Enzymes Amylase Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ENZYME APPLICATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF WAFERS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

The study aimed to assess the impact of 13 different enzymes, including protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase, on wafer dough and sheets, aiming to identify the most effective enzyme combination. Commercial protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase enzymes were applied to wafer dough following manufacturer instructions, and their flow behaviors were analyzed. Subsequently, the doughs were baked into wafer sheets, and various parameters such as water activity (aw), moisture content (%), weight loss (%), color parameters (L*, a*, b*), hardness (g), and sensory attributes were evaluated. Protease 4, Hemicellulase 2, and Xylanase 2 enzymes were selected for combination testing based on the analysis of flow behavior and characterization parameters of the wafer doughs. Among the tested combinations, the wafer dough containing 80 ppm Xylanase 2 + 300 ppm Protease 4 enzyme group exhibited promising potential for industrial applications due to its favorable flow behavior, while the resulting wafer sheets demonstrated desirable crispness and a brown-caramel color, suggesting suitability for commercial use.

Antagonistic Effect of Crude Bacteriocin Produced by Chungangia koreensis Strain CAU 9163 against Campylobacter spp.

This study aims to detect the antagonistic effect of crude bacteriocin produced by Chungangia koreensis strain CAU 9163, isolated from fermented cereal slurry (pap) and determine its inhibitory spectra against two species of Campylobacter, a leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. The Chungangia koreensis CAU 9163, a Gram-staining-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain isolated from pap, could produce crude bacteriocin that inhibited Campylobacter jejuni and coli. The crude bacteriocin was stable at 600C for 15 minutes and at acidic to slight alkali pH of 4 to 8. It was stable in the presence of amylase and lipase enzymes and deactivated in the presence of pepsin and proteinase k enzyme. The bacteriocin had a molecular weight of 5.6KDa. This study shows that bacteriocin producing Chungangia koreensis CAU 9163 could potentially be used as a bio-preservative for food products.

Endophytic fungi from <i>Dichrocephala integrifolia</i>: Diversity, antifungal properties, enzymatic activities, and plant growth promotion

Dichrocephala integrifolia is a wild medicinal plant utilised in traditional healing and Ayurveda to cope up with several health issues by various groups of people around the world. Medicinal plants are associated with diverse fungal endophytes with potential bioactive properties. In this investigation, 26 fungal endophytes were isolated from D. integrifolia and three sterile forms using the Petri plate culture method. The endophytic isolation rate was highest for inflorescence (35.97%) and lowest for stem (15.61%). The highest colonization frequency was shown by F. solani (8.37%) and the lowest by Sterile morphotype 3 (1.36%). Out of the four plant parts, inflorescence was found to be highly infected, displaying an infection rate of 93.43% and the least infection occurred in the stem with 45%. The maximum number of isolated endophytic fungi belongs to the class Sordariomycetes, with a relative occurrence (%) of 71.72%. The Simpson’s diversity index reveals that the leaf endophytes were more diverse (0.94). Qualitative antifungal activity of the sporulating isolates against Curvularia lunata has shown that the maximum number of endophytes possessed Class 3 antagonism. Four isolates were selected based on screening of their antagonistic activity and their antifungal inhibition was calculated against nine fungal phytopathogens. Maximum inhibition (100%) was shown by Trichoderma sp. 2 (S2B2) against Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Colletotrichum capsici, C. lunata, and Ustilaginoidea virens and least inhibition by Gliocladium sp. 1 (19.78%) against C. lunata. The four isolates were found to produce protease, lipase, amylase and cellulase enzymes. The isolates produced ammonia and hydrogen cyanide, but none of the isolates could solubilize phosphate. Potent biocontrol agents are much needed to replace synthetic chemicals and restore soil microflora.

