like data at 10 nm of spectral resolution show potential to predict CP at “good” accuracy and NDF at “moderate” accuracy level in Mediterranean permanent grasslands. PLS outperformed RF to predict CP and NDF in terms of accuracy and certainty of the predictions. The BFE approach increased the accuracy of the predictions, especially in PLS, for which a percentage decrease of ΔRMSE = -12.5% was achieved in cross-validation to predict CP. The models built by BFE approach to predict CP using PLS provided a mean R2 value of 0.82 and a range of 0.68–0.90 in bootstrapped predictions. The RMSE was low (mean RMSE = 2.23%) and the mean RPD = 2.47 with values ranging from 1.81 to 3.23. RF models to predict CP produced mean R2 value of 0.68, mean RMSE = 3.00% and mean RPD = 1.82. ADF and EDOM were predicted with poor accuracy and similarly by both, PLS and RF. The bands located in the red-edge and NIR region showed high importance and stability to assess the best-predicted variables. Bands centred at 700, 710, 1160, 1170 and 1180 are highly stable and important to predict CP. The bands from the SWIR region had lower stability. This study provides insightful results on the use of hyperspectral data and future satellite missions such as CHIME to assess the pasture quality of Mediterranean grasslands that can be crucial to inform the management and monitoring of Mediterranean permanent grasslands.

Evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus NTCC1222 as a source of enzymes for detergent industry

Enzymes are playing crucial roles in improving the product quality in a number of conventional chemical based industries including detergent industry. Amylases are widely used in detergent industry as starch is a major component of various types of stains and amylases degrade starch. Therefore, amylases and other detergent enzymes can replace some chemicals used for starch degradation in detergent industries. In the present study, the compatibility of the amylase produced by wild-type and mutated strains of Aspergillus fumigatus NTCC1222 with various commercially available detergent formulations was checked. The quality of water used also play an important role in determining the efficacy of enzymes in detergent formulations. The influence of hardness of water (artificial hard water) used for preparing the detergent formulations on enzyme activity and stability, in comparison to tap water, under different incubation periods was thus also studied. The enzyme was highly compatible with all the detergent formulations evaluated during the study for at least one of the incubation periods tested, indicating that the enzyme could be very well used in detergent formulations. The enzyme was active even in hardwater though a loss in its activity was observed as compared to distilled water. • Aspergillus fumigatus NTCC1222- a promising alpha amylase source. • Compatibility of crude amylases with detergents. • Improved amylase effect in detergents.

Reactivity of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide powder with hydrogen peroxide vapour: Implication for reactive coating systems for laundry enzymes

The reactivity of solid particles of two forms of TiO2, rutile and anatase, with H2O2 vapour was investigated for use as reactive coatings protecting granular formulations of enzymes. Reactivity tests using potassium titanium oxide oxalate as a competition probe showed a high reactivity of anatase at both high and low H2O2 pressure, whereas rutile was moderately reactive only at high H2O2 pressure. Heating H2O2-treated rutile and anatase led to release of oxygen, but not of surface-bound H2O2. For rutile, electron spin resonance measurements showed formation of radical intermediates. Anatase showed a mechanism comprising reversible binding of H2O2 and catalytic cleavage of H2O2 without formation of radicals. Anatase-coated detergent enzyme granules confirmed the protection against H2O2 vapour. Overall, this work shows the potential of anatase as a reactive coating material in laundry granules as an alternative to the current formulation.

Investigating the potential of Sentinel-2 configuration to predict the quality of Mediterranean permanent grasslands in open woodlands

The assessment of pasture quality in permanent grasslands is essential for their conservation and management, as it can contribute to making real-time decisions for livestock management. In this study, we assessed the potential of Sentinel-2 configuration to predict forage quality in high diverse Mediterranean permanent grasslands of open woodlands. We evaluated the performance of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) models to predict crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and enzyme digestibility of organic matter (EDOM) by using three different reflectance datasets: (i) laboratory measurements of reflectance of dry and ground pasture samples re-sampled to Sentinel-2 configuration (Spec-lab) (ii) field in-situ measurements of grasslands canopy reflectance resampled to Sentinel-2 configuration (Spec-field); (iii) and Bottom Of Atmosphere Sentinel-2 imagery. For the three reflectance datasets, the models to predict CP content showed moderate performance and predictive ability. Mean R2test = 0.68 were obtained using Spec-lab data, mean R2test decreased by 0.11 with Spec-field and by 0.18 when Sentinel-2 reflectance was used. Statistics for NDF showed worse predictions than those obtained for CP: predictions produced with Spec-lab showed mean R2test = 0.64 and mean RPDtest = 1.73. The mean values of R2test = 0.50 and RPDtest = 1.54 using Sentinel-2 BOA reflectance were marginally better than the values obtained with Spec-field (mean R2test = 0.48, mean RPDtest = 1.43). For ADF and EDOM, only predictions made with Spec-lab produced acceptable results. Bands from the red-edge region, especially band 5, and the SWIR regions showed the highest contribution to estimating CP and NDF. Bands 2, blue and 4, red also seem to be important. The implementation of field spectroscopy in combination with Sentinel-2 imagery proved to be feasible to produce forage quality maps and to develop larger datasets. This study contributes to increasing knowledge of the potential and applicability of Sentinel-2 to predict the quality of Mediterranean permanent grasslands in open woodlands.