Growth and physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed dietary fermented sugar beet bagasse and reared in biofloc system

Sugar beet bagasse (SB) is a common agro-industrial waste used in animal feeds. However, its high crude fiber content makes it difficult for fish to digest. Fermentation processes can improve the nutritional value of SB by-products. The study uses Lactobacillus rhamnosus and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to ferment SB waste for use as a soybean meal substitute in Nile tilapia fingerlings. This led to an increase in protein, lipid, ash, and nitrogen-free extracts, while the fiber content decreased. Four experimental isonitrogenous (crude protein: 249.2 g kg−1) and isocaloric (gross energy:18.25 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated as follows: a control diet with 0 % LYFSB (L. rhamnosus and yeast fermented SB), and three other diets with LYFSB replacing soybean meal (SBM) at levels of 10 % (LYFSB10 %), 20 % (LYFSB20 %), and 30 % (LYFSB30 %) based on protein content, over a 70-day period. 180 fingerlings of Nile tilapia (average initial weight of 5.19 ± 0.02 g) were placed at random in twelve circular plastic tanks (60 L capacity) with a stocking density of fifteen fish each. Nitrite and ammonia levels decreased as the replacement levels of LYFSB in tilapia diets increased, while nitrate levels showed the opposite trend. The phytoplankton community includes nine species in the biofloc system and four in tilapia gut content, with Chlorophyceae being the most common class, having the highest number in fish-fed diets (7805.67 organism/ml). The study revealed that LYFSB significantly influenced the zooplankton community, with protozoa dominating in biofloc water and rotifer in tilapia gut. LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % had the highest bacteria counts. Fish fed with LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % diets showed the highest values for specific growth rate (2.51 % day−1) and weight gain (24.92 g fish−1). These diets also exhibited increased activity levels of trypsin, lipase, and amylase enzymes. Increasing the inclusion of LYFSB in fish diets as a replacement for FM improved the intestinal and liver health of fish. The diets with LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % showed the highest levels of globulin, total protein, albumin, and IgM, with no significant differences between them. Fish fed LYFSB10 % had lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were highest in fish fed LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 %, while malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was lowest in the LYFSB30 % diet. The study showed that the biofloc system enhanced water quality and increased the efficiency of tilapia fed LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 %.

Effects of mandarin peel powder on growth, biochemical, immune, and intestinal health in Oreochromis niloticus at suboptimal temperatures

This 60-day study aimed to examine the efficacy of a diet supplemented with mandarin peel powder (MP) in enhancing the health and survival of Oreochromis niloticus under suboptimal temperature conditions (21 ℃). One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia fish (22.51 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into four experimental groups; each of 3 replicates (15 fish per replicate). The first group (CONT) received a basal diet without MP. The second (MP10%), third (MP15%), and fourth (MP20%) groups were fed diets containing 10, 15, and 20% MP powder, respectively. At the end of the feeding trail, growth performance, serum growth hormone, α-amylase enzyme, lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, protease activity, globulin, serum levels of IL-1ß, antioxidant status, and intestinal histology were measured. The results showed insignificant differences between CONT, MP15%, and MP20% groups in the final body weight and specific growth rate. The growth hormones in the MP15% and MP20% groups did not show a significant difference compared to fish fed a normal basal diet (CONT). However, the amylase enzymes were significantly greater in both groups. The MP20% and MP15% groups showed a significant increase in antioxidant, lysozyme, nitric oxide, and protease activities compared to CONT. The results also showed that fish that were fed a diet with MP had significantly less of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta, and their intestinal villi got wider, especially in the MP20% group. It could be concluded that feeding tilapia on a diet with 20% MP is an effective strategy to improve their health when the temperature is below 21 °C. This is because the fish exhibit higher levels of antioxidant activity, reduced pro-inflammatory responses, and improved intestinal health without difference in the growth performance in compared to control group.

Seaweed Milk Food Supplement Produced from Hydropuntia eucheumatoides (Harvey)

Objective / Background Hydropuntia eucheumatoides (HE) seaweed is widely distributed in tropical seas and is a common food for coastal people. Our objectives were to prepare seaweed milk from HE, and test is possible utility as a food supplement and source of antioxidants that has an appropriate sensory profile. Methods We used an enzyme from Lactobacillus strains for polysaccharide hydrolysis into HE seaweed milk food supplements. We cultured five Lactobacillus strains with appropriate agarase, cellulase, and amylase enzyme activities. Results We optimized the enzyme concentration (mass of seaweed HE: 40 g/L), substrate concentration (2 mL enzyme/g seaweed), temperature (50 °C), pH (5), and hydrolysis time (96 h). The hydrolyzate included oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, amino acids, and minerals. The product exhibited excellent sensory details and is likely to be safe for consumption. Conclusions We completed our objectives. Our product is ready for initial consumer sensory testing.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum extracted with natural deep eutectic solvents

Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds are known to have antioxidant activity and can reduce blood glucose levels. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum is one of the plants with high polyphenol content. This study aimed to extract phenolic and flavonoid compounds from this plant with various solvents primarily natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), namely 70% ethanol, NADES1 [citric acid: sucrose (1:1)], NADES2 [sucrose: glucose: fructose (1:1:1)], NADES3 [choline chloride: glycerol (1:2)], and NADES4 [glycerol: urea (1:1)]. The phenolic and flavonoid levels were determined using spectrophotometer, the antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, while the antidiabetic activity was evaluated using enzymatic assay of α -amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The findings indicated that all NADES outperformed 70% ethanol in extracting phenols, with NADES1 showing the highest phenolic content. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was observed in extracts with 70% ethanol and NADES1. The results of antioxidant activity analysis using DPPH revealed that extracts with 70% ethanol, NADES1, and NADES4 exhibited considerable strength (IC50: 45-49 µg/mL), with the average values of the three solvents being not significantly different. From the results of the FRAP assay, NADES3 demonstrated the highest strength Antioxidants Activity Index (AAI: 29.24±3.08 mmol/g), whereas 70% ethanol showed the lowest strength (AAI: 22.76±5.23 mmol/g). The average AAI values for all solvents indicated no significant differences. Among the solvents, NADES1 exhibited very strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase (19.62±0.20 µg/mL), while for α-glucosidase, NADES1 was stronger (IC50: 57.36±6.08 µg/mL) than other solvents. In conclusion, NADES can be a promising tool for extracting secondary metabolites from Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum as it shows both antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Synergistic action of novel maltohexaose-forming amylase and branching enzyme improves the enzymatic conversion of starch to specific maltooligosaccharide

As attractive functional ingredients, maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are typically prepared by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. However, the random attack mode of amylase often leads to discrete product distribution, thereby reducing yields and purities. In this study, a novel glycoside hydrolase family 13 amylase AmyEs from marine myxobacteria Enhygromyxa salina was identified efficient maltohexaose (G6)-forming ability (40 %, w/w). By deciphering external chain length, we found that the high density of α-1,6-branching points benefits the G6 formation of AmyEs with high purity (71–82 %), indicating the substrate selectivity of AmyEs toward high-branched starch. Based on this, asynchronous conversion strategy was designed to enhance specific MOS yield from corn starch by exploiting branching enzymes and AmyEs, and the purity and yield of G6 respectively increased by 9.5 % and 5 % compared to single AmyEs treatment. Our results demonstrate that combinatorial catalysis of MOS-forming amylases and branching enzymes provides a favorable industrial preparation of specific MOS.