Improving the activity and stability of Bacillus clausii alkaline protease using directed evolution and molecular dynamics simulation

Detergent enzymes have been developed extensively as eco-friendly substitutes for the harmful chemicals in detergent. Among them, alkaline protease accounts for a large share of detergent enzyme sales. Thus, improving the specific activity of alkaline protease could play an important role in reducing the cost of detergent enzymes. In our study, alkaline protease from Bacillus clausii (PRO) was used to construct a mutant library through directed evolution using error-prone PCR, and a variant (G95P) with 9-fold enhancement in specific activity was obtained. After incubation at a pH of 11.0 for 70 h, G95P maintained 67 % of its maximal activity, which was 46 % more than wild-type PRO (WT), indicating that G95P has better alkaline stability than WT. The thermostability of G95P was also enhanced, as G95P achieved 17 % initial activity after incubation for 50 h at 60 °C, while WT lost its activity. The MD simulation results verified that variant G95P possessed improved stability of its Gly95-Gly100 loop region and Arg19-Asp265 salt bridge, leading to enhanced stability and catalytic efficiency. This work enhances the understanding of the structure-function relationship of PRO and provides an academic foundation for improving the enzymatic properties of PRO to satisfy industrial requirements using protein engineering.

Kinetics of growth and co-production of amylase and protease in novel marine actinomycete, Streptomyces lopnurensis KaM5.

Amylases and proteases are among the industrially most important enzymes for food processing, animal feed, brewing, starch processing, detergents, healthcare, leather processing, and biofuel production. In this study, we investigated the growth kinetics and statistically optimized the co-production of amylase and protease in a phylogenetically novel haloalkaliphilic actinomycete, Streptomyces lopnurensis KaM5 of seawater. The Plackett-Berman design using Minitab 14.0 software was employed to assess the impact of the nutritional factors, temperature, pH, and incubation time. Further, starch, yeast extract, NaCl concentrations, and incubation time were optimized by Box-Behnken design at their three levels. The Pareto charts, contour, surface plots, and individual factorial analysis expressed the variability and levels for the optimal enzyme production. ANOVA analysis admitted the statistical fitness and significance level among the variables. A two-fold increase in enzyme production was achieved by cost-effective co-production media. The study was further extended to growth kinetics associated with enzyme production. Specific growth rate (μ), maximal cell mass (Xmax), volumetric product formation (Pmax), rate of product formation (Qp), and generation time (g) were computed and analyzed. These parameters significantly improved when compared with the pre-optimized conditions, and the production economics of the enzyme was industrially viable. The initial studies on the characteristics of the enzymes suggested its ability to function under the combination of alkaline pH and high salt concentrations. The co-production of enzymes from extremophiles can be a potentially viable option for large-scale production and applications.

Detergent-compatible fungal cellulases

Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency to replace toxic phosphates and silicates and to reduce high energy consumption. This makes the use of enzymes in detergent formulation cost effective. Fungi are producers of important extracellular enzymes for industrial use. The fungal and bacterial cellulases maintain the shape and color of the washed garments. There is a high demand for cellulases at the market by detergent industries. With this high demand, genetic engineering has been a solution due to its high production of detergent-compatible cellulases. Fungi are the famous source for detergent-compatible cellulases production, but still, there is a lack of the cost-effective process of alkaline fungal cellulase production. Review papers on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulase and amylase and detergent-compatible fungal and bacterial proteases and lipases are available, but there is no review on detergent fungal cellulases. This review aims to highlight the production, properties, stability, and compatibility of fungal cellulases. It will help other academic and industrial researchers to study, produce, and commercialize the fungal cellulases with good aspects.

Screening of the candidate inhibitory peptides of subtilisin by in vitro RNA display technique

The application of inhibitors facilitates the stable preservation of enzyme in liquid detergent by mitigating the proteolytic activity of subtilisin. The conventionally used subtilisin inhibitors such as boric acid pose a threat to the environment and human health. Thus, the formulation of novel subtilisin inhibitors demands immediate attention. In the current study, we have screened the peptide inhibitors for subtilisin by employing the in vitro mRNA display technique. It is a sensitive screening technique with a high library capacity. The affinity screening was performed between the biotin-modified subtilisin immobilized on the streptavidin magnetic beads and the cDNA-mRNA-peptide fusion molecular library acquired from the in vitro translation and reverse transcription. The candidate peptides with high affinity were obtained after multiple rounds of screening. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was evaluated, showing that some candidate peptides had inhibitory effects, but the isothermal titration calorimetry and time dependent experiments ultimately proved that these candidate peptides were not stable inhibitors. However, the in vitro mRNA display method explored in this study can be used as a preliminary screening method to provide candidate peptides for the screening of subtilisin inhibitors.