Study on the Optimization of Process Conditions for the Development of Purple Rice Milk Product

The purpose of this study was to study the development of purple rice milk products, which aimed 1) to study on the optimization for digestion of starch using Amylase enzymes and 2) to evaluate the sensory of rice milk products. In the experiment designed of the optimization was used two factors include time with 35, 40, 45, 50 mintue and enzymes concentation 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% and using CCD (Central Composite Design) and RSM (Response Surface Methodology) were investigated the optimum condition which results in the analysis of two factors with duration of hydrolysis was 43 minute and concentration of enzymes was 0.141% consisted high value of total soluble solid (TTS) 10.33 and SD value of 0.57 with R2 85.152%. For the sensory evaluation was used QDA (Quantitative Descriptive Analysis) method, which is an evaluation of the characteristics of the product from the tester. The formulation of rice milk was divided into 5 formulas. In determining the specific characteristics of the product was set at 16 specify Characterized by the main characteristics include: odor, taste, texture and after tasting. The sensory evaluation results showed that: Formula 2 consisted of rice odor, sugar odor, caramel odor, sweet, soft, liquid, tasted in the mouth and refreshing. Formula 4 consisted of a pungent, sugary, aromatic, caramel, sweet, soft, liquid, mouth-watering and refreshing taste, and The results of the analysis was used PCA which analyzed priciple component (PC) with a confidence level of 85.57%. As for the preference percentage of the product obtained from Preferance mapping analysis the result be seen that the preference percentage of all 5 formulations were as follows: Formula 2 rice 50% with soybean 50% and formula 4 rice 50% with peanut 50% accouting for 60%-80%, After analyzing the data to find the difference, it was found that the raw materials used in purple rice milk in formulas 2, 3, 4 and 5 consisted of purple rice, soybeans, sesame seeds and peanuts were significantly affect to charateristic and preferance of the products

Spirulina sebagai Pengganti Artemia untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Larva Ikan Patin Pangasius hypophthalmus

The provision of quality and sufficient shrimp fry for production is largely determined by the management of maintenance during larval stadia. This study aims to obtain the best treatment of natural feed in the form of Spirulina sp. and Artemia sp. as feed supplements to improve the growth performance and survival rate of patin fish larvae. The experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 4 feed treatments and 3 replicates: A (Artemia sp. 100%), B (Artemia sp. 100% and Spirulina sp. 100%), C (Artemia sp. 50% and Spirulina sp. 50%), and D (Spirulina sp. 100%). The larvae with a density of 50 heads/L were kept in the aquarium and fed according to the treatment. The density of Spirulina sp. administered was 104–105 cells/mL maintained until day 7 according to the treatment. The parameters measured included growth performance, which included specific growth rate (SGR), survival (SR), absolute length growth (PPM), and analysis of larval digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease). The data were analyzed using one way-analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that the administration of Spirulina sp. produced better SGR, SR, PPM, amylase enzyme, lipase, and protease activities compared to the control (100% administration of Artemia sp.). The best treatment was given by 100% Spirulina sp. treatment. Keywords: Artemia sp., digestive enzymes, patin fish larvae, Spirulina sp.

Potential antimicrobial and fruit juice clarification activity of amylase enzyme from Bacillus strains

The hydrolytic enzyme, amylase possesses wide industrial applications and its production from bacterial sources by submerged fermentation is much simplified and economical. The research aimed to characterize amylase-producing bacteria and evaluate their potential for amylase activity regarding antimicrobial and fruit juice clarification. In current study, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus paramycoides was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. After submerged fermentation, amylase activity of bacteria was measured by 3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) assay. A substantial amount of amylase (423.47 mg/ml) in crude extract was measured by Bradford protein assay. Later, ammonium sulfate (80 %) precipitated partially purified amylase showed 1.6 times enhanced amylase activity (1484.94 U/ml) compared to crude amylase (973.23 U/ml). For highest amylase production, 72 h of optimum fermentation period was recorded at pH 7 with 2 % starch as substrate. Potent thermophilic amylase activity was observed at 65 °C. In apple juice clarification activity of amylase, turbidity of juice was reduced to 54.18 %. Potential antimicrobial property of amylase was detected with largest zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (22.36 mm) and Mucor sp. ATCC 48559 (22.45 mm). Considering promising amylase properties, amylase-producing Bacillus strains from rice mill soil can be fermented for large scale amylase production providing application for industrial purposes including fruit juice clarification and antimicrobial activities. It will also overthrow the requirement of employing expensive and harmful chemicals in fruit juice clarification and combating pathogens.

Microbial Multienzyme Viz., Pectinase, Cellulase and Amylase Production Using Fruit and Vegetable Waste as Substrate—A Review

Around 70 million metric tonnes of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are produced each year and are eventually discarded as wholesale garbage. Microorganisms decompose this FVW, which has led to environmental contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and other impacts related to climate change. If FVW are used properly, they can reduce environmental damage and also boost a nation’s economy. FVW contain vast amounts of biopolymers, viz., pectin, cellulose, and starch, all of which are hydrolysed by microbes with the aid of the pectinase, cellulase, and amylase enzymes, respectively. Therefore, in light of this, the intervention of microorganisms for the production of pectinase, cellulase, and amylase could be a safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for the precise utilisation of FVW. Nowadays, thermophilic multienzymes are extracted from a group of hot spring microbes. Thermophilic multienzymes are more capable of surviving at high temperatures and have less degrading capability. Moreover, through this advancement, we can obtain vast amounts of pectinase, cellulase, and amylase enzymes within a short period of time. This microbial enzyme preparation might be helpful in food, textiles, paper, pulp, animal feed supplements, detergents, juice/pulp clarity, leather, and other related sectors.

Literatur Review: Siderophore Activity and Campability of Bacillus as Pathogen Controller of Eggplant Plant

Solanum melongena (eggplant) is an important cultivated vegetable crop with a very high consumer level, both in tropical and subtropical regions. Eggplant is widely favored by the public because in addition to having a good taste, it can also be made pickled and candied eggplant, and is good as a source of nutrition in supporting public health. Siderophores are metal-coating agents with low molecular mass (200-2000 Da) produced by microorganisms and plants, especially under Fe-limiting conditions. Antagonistic bacteria generally live colonizing roots an d are beneficial, because they are able to increase plant growth and induce systemic resistance. one species of the genus Bacillus spp. namely B. subtilis is able to produce amylase, protease, pullunase, chitinase, xylanase and lipase enzymes which are secondary metabolites to control pathogens and spur plant growth. This article is sourced from relevant literature studies related to the title. The purpose of writing the article is to determine the benefits of siderophores as pathogen disease control in eggplant plants. Results successfully inhibited the growth of pathogens.

Antimicrobial printed linen fabric by using brewer’s yeast enzyme

BackgroundIn this research, a brewer’s yeast suspension was used to biotreat raw linen fibers under a range of different circumstances utilizing an ultrasonic cleaner device. In order to optimize circumstances for the treatment process, this extensive work is focused on examining the variables that could affect the biotreatment, such as the amount of brewer’s yeast used, the duration, the temperature of the treatment, and the pH throughout the treatment. After enzymatic treatment, the printing process utilizing turmeric natural dye was used. Variable assesses were conducted to determine the steaming time, thermofixation time, pH of the printing paste, types of dyes, and types of fabrics. How these elements affected the wettability and fabric color strength is investigated. To better comprehend, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of treated and untreated linen samples. The effects of treating the fibers with yeast enzyme on their multifunctional qualities, such as color and antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcusaureus and gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, were assessed.ResultsResults demonstrated that the enzyme extract, which predominantly contains lipase, amylase, and protease enzymes that develop the fabric printability, is responsible for the increase of color strength which increased by about 152.27% with good fastness properties compared by the untreated printed samples.ConclusionsThe overall findings showed that the treated fabrics have superior color fastness and antibacterial properties when compared to the untreated fabrics, demonstrating that the procedure of production used to create these multifunctional linen fabrics is environmentally friendly.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities, formulation, and characterization of a self-nanoemulsion system loaded with pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a tree of the Punicaceae family that is widespread all over the world and has several types and therapeutic uses. The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compounds by GC analysis and carried out physical characterization of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The pomegranate seed oil was extracted, and its self-nanoemulsifying system was then prepared. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed by GC, and physical characterization was established of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The GC–MS analysis revealed that punicic acid, β-eleosteric acid, catalpic acid, α-eleosteric acid, and oleic acid were the most predominant compounds in pomegranate seed oil. Other active compounds like linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and α-linolenic acid were detected in trace percentages. The self-nanoemulsifying system was prepared using various concentrations of surfactant (Tween 80), co-surfactant (Span 80), and pomegranate seed oil. The selected formulation had a PDI of 0.229 ± 0.09 and a droplet size of 189.44 ± 2.1 nm. The free radical scavenging activity of pomegranate seed oil, the self-emulsifying system, and Trolox was conducted using DPPH. The oil-self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent antioxidant activity compared to Trolox. Also, pomegranate oil inhibited α-amylase with a weak IC50 value of 354.81 ± 2.3 µg/ml. The oil self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent activity compared to acarbose and had a weaker IC50 value (616.59 ± 2.1 µg/ml) and a potent IC50 value (43.65 ± 1.9 µg/ml) compared to orlistat.Pomegranate seed oil self-nanoemulsifying system could be applied in the future for the preparation of possible oral medications for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity due to its high activity against free radical, amylase, and lipase enzymes compared to pomegranate seed oil itself and the references used. This study reveals that self-nanoemulsion systems can enhance oil drug formulations by improving pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, acting as drug reservoirs, and facilitating efficient oil release.