Disinfection and cleaning of heater–cooler units: suspension- and biofilm-killing

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in cardiac surgery patients, caused by Mycobacterium chimaera or Mycobacterium abscessus, have been traced to NTM-aerosols produced by heater-cooler units of cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. To develop a protocol to disinfect the water reservoir(s) of heater-coolers to reduce NTM numbers and thereby prevent potential NTM aerosolization; and to devise an approach to disrupt surface biofilms of heater-coolers to reduce reinoculation of the heater-cooler reservoir(s) after disinfection. A laboratory-scale Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioreactor and a heater-cooler were inoculated with M. chimaera or M. abscessus to measure the ability of different disinfection protocols to reduce NTM colony-forming units in water and biofilm samples and to delay the reappearance of NTM after disinfection. The combination of an enzyme detergent cleaning agent and Clorox® were equivalent to Clorox alone in reducing M. chimaera cfu in heater-cooler water reservoir samples. However, reappearance of those bacteria was delayed by 12 weeks by the combination of enzyme detergent cleaning agent and Clorox exposure compared to Clorox disinfection alone. A combination of an enzyme detergent and Clorox was an effective disinfection treatment and significantly delayed the reappearance of M. chimaera in the heater-cooler reservoir.

How is the Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Lipase/Cellulase Enzymes on Each Other?

Different modifications have existed in the textile industry since its creation. Among these is the use of a variety of compounds that improve properties and lifetime as well as new washing methods. Washing materials containing enzymes (i.e., lipase and cellulase) are used to improve the strength of fibers, remove stains, increase the surface hydrolysis, and dissolve particles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the form of co-spinning with or deposition on textiles are used to increase their antibacterial and self-cleansing properties. However, it should be noted that the interaction between AgNPs and proteins causes the formation of the protein corona on its surface and decreases both properties. This study examined the effects of AgNPs, lipase and cellulase enzymes as detergent enzymes on the antimicrobial and cleaning features, respectively. For this purpose, the three quantitative factors of enzyme–nanoparticle ratio, temperature, and time and the qualitative factor of enzyme type (cellulase or lipase) were monitored using the central composite design (CCD). The lipase and cellulase and antimicrobial properties of the AgNPs were assayed using different analytical methods, including UV–Vis, dynamic light scattering, X-ray powder diffraction, circular dichroism, 1D gel electrophoresis, contact angle, and bacterial inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was found that the interaction of AgNPs decreased the activity of the lipase enzyme, but the activity level of the cellulase enzyme was not significantly changed. The antibacterial properties of AgNPs are also mainly inhibited through interaction with lipase.

Laundry Detergent Compatibility and Dehairing Efficiency of Alkaline Thermostable Protease Produced from Aspergillus terreus under Solid-state Fermentation.

Aspergillus terreus was chosen for production of alkaline protease using solid-state fermentation (SSF). The maximum enzyme yield reached about 34.87 U/mg protein after optimization of fermentation parameters. The produced alkaline protease was purified by precipitation with iso-propanol and then purified through gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography with a yield of 53.58% and 5.09- fold purification. The enzyme has shown to have a molecular weight of 35 kDa. Optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were 9.5 and 50°C respectively. The highest activity was reported towards casein, with an apparent Km value of 6.66 mg/mL and Vmax was 30 U/mL. The enzyme activity was greatly repressed by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) caused activation in enzyme activity. The enzyme retained about 83.8, 70.6, 74.5, 76.4 and 66.4% of its original activity after incubation with Aerial, Leader, Oxi, Persil and Tide, respectively for 8 h at 60°C. Adding of the enzyme in detergents improved the cleansing performance to the blood stains and suggested to be used as a detergent additive. Our outcomes showed that protease could be used as environment green-approach in dehairing process.

From directed evolution to computational enzyme engineering—A review

AbstractNature relies on a wide range of enzymes with specific biocatalytic roles to carry out much of the chemistry needed to sustain life. Enzymes catalyze the interconversion of a vast array of molecules with high specificity—from molecular nitrogen fixation to the synthesis of highly specialized hormones and quorum‐sensing molecules. Ever increasing emphasis on renewable sources for energy and waste minimization has turned enzymes into key industrial workhorses for targeted chemical conversions. Modern enzymology is central to not only food and beverage manufacturing processes but also finds relevance in countless consumer product formulations such as proteolytic enzymes in detergents, amylases for excess bleach removal from textiles, proteases in meat tenderization, and lactoperoxidases in dairy products. Herein, we present an overview of enzyme science and engineering milestones and the emergence of directed evolution of enzymes for which the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Dr. Frances Arnold.