As next-generation probiotics: acetic acid bacteria isolated from Kombucha beverages produced with Anatolian hawthorn leaves.

This research examined acetic acid bacteria (AAB) isolated from Kombucha beverages produced with Anatolian hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis) as next-generation probiotics. Eighty-six AAB were isolated from the samples and investigated in terms of biosafety, viability in vitro gastrointestinal conditions, technological and bioactive properties, and also in vitro adhesion abilities. Seventy-six isolates demonstrating γ-hemolysis exhibited resistance to erythromycin and ampicillin. Besides, these isolates survived at low pH and in the presence of bile salts. However, the majority of AAB isolates showed tolerance to phenol, pepsin, and pancreatin. Also, twenty-one isolates showed protease enzyme activity, while eight isolates had amylase enzyme activity. Despite most of the isolates showed viability at 1.5% salt, only 19 isolates survived at 10% salt. Most AAB isolates exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 8 to 26mm against test bacteria, their antioxidant activities were above 80%. Additionally, some isolates exhibited auto-aggregation ability ranging from 0.66 to 23.62% and co-aggregation ability ranging from 1.18 to 71.32%, while hydrophobicity ranged from 1.32 to 69.87% toward xylene. Finally, the indigenous 76 AAB isolates that had remarkable probiotic properties were characterized based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the isolates belonged to Komagateibacter sp. (64.47%), Komagateibacter saccharivorans (15.79%), K. rhaeticus (11.84%), and Gluconobacter sp. (7.90%). As a result, the isolates identified as Gluconobacter sp. A21, Komagataeibacter sp. A139, Gluconobacter sp. A141, and Komagataeibacter sp. A146, which showed high viability under gastrointestinal conditions, safe and acceptable in terms of technological, bioactive, and adhesion properties and could be evaluated as next-generation probiotics.

Enzyme Response in Thermotolerant Silkworm Breeds under Beauveria bassiana Infection

A study on enzyme activity in thermotolerant bivoltine silkworm breeds under Beauveria bassiana disease was conducted at the Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2021-23. Thermotolerant bivoltine breeds viz., B1, B4 and B8, were resistant to muscardine and CSR4, a muscardine susceptible breeds were used in this study. A batch of silkworms of all the breeds were inoculated with 6.86 × 104 spores / ml of B. bassiana @ 0.5 ml per silkworm immediately after 4th moult and another batch were reared under normal condition. The haemolymph was collected from these breeds at 48, 96 and 144 hours post inoculation (hpi) with B. bassiana spores in both inoculated and control batches. Biochemical estimation of amylase, protease and trehalase enzyme activities in the haemolymph. The amylase activity increased from 48 hpi to 144 hpi in all the breeds under both control and muscardine inoculation, but being lesser under inoculation. The protease activity was found higher in B1 breed from 48 hpi to 144 hpi under both control and inoculated conditions. Trehalase activity was enhanced at all time intervals under control conditions in B1, B4 and B8 breeds and CSR4 breed shows decreased at 144 hpi under both control and inoculation conditions. Thus increased enzyme activity in B1 and B4 breeds could be associated with their better performance for survival and economic parameters under inoculated condition. The correlational studies revealed that haemolymph amylase, protease and trehalase were found to be positively corelated with cocoon weight (g) and negatively correlated with larval mortality (%). Thus, the study revealed that silkworm breeds like B1, B4 and B8 as productive breeds and hence may be used for future breeding programmes for evolution of new robust silkworm breeds.

Experimental Protocols Used to Mimic Gastrointestinal Protein Digestion: A Systematic Review.

Bioactive peptides derived from native proteins modulate physiological processes in the metabolic pathways. Given that multiple protocols in the literature mimic the digestion of dietary components, gathering studies that use such models directed at protein digestion processes is critical. This systematic review aimed to gather evidence that adopted adequate experimental models to simulate human protein digestion. The databases searched were PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Embase, Virtual Health Library, and Scopus. A total of 1985 articles were found, resulting in 20 eligible in vitro studies. The Office of Health Assessment and Translation was used to evaluate methodological quality. Seven studies used plant-based protein sources, twelve used animal protein sources, and one used both. The duration of the oral phase varied, although 60% of the studies employed a protein digestion period of 120 min. Amylase, pepsin, and pancreatin enzymes were utilized in 40% of the studies, with pH levels of 7, 3, and 7, respectively, during the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. The INFOGEST harmonized static model was adopted by 65% of the studies; INFOGEST is the most effective model for simulating gastrointestinal protein processes in humans and can be used to answer several research questions because it describes experimental conditions close to the human physiological situation.

Chemical characterization and biological properties of oyster and shiitake mushrooms extracts and their liposomal formulations

In recent years, the production of liposomal formulations using mushroom extracts has gained increasing interest to increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in the nutraceutical field. Based on this information, we aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity (by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP assays) and enzyme inhibition (against cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase) activities of alone and liposomal formulations of Pleurotusostreatus (OYE) or Lentinusedodes (SHE) in different extracts solvents which were methanol (MeOH), aqua (Aq), methanol/aqua (MeOH/Aq). The extracts and formulations were chemically characterized using HPLC-DAD. The mean diameter of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) extended in range between 60 and 165 nm. The entrapment yields of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) were 63.8% ± 3.7% and 71.2% ± 2.8%, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that ferulic and cinnamic acids were main components in the liposomal formulations. Liposomal formulations (in MeOH) showed higher antioxidant activity in the FRAP and CUPRAC assays. SL:SHE (in Aq) showed effective enzyme inhibition activity on acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Based on our findings, the liposomal formulations can be a valuable strategy in preparing functional applications with shiitake and oyster mushrooms.

Effect of casein bioactive peptides on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides derived from casein on performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activity and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens. In this study, 350 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were distributed among 35 pens in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, five replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate. The experimental treatments included: basal diet without any additives (control), basal diet + Avilamycin antibiotic, basal diet + 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg of peptides per kg of diet. Results showed no significant effects of the experimental treatments on weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the starter period, but there was a significant improvement in weight gain in grower, finisher and whole periods in chicks fed with diet containing 1000 mg/kg peptides (p < 0.05). Adding peptides improved intestinal morphology (in duodenum and ileum) (p < 0.05). Supplementation of casein peptides significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in breast and thigh meat. The activity of amylase, lipase and protease enzymes improved in treatments containing 800 and 1000 mg peptides in comparison to the control treatment. The use of casein-peptides increased intestinal Lactobacillus and decreased Coliform populations